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- Network Working Group B. Elliston
- Request for Comments: 2143 Compucat Research
- Category: Experimental May 1997
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- Encapsulating IP with the Small Computer System Interface
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
- community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
- kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
- 2. Brief background to the Small Computer System Interface . 2
- 3. Link Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 4. An Address Resolution Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 5. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 6. Possible applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 7. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 9. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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- 1. Introduction
-
- As the capacity of local area networks increases to meet the demands
- of high volume application data, there is a class of network
- intensive problems which may be applied to small clusters of
- workstations with high bandwidth interconnection.
-
- A general observation of networks is that the bit rate of the data
- path typically decreases as the distance between hosts increases. It
- is common to see regional networks connected at a rate of 64Kbps and
- office networks connected at 100Mbps, but the inverse is far less
- common.
-
- The same is true of peripheral and memory interconnection. Memory
- close to a CPU's core may run at speeds equivalent to a gigabit
- network. More importantly, devices such as disks may connect a
- number of metres away from its host at speeds well in excess of
- current local area network capacity.
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- Elliston Experimental [Page 1]
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- RFC 2143 Encapsulating IP with the SCSI May 1997
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- This document outlines a protocol for connecting hosts running the
- TCP/IP protocol suite over a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
- bus. Despite the limitation in the furthest distance between hosts,
- SCSI permits close clusters of workstations to communicate between
- each other at speeds approaching 360 megabits per second.
-
- The proposed introduction of newer SCSI implementations such as
- serial SCSI will bring much faster communication at greater
- distances.
-
- 2. Background to the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
-
- SCSI defines a physical and data link protocol for connecting
- peripherals to hosts. Devices connect autonomously to a bus and send
- synchronous or asynchronous messages to other devices.
-
- Devices are identified by a numeric identifier (ID). For the
- original SCSI protocol, devices are given a user-selectable SCSI ID
- between 0 and 7. Wide SCSI specifies a range of SCSI IDs between 0
- and 15. The most typical SCSI configuration comprises of a host
- adapter and one or more SCSI- capable peripherals responding to
- asynchronous messages from the host adapter.
-
- The most critical aspect of the protocol with respect to its use as a
- data link for the Internet protocols is that a SCSI device must act
- as an "initiator" (generator of SCSI commands/requests) or a "target"
- (a device which responds to SCSI commands from the initiator). This
- model is correct for a master/slave relationship between host adapter
- and devices. The only time an initiator receives a message addressed
- to it is in response to a command issued by it in the past and a
- target device always generates a response to every command it
- receives.
-
- Clearly this is unsuitable for the peer-to-peer model required for
- multiple host adapters to asynchronously send SCSI commands to one
- another without surplus bus traffic. Furthermore, some host adapters
- may refuse to accept a message from another adapter as it expects to
- only initiate SCSI commands. This restriction to the protocol
- requires that SCSI adapters used for IP encapsulation support what is
- known as "target mode", with software device driver support to pass
- these messages up to higher layer modules for processing.
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- Elliston Experimental [Page 2]
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- RFC 2143 Encapsulating IP with the SCSI May 1997
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- 3. Link Encapsulation
-
- The ANSI SCSI standard defines classes of peripherals which may be
- interconnected with the SCSI protocol. One of these is the class of
- "communication devices" [1].
-
- The standard defines three message types capable of carrying a
- general-purpose payload across communication devices. Each of these
- are known as the "SEND MESSAGE" message type, but the size and and
- structure of the message header differs amongst them. The three
- forms of message header are six (6), ten (10) and twelve (12) bytes
- long.
-
- It was decided that the ten byte header offers the greatest
- flexibility for encapsulating version 4 IP datagrams for the
- following reasons:
-
- a. The transfer length field is 16 bits in size which is perfectly
- matched to the datagram length field in IP version 4.
- Implementations of IP will run efficiently as datagrams will
- never be fragmented over SCSI networks.
-
- b. The SCSI "stream select" field, which was designed to permit
- a device to specify the stream of data to which a block
- belongs, may be used to encode the payload type (in a similar
- manner to the Ethernet frame type field). For consistency, the
- lowest four bits of the "stream select" field should match the
- set of values assigned by the IEEE for Ethernet protocol types.
