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- Network Working Group S. Sherry
- Request for Comments: 2092 Xyplex
- Category: Informational G. Meyer
- Shiva
- January 1997
-
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- Protocol Analysis for Triggered RIP
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- As required by Routing Protocol Criteria [1], this report documents
- the key features of Triggered Extensions to RIP to Support Demand
- Circuits [2] and the current implementation experience.
-
- As a result of the improved characteristics of Triggered RIP, it is
- proposed that Demand RIP [5] be obsoleted.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- The authors wish to thank Johanna Kruger and Jim Pearl of Xyplex for
- many comments and suggestions which improved this effort.
-
- 1. Protocol Documents
-
- "Triggered Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits" [2] suggests
- an enhancement to the "Routing Internet Protocol" (RIP) [3] and
- "RIP-2" [4] to allow them to run more cost-effectively on Wide Area
- Networks (WANs).
-
- 2. Applicability
-
- Triggered RIP requires that there is an underlying mechanism for
- determining unreachability in a finite predictable period.
-
- The triggered extensions to RIP are particularly appropriate for WANs
- where the cost - either financial or packet overhead - would make
- periodic transmission of routing (or service advertising) updates
- unacceptable:
-
- o Connection oriented Public Data Networks - for example X.25 packet
- switched networks or ISDN.
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2092 Triggered RIP Protocol Analysis January 1997
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- o Point-to-point links supporting PPP link quality monitoring or
- echo request to determine link failure.
-
- A triggered RIP implementation runs standard RIP on Local Area
- Networks (LANs) allowing them to interoperate transparently with
- implementations adhering to the original specifications.
-
- 3. Key Features
-
- The proposal shares the same basic algorithms as RIP or RIP-2 when
- running on LANs; Packet formats, broadcast frequency, triggered
- update operation and database timeouts are all unmodified.
-
- The new features operate on WANs which use switched circuits on
- demand to achieve intermittent connectivity; Or on permanent WAN
- connections where there is a desire to keep routing packet overhead
- to a minimum. Instead of using periodic 'broadcasts', information is
- only sent as triggered updates. The proposal makes use of features
- of the underlying connection oriented service to provide feedback on
- connectivity.
-
- 3.1 Triggered Updates
-
- Updates are only sent on the WAN when an event changes the routing
- database. Each update is retransmitted until acknowledged.
- Information received in an update is not timed out.
-
- The packet format of a RIP response is modified (with a different
- unique command field) to include sequence number information. An
- acknowledgement packet is also defined.
-
- 3.2 Circuit Manager
-
- The circuit manager running below the IP network layer is responsible
- for establishing a circuit to the next hop router whenever there is
- data (or a routing update) to transfer. After a period of inactivity
- the circuit will be closed by the circuit manager.
-
- If the circuit manager fails to make a connection a circuit down
- indication is sent to the routing application. The circuit manager
- will then attempt at (increasing) intervals to establish a
- connection. When successful a circuit up indication is sent to the
- routing application.
-
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 2]
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- RFC 2092 Triggered RIP Protocol Analysis January 1997
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- 3.3 Technology Restrictions
-
- There is a small but nontrivial possiblility of an incorrectly
- configured or poorly operating link causing severe data loss,
- resulting in a 'black hole' in routing. This is often unidirectional
- - the link that route updates cross works properly, but not the
- return path.
-
- Triggered RIP will NOT fuction properly (and should NOT be used) if a
- routing information will be retained/advertised for an arbitrarily
- long period of time (until an update in the opposite direction fails
- to obtain a response).
-
- To detect black holes in technologies which use PPP encapsulation,
- either Echo Request/Response or Link Quality Monitoring should be
- used. When a black hole is detected a circuit down indication must
- be sent to the routing application.
-
- Current (and future) technologies which do not use PPP, need to use
- an equivalent 'are-you-there' mechanism - or should NOT be used with
- Triggered RIP.
-
- 3.4 Presumption of Reachability
-
- In a stable network there is no requirement to propagate routing
- information on a circuit, so if no routing information is (being)
- received on a circuit it is assumed that:
-
- o The most recently received information is accurate.
-
- o The intervening path is operational (although there may be no
- current connection).
-
- If the circuit manager determines that the intervening path is NOT
- operational routing information previously received on that circuit
- is timed out. It is worth stressing that it can be ANY routed
- datagram which triggers the event.
-
- When the circuit manager re-establishes a connection, the application
- exchanges full routing information with its peer.
