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- Network Working Group G. Malkin
- Request for Comments: 2081 Xylogics
- Category: Informational January 1997
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- RIPng Protocol Applicability Statement
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- As required by Routing Protocol Criteria (RFC 1264), this report
- defines the applicability of the RIPng protocol within the Internet.
- This report is a prerequisite to advancing RIPng on the standards
- track.
-
- 1. Protocol Documents
-
- The RIPng protocol description is defined in RFC 2080.
-
- 2. Introduction
-
- This report describes how RIPng may be useful within the new IPv6
- Internet. In essence, the environments in which RIPng is the IGP of
- choice is comparable to the environments in which RIP-2 (RFC 1723) is
- used in the IPv4 Internet. It is important to remember that RIPng is
- a simple extrapolation of RIP-2; RIPng has nothing conceptually new.
- Thus, the operational aspects of distance-vector routing protocols,
- and RIP-2 in particular, within an autonomous system are well
- understood.
-
- It should be noted that RIPng is not intended to be a substitute for
- OSPFng in large autonomous systems; the restrictions on AS diameter
- and complexity which applied to RIP-2 also apply to RIPng. Rather,
- RIPng allows the smaller, simpler, distance-vector protocol to be
- used in environments which require authentication or the use of
- variable length subnet masks, but are not of a size or complexity
- which require the use of the larger, more complex, link-state
- protocol.
-
- The remainder of this report describes how each of the features of
- RIPng is useful within IPv6.
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- Malkin Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
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- 3. Applicability
-
- A goal in developing RIPng was to make the minimum necessary change
- to RIP-2 to produce RIPng. In essence, the IPv4 address was expanded
- into an IPv6 address, the IPv4 subnet mask was replaced with an IPv6
- prefix length, the next-hop field was eliminated but the
- functionality has been preserved, and authentication was removed.
- The route tag field has been preserved. The maximum diameter of the
- network (the maximum metric value) is 15; 16 still means infinity
- (unreachable).
-
- The basic RIP header is unchanged. However, the size of a routing
- packet is no longer arbitrarily limited. Because routing updates are
- never forwarded, the routing packet size is now determined by the
- physical media and the sizes of the headers which precede the routing
- data (i.e., media MTU minus the combined header lengths). The number
- routes which may be included in a routing update is the routing data
- length divided by the size of a routing entry.
-
- 3.1 Prefix
-
- The address field of a routing entry is 128 bits in length, expanded
- from the 32 bits available in RIP-2. This allows the RIP entry to
- carry an IPv6 prefix.
-
- 3.2 Prefix Length
-
- The 32-bit RIP-2 subnet mask field is replaced by an 8-bit prefix
- length field. It allows the specification of the number of bits in
- the prefix which form the actual prefix.
-
- 3.3 Next Hop
-
- The ability to specify the next hop, rather than simply allowing the
- recipient of the update to set the next hop to the sender of the
- update, allows for the elimination of unnecessary hops through
- routers which are running multiple routing protocols. Consider
- following example topology:
-
- ----- ----- ----- -----
- |IR1| |IR2| |XR1| |XR2|
- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
- | | | |
- --+-------+-------------+-------+--
- |--------RIPng--------|
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- Malkin Informational [Page 2]
-
- RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
-
-
- The Internal Routers (IR1 and IR2) are only running RIPng. The
- External Routers (XR1 and XR2) are both running BGP, for example;
- however, only XR1 is running BGP and RIPng. Since XR2 is not running
- RIPng, the IRs will not know of its existance and will never use it
- as a next hop, even if it is a better next hop than XR1. Of course,
- XR1 knows this and can indicate, via the Next Hop mechanism, that XR2
- is the better next hop for some routes.
-
- 3.4 Authentication
-
- Authentication, which was added to RIP-2 because RIP-1 did not have
- it, has been dropped from RIPng. This is safe to do because IPv6,
- which carries the RIPng packets, has build in security which IPv4 did
- not have.
-
- 3.5 Packet Length
-
- By allowing RIPng routing update packets to be as big as possible,
- the number of packets which must be sent for a complete update is
- greatly reduced. This in no way affects the operation of the
- distance-vector protocol; it is merely a performance enhancement.
-
- 3.6 Diameter and Complexity
-
- The limit of 15 cost-1 hops is a function of the distance-vector
- protocol, which depends on counting to infinity to resolve some
- routing loops. If infinity is too high, the time it would take to
- resolve, not to mention the number of routing updates which would be
- sent, would be prohibitive. If the infinity is too small, the
- protocol becomes useless in a reasonably sized network. The choice
- of 16 for infinity was made in the earliest of RIP implementations
- and experience has shown it to be a good compromise value.
-
- RIPng will efficiently support networks of moderate complexity. That
- is, topologies without too many multi-hop loops. RIPng also
- effeciently supports topologies which change frequently because
- routing table changes are made incrementally and do not require the
- computation which link-state protocols require to rebuild their maps.
-
- 4. Conclusion
-
- Because the basic protocol is unchanged, RIPng is as correct a
- routing protocol as RIP-2. RIPng serves the same niche for IPv6 as
- RIP-2 does for IPv4.
-
- 5. Security Considerations
-
- RIPng security is discussed in section 3.4.
-
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- Malkin Informational [Page 3]
-
- RFC 2081 RIP-2 Applicability January 1997
-
-
- Author's Address
-
- Gary Scott Malkin
- Xylogics/Bay Networks
- 53 Third Avenue
- Burlington, MA 01803
-
- Phone: (617) 238-6237
- EMail: gmalkin@xylogics.com
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- Malkin Informational [Page 4]
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