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- Network Working Group J. Solomon
- Request for Comments: 2005 Motorola
- Category: Standards Track October 1996
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- Applicability Statement for IP Mobility Support
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
- Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
- improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
- and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- As required by [RFC 1264], this report discusses the applicability of
- Mobile IP to provide host mobility in the Internet. In particular,
- this document describes the key features of Mobile IP and shows how
- the requirements for advancement to Proposed Standard RFC have been
- satisfied.
-
- 1. Protocol Overview
-
- Mobile IP provides an efficient, scalable mechanism for node mobility
- within the Internet. Using Mobile IP, nodes may change their point-
- of-attachment to the Internet without changing their IP address.
- This allows them to maintain transport and higher-layer connections
- while moving. Node mobility is realized without the need to
- propagate host-specific routes throughout the Internet routing
- fabric. The protocol is documented in [MIP-PROTO].
-
- In brief, Mobile IP routing works as follows. Packets destined to a
- mobile node are routed first to its home network -- a network
- identified by the network prefix of the mobile node's (permanent)
- home address. At the home network, the mobile node's home agent
- intercepts such packets and tunnels them to the mobile node's most
- recently reported care-of address. At the endpoint of the tunnel,
- the inner packets are decapsulated and delivered to the mobile node.
- In the reverse direction, packets sourced by mobile nodes are routed
- to their destination using standard IP routing mechanisms.
-
- Thus, Mobile IP relies on protocol tunneling to deliver packets to
- mobile nodes that are away from their home network. The mobile
- node's home address is hidden from routers along the path from the
- home agent to the mobile node due to the presence of the tunnel. The
- encapsulating packet is destined to the mobile node's care-of address
-
-
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- Solomon Standards Track [Page 1]
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- RFC 2005 Mobile IP Applicability Statement October 1996
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-
- -- a topologically significant address -- to which standard IP
- routing mechanisms can deliver packets.
-
- The Mobile IP protocol defines the following:
-
- - an authenticated registration procedure by which a mobile node
- informs its home agent(s) of its care-of address(es);
-
- - an extension to ICMP Router Discovery [RFC1256] which allows mobile
- nodes to discover prospective home agents and foreign agents; and
-
- - the rules for routing packets to and from mobile nodes, including
- the specification of one mandatory tunneling mechanism ([MIP-IPinIP])
- and several optional tunneling mechanisms ([MIP-MINENC] and
- [RFC1701]).
-
- 2. Applicability
-
- Mobile IP is intended to solve node mobility across changes in IP
- subnet. It is just as suitable for mobility across homogeneous media
- as it is for mobility across heterogeneous media. That is, Mobile IP
- facilitates node movement from one Ethernet segment to another as
- well as it accommodates node movement from an Ethernet segment to a
- wireless LAN.
-
- One can think of Mobile IP as solving the "macro" mobility management
- problem. It is less well suited for more "micro" mobility management
- applications -- for example, handoff amongst wireless transceivers,
- each of which covers only a very small geographic area. In this
- later situation, link-layer mechanisms for link maintenance (i.e.
- link-layer handoff) might offer faster convergence and less overhead
- than Mobile IP.
-
- Mobile IP scales to handle a large number of mobile nodes in the
- Internet. Without route optimization as described in [MIP-OPTIM],
- however, the home agent is a potential load point when serving many
- mobile nodes. When home agents become overburdened, additional home
- agents can be added -- and even dynamically discovered by mobile
- nodes -- using mechanisms defined in the Mobile IP documents.
-
- Finally, it is noted that mobile nodes are assigned (home) IP
- addresses largely the same way in which stationary hosts are assigned
- long-term IP addresses; namely, by the authority who owns them.
- Properly applied, Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to communicate using
- only their home address regardless of their current location. Mobile
- IP, therefore, makes no attempt to solve the problems related to
- local or global, IP address, renumbering.
-
-
-
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- Solomon Standards Track [Page 2]
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- RFC 2005 Mobile IP Applicability Statement October 1996
-
-
- 3. Security
-
- Mobile IP mandates the use of cryptographically strong authentication
- for all registration messages exchanged between a mobile node and its
- home agent. Optionally, strong authentication can be used between
- foreign agents and mobile nodes or home agents. Replay protection is
- realized via one of two possible mechanisms -- timestamps or nonces.