-
- 3.5 Routing Information Flow Control
-
- If the circuit manager reports a circuit as down, the routing
- application is flow controlled from sending further information on
- the circuit.
-
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 3]
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- RFC 2092 Triggered RIP Protocol Analysis January 1997
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- 4. Relationship to Demand RIP
-
- The Triggered RIP proposal [2] has a number of efficiency advantages
- over the Demand RIP proposal [5]:
-
- o When routing information changes Demand RIP sends the full
- database to its partner.
-
- Once a router has exchanged all routing information with its
- partner, Triggered RIP sends only the changed information to the
- partner. This can dramatically decrease the quantity of
- information requiring propagation when a route change occurs.
-
- o Demand RIP requires a full routing update to be stored by the
- receiver, before applying changes to the routing database.
-
- A Triggered RIP receiver is able to apply all changes immediately
- upon receiving each packet from its partner. Systems therefore
- need to use less memory than Demand RIP.
-
- o Demand RIP has an upper limit of 255 fragments in an update. This
- sets an upper limit on the sizes of routing and service
- advertising databases which can be propagated.
-
- This restriction is lifted in Triggered RIP (which does not use
- fragmentation).
-
- In all other respects Demand RIP and Triggered RIP perform the same
- function.
-
- 5. Obsoleting Demand RIP
-
- While it is possible that systems could be able to support Demand RIP
- and Triggered RIP, the internal maintenance of structures is likely
- to differ significantly. The method of propagating the information
- also differs significantly. In practice it is unlikely that systems
- would support Demand RIP and Triggered RIP.
-
- As a result of the improved characteristics of Triggered RIP, it is
- proposed that Demand RIP [5] be obsoleted.
-
- 6. Implementations
-
- At this stage there are believed to be two completed implementation.
-
-
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 4]
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- RFC 2092 Triggered RIP Protocol Analysis January 1997
-
-
- The Xyplex implementation supports all the features outlined for IP
- RIP-1, IP RIP-2, IPX RIP, and IPX SAP. However, it only supports one
- outstanding acknowledgement per partner. The implementation has been
- tested against itself on X.25, ISDN, Frame Relay, V42bis CSU/DSUs,
- and asynchronous modems. It has also been tested in operation with
- various router and host implementations on Ethernet LANs.
-
- The DEC implementation supports IP RIP-1 over ISDN, Frame Relay,
- leased lines and V.25bis. The Xyplex and DEC IP RIP-1
- implementations have been checked for interoperability over ISDN
- without problems.
-
- 7. Restrictions
-
- Demand RIP relies on the ability to place a call in either direction.
- Some dialup services - for example DTR dialing - allow calls to be
- made in one direction only.
-
- Demand RIP can not operate with third-party advertisement of routes
- on the WAN. The next hop IP address in RIP-2 should always be
- 0.0.0.0 for any routes advertised on the WAN.
-
- 8. Security Considerations
-
- Security is provided through authentication of the logical and
- physical address of the sender of the routing update. Incoming call
- requests are matched by the circuit manager against a list of
- physical addresses (used to make outgoing calls). The routing
- application makes a further check against the logical address of an
- incoming update.
-
- Additional security can be provided by RIP-2 authentication [2] where
- appropriate.
-
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 5]
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- RFC 2092 Triggered RIP Protocol Analysis January 1997
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- References
-
- [1] Hinden, R., "Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Routing
- Protocol Standardization Criteria", RFC 1264, Bolt Beranek and
- Newman, Inc, October 1991.
-
- [2] Meyer. G.M. and Sherry, S., "Triggered Extensions to RIP to
- Support Demand Circuits", RFC 2091, Shiva and Xyplex, Aug 1995.
-
- [3] Hedrick. C., "Routing Information Protocol", RFC 1058, Rutgers
- University, June 1988.
-
- [4] Malkin. G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
- RFC 1723, Xylogics, November 1994.
-
- [5] Meyer. G., "Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits",
- Spider Systems, February 1994.
-
- Authors' Address:
-
- Steve Sherry
- Xyplex
- 295 Foster St.
- Littleton, MA 01460
-
- Phone: (US) 508 952 4745
- Fax: (US) 508 952 4887
- Email: shs@xyplex.com
-
- Gerry Meyer
- Shiva Europe Ltd
- Stanwell Street
- Edinburgh EH6 5NG
- Scotland, UK
-
- Phone: (UK) 131 561 4223
- Fax: (UK) 131 561 4083
- Email: gerry@europe.shiva.com
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- Sherry & Meyer Informational [Page 6]
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