-
- Encapsulating an IP datagram within a SCSI message is
- straightforward:
-
- +------------------+-----------------------------------+
- | SCSI header | IP datagram |
- +------------------+-----------------------------------+
-
- The fields of the SCSI header should be completed as follows:
-
- Byte 0: 0x2A (SEND_MESSAGE(10) opcode)
- Byte 1: Logical unit number encoded into top 3 bits | 0x00
- Byte 2: 0x00
- Byte 3: 0x00
- Byte 4: 0x00
- Byte 5: Protocol type encoded into lowest 4 bits | 0x00
- Byte 6: 0x00
- Bytes 7/8: IP datagram length, big endian representation
- Byte 9: 0x00
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- Elliston Experimental [Page 3]
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- RFC 2143 Encapsulating IP with the SCSI May 1997
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- 4. An Address Resolution Protocol
-
- When IP decides that the next hop for a datagram will be onto a SCSI
- network supported by a SCSI IP network interface implementation, it
- is necessary to acquire a data link address to deliver the datagram.
-
- Network interfaces such as Ethernet have well-known methods for
- acquiring the media address for an Internet protocol address, the
- most common being the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). In existing
- implementations, the forwarding host "yells" using a broadcast media
- address and expects the named host to respond.
-
- The SCSI protocol does not provide a broadcast data link address. An
- acceptable solution to the address resolution problem for a SCSI
- network is to simulate a broadcast by performing a series of round-
- robin transmissions to each target. Depending on the SCSI protocol
- being used, this would require upward of seven independent bus
- accesses. This is not grossly inefficient, however, if combined with
- an effective ARP caching policy. A further possible optimisation is
- negative ARP caching, whereby incomplete ARP bindings are not queried
- for some period in the future.
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- 5. Scalability
-
- While the utility of a network architecture based around a bus
- network which can span less than ten metres and support only eight
- hosts may be questionable, the flexibility of IP and in particular,
- IP routing, improves the scalability of this architecture.
-
- Consider a network of eight hosts connected to a SCSI bus in which
- each host acts as a multi-homed host with a second host adapter
- connecting another seven hosts to it. When configured with IP packet
- routing capability, each of the 64 total hosts may communicate with
- one another at high speed in a packet switched manner.
-
- Depending on the I/O bus capabilities of certain workstations, it may
- also be possible to configure a multi-homed host with a greater
- number of SCSI host adapters, permitting centralised star
- configurations to be constructed.
-
- It should be apparent that for little expense, massively parallel
- virtual machines can be built based upon the IP protocol running over
- the high-bandwidth SCSI protocol.
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- Elliston Experimental [Page 4]
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- RFC 2143 Encapsulating IP with the SCSI May 1997
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- 6. Possible Applications
-
- Research has been made into the capability of "networks of
- workstations", and their performance compared to supercomputers. An
- observation that has been made thus far is that bottlenecks exist in
- the channels by which executable code is transported between hosts
- for execution. A very high-speed network architecture based around
- the Internet protocol would permit a seamless transition of existing
- application software to a high-bandwidth environment.
-
- Other applications that have been considered are server clusters for
- fault-tolerant NFS, World-Wide Web and database services.
-
- 7. Security Considerations
-
- Transmitting IP datagrams across a SCSI bus raises similar security
- issues to other local area networking architectures. The scale of
- security problems relating to protocols above the data link layer
- should be obvious to a reader current in Internet security.
-
- 8. References
-
- [1] ANSI X3T9 Technical Committee, "Small Computer System
- Interface - 2", X3T9.2, Project 375D, Revision 10L, September
- 1993.
-
- 9. Author's Address
-
- Ben Elliston
- Compucat Research Pty Limited
- Box 7305 Canberra Mail Centre
- Canberra ACT 2610
- Australia
-
- Phone: +61 6 295 1331
- Fax: +61 6 295 1855
- Email: ben.elliston@compucat.com.au
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- Elliston Experimental [Page 5]
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