The Hacker's Encyclopedia 1998

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Network Working Group B. Manning Request for Comments: 2010 ISI Category: Informational P. Vixie ISC October 1996 Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document specifies the operational requirements of root name servers, including host hardware capacities, name server software revisions, network connectivity, and physical environment. 1 - Rationale and Scope 1.1. Historically, the name servers responsible for the root (".") zone have also been responsible for all international top-level domains (iTLD's, for example: COM, EDU, INT, ARPA). These name servers have been operated by a cadre of highly capable volunteers, and their administration has been loosely coordinated by the NIC (first SRI-NIC and now InterNIC). Ultimate responsibility for the correct operation of these servers and for the content of the DNS zones they served has always rested with the IANA. 1.2. As described in [Postel96], many new TLD's may be created shortly. Servers for all new and existing iTLD's will be subject to the operational requirements given in [Postel96]. The set of servers for the root (".") zone is likely to become disjoint from the set of servers for any TLD or group of TLD's, including those maintained by the InterNIC. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 1] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 1.3. In spite of the similarities in operational requirements between the servers for the iTLD's and the servers for the root (".") zone, they are in fact different server sets with different administrators and slightly different operational requirements. It is likely that many contry code tld servers will have even more divergent operational requirements. That said, the requirements set down in this document could be successfully applied to any name server (whether root, top level, or any other level), but may be more draconian than necessary for servers other than those of the root (".") zone. Disclaimer: The selection of name server locations and administrators, and the procedures for addressing noncompliance with these stated operational requirements, are outside the scope of this document. Definition: For the purpose of this document, the term "zone master" shall be used to designate the administrative owner of the content of a zone. This person is expected to have final responsibility for the selection and correct operation of all of the zone's servers. For the root (".") zone, this is the IANA. 2 - Operational Requirements 2.1. Name server software. The zone master shall initially and periodically choose a name server package to run on all of the zone's servers. It is expected that the BIND server will be used, at least initially, and that new versions or other servers will be specified from time to time. Rationale: This requirement is based on the wide and free availability of BIND's source code, and the active analysis and development it constantly receives from several members of the IETF. Name server software upgrades will be specified and scheduled by the zone master, and must occur on all of a zone's servers within a specified 96 hour window. Rationale: In some cases it has proven necessary to "cold start" a zone's servers in order to clear out oscillating bad data. By forcing all software upgrades to happen at about the same time, it will be possible to coordinate a software change with a zone content change. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 2] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 2.2. UDP checksums. UDP checksums must be generated when sending datagrams, and verified when receiving them. Rationale: Some vendors turn off UDP checksums for performance reasons, citing the presence of MAC-level frame checks (CRC, for example) as "strong enough." This has been a disaster in actual practice. 2.3. Dedicated host. A name server host should have no other function, and no login accounts other than for system or network administrators. No other network protocols should be served by a name server host (e.g., SMTP, NNTP, FTP, et al). If login is permitted from other than the system console, then the login service must be by encrypted channel (e.g., Kerberized and encrypted rlogin/telnet, the secure shell (SSH), or an equivilent). Rationale: Each additional service performed by a host makes it less reliable and potentially less secure, as well as complicating fault isolation procedures. While name service does not consume very much in the way of system resources, it is thought best that a host do a few things well rather than many things poorly. 2.4. Clock synchronization. A name server host should synchronize its clock using the NTP protocol (currnet version) with authentication. At least two NTP servers should be used. As an exception to section 2.3 above, a name server host can be an NTP server as well. Rationale: For distributed fault isolation reasons, synchronized time stamps in system event logs are quite helpful. NTP is easily spoofed by UDP blast attacks, thus the requirement for authentication between the name server host and its NTP servers. A name server host is allowed to be an NTP server because it has been observed that a single host running both name service and stratum 1 NTP is still quite reliable and secure. 2.5. Network interfaces. Name servers must send UDP responses with an IP source address (and UDP source port number) equal to the IP destination address (and UDP destination port number) of the request. Also, a name server might have multiple real interfaces, but only one will be advertised in the zone's NS RRset and associated glue A RRs. The advertised address should be that of the "best" interface on the host, in terms of network performance and reliability to the largest number of destinations. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 3] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 Rationale: While not required by [RFC1035], many extant DNS implementations require the source address and port of a reply to match the destination address and port to which the request was sent. The number of advertised addresses is limited to one (1) so that DNS delegation responses containing this name server can be as short as possible. 2.6. Physical environment. A name server host must be located in a secure space such as a locked computer room or a data center with restricted access. The power supply should be redundant, using batteries, generators or some other means to protect against utility power failures. Network connectivity should be redundant, so that a single wide area line failure cannot completely isolate the name server host from the rest of the network. 2.7. Network security. The system and network administrators should educate themselves about potential threats, and stay current on CERT bulletins regarding network breakins. The system staff should periodically audit the name server host's activity logs and be able to detect breakins during or after the fact. 2.8. Host performance. As of the time of this writing, a name server must be able to answer 1,200 UDP transactions per second with less than 5 milliseconds of average latency. Because the network is still growing at a high rate, the ability to grow to 2,000 transactions per second and still support a 5 millisecond latency is highly desirable. Note that this requirement affects both the host and the network infrastructure to which that host is attached. 2.9. Response time. The administrators responsible for a name server will respond to e-mail trouble reports within 24 hours. Personnel issues such as vacations and illness will cause responsibilities to be delegated and/or reassigned rather than ignored. After hours telephone numbers must be made available to the zone master for nonpublished use in emergencies. An escalation contact name, e-mail address, and telephone number will also be made available to the zone master in the event of nonresponse through the normal channel. 2.10. Zone transfer access control. The name server shall be configured so that outbound zone transfers are permitted only to destinations on the server's local networks, and to whichever networks the zone master designates for remote debugging purposes. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 4] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 Rationale: Zone transfers can present a significant load on a name server, especially if several transfers are started simultaneously against the same server. There is no operational reason to allow anyone outside the name server's and zone's administrators to transfer the entire zone. 2.11. Zone transfer protocol. DNS AXFR shall be used in preference to FTP or any other non-DNS transfer protocol. DNS NOTIFY (see [NOTIFY]) and DNS IXFR (see [IXFR]) shall be supported and enabled when available. Rationale: Historically, the common implementations of DNS (a.k.a., BIND) did not support zone transfer of the root (".") zone due to programming errors. Thus, FTP was used. In the future, DNS implementations which do not support zone transfer of all zones will not be considered suitable for use as root name servers. The benefits of [IXFR] and [NOTIFY] should be obvious. 2.12. Recursion shall be disabled for queries. Rationale: Recursion is a major source of cache pollution, and can be a major drain on name server performance. An organization's recursive DNS needs should be served by some other host than its root name server(s). An exception is made for missing glue since it's possible that glue needed for some delegations will not be within or beneath any zone for which the server is authoritative. Such glue must be fetched via recursive lookups to other servers. 2.13. Outages shall be reported. All outages, scheduled or not, shall be reported to the zone master via e-mail. If an outage is unscheduled or if an outage is scheduled less than 24 hours in advance, then an additional notification of the zone master shall be made via telephone. Extended or repeated outages may beget special handling by the zone master. 2.14. Inverse name lookups. The PTR RR associated with a server's primary interface address (that is, the address shown in in the zone's delegation) shall have its target specified by the zone master. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 5] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 Rationale: Since each organization has local control of their network's PTR RRs, and since it is necessary for the correct operation of some software that the forward and reverse lookups have symmetrical results, it is left up to the zone master to select the name for each authority server's primary address. 3 - Possible Selection Criteria 3.1. Host population. A server's location on the network should be such that it has a low IP hop count to a high number of end hosts. Duplication of service should be avoided, such that any given set of end hosts needs to have a low IP hop count to at most one authority server for any given zone. 3.2. Infrastructure diversity. A server's location on the network should be such that most failures capable of isolating it from a large number of end hosts are diverse from the failures capable of similarly isolating other authority servers for the same zone(s). 4 - Security Considerations See section 2.7. 5 - References [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1987. [Postel96] Postel, J., "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains", Work in Progress. [IXFR] Ohta, M., "Incremental Zone Transfer", RFC 1995, August 1996. [NOTIFY] Vixie, P., "A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes", RFC 1996, August 1996. 6 - Acknowledgements Constructive comments have been received from: Jon Postel, Michael Patton, Andrew Partan, Michael Dillon, Don Mitchell Steven Doyle, Owen DeLong and other members of the internet community. Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 6] RFC 2010 DNSSVR Criteria October 1996 7 - Authors' Addresses Bill Manning USC/ISI 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, CA 90292 Phone: +1 310 822 1511 EMail: bmanning@isi.edu Paul Vixie Internet Software Consortium Star Route Box 159A Woodside, CA 94062 Phone: +1 415 747 0204 EMail: paul@vix.com Manning & Vixie Informational [Page 7]