-
- Due to the unavailability of an Internet key management protocol,
- agent discovery messages are not required to be authenticated.
-
- All Mobile IP implementations are required to support, at a minimum,
- keyed MD5 authentication with manual key distribution. Other
- authentication and key distribution algorithms may be supported.
-
- Mobile IP defines security mechanisms only for the registration
- protocol. Implementations requiring privacy and/or authentication of
- data packets sent to and from a mobile node should use the IP
- security protocols described in RFCs 1827 and 1826 for this purpose.
-
- 4. MIB
-
- At the time of publication of this Applicability Statement, a
- Management Information Base (MIB) for Mobile IP has been written and
- documented in RFC 2006.
-
- 5. Implementations
-
- Several implementations of Mobile IP are known to exist. The
- following list gives the origin and a contact for several such
- implementations:
-
- Organization: Contact:
-
- CMU Dave Johnson <dbj@cs.cmu.edu>
- FTP Software Frank Kastenholz <kasten@ftp.com>
- IBM Charlie Perkins <perk@watson.ibm.com>
- Motorola Jim Solomon <solomon@comm.mot.com>
- Nokia Gunyho Gabor <gunyho@ncsmsg07he.ntc.nokia.com>
- SUN Gabriel Montenegro <gab@cali.Eng.Sun.COM>
- Telxon Frank Ciotti <frankc@teleng.eng.telxon.com>
-
- 6. Implementation Experience
-
- FTP Software hosted an interim meeting, October 23-27, 1995 in which
- interoperability of several implementations was demonstrated. The
- following major features of the Mobile IP protocol were tested:
-
-
-
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- Solomon Standards Track [Page 3]
-
- RFC 2005 Mobile IP Applicability Statement October 1996
-
-
- 1) Mobile Nodes receiving and processing Agent Advertisements.
- 2) Agents receiving Agent Solicitations and responding with Agent
- Advertisements.
- 3) Mobile Nodes registering with foreign agents on foreign networks.
- 4) Packets being received by the mobile node after having been
- tunneled by the home agent and de-tunneled by the foreign agent.
- 5) Packets from the mobile node being routed directly to their
- destinations.
- 6) Mobile nodes discovering that their connectivity/subnet had
- changed and re-registering at their new location.
- 7) Mobile nodes discovering that their current foreign agent had
- rebooted and therefore re-registering with that foreign agent.
- 8) The required form of tunneling (IP-in-IP encapsulation
- [MIP-IPinIP]) as well as the one of the optional forms of tunneling;
- namely, Minimal Encapsulation [MIP-MINENC].
- 9) Mobile nodes de-registering upon returning to their home network.
- 10) Registrations being rejected for authentication failures,
- including invalid authenticators as well as mismatched
- identification values (replay protection).
- 11) TCP connections remaining open (with data flowing) while a mobile
- node moved from its home network to a foreign network and then
- back again to the home network.
-
- Interoperability of at least two independent implementations was
- demonstrated for all of the features listed above.
-
- 7. Summary
-
- The co-chairs, on behalf of the working group participants, believe
- that the Mobile IP working group has satisfied the requirements set
- forth in [RFC1264] for the advancement of Mobile IP to Proposed
- Standard RFC. Specifically, the technical specification document is
- stable, a MIB has been written, the security architecture has been
- set forth in accordance with IAB principles, and several independent
- implementations have been demonstrated to be interoperable.
-
- 8. References
-
- [RFC1256] Deering, S., Editor, "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC
- 1256, September 1991.
-
- [RFC1701] Hanks, S. et. al., "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)",
- RFC 1701, October 1994.
-
- [RFC1264] Hinden, R., "Internet Routing Protocol Standardization
- Criteria", RFC 1264, October 1991.
-
-
-
-
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- Solomon Standards Track [Page 4]
-
- RFC 2005 Mobile IP Applicability Statement October 1996
-
-
- [MIP-IPinIP] Perkins, C., Editor, "IP Encapsulation within IP",
- RFC 2003, October 1996.
-
- [MIP-OPTIM] Johnson, D., and C. Perkins, "Route Optimization in
- Mobile IP", Work in Progress.
-
- [MIP-PROTO] Perkins, C., Editor, "IP Mobility Support", RFC 2002,
- October 1996.
-
- [MIP-MINENC] Perkins, C., Editor, "Minimal Encapsulation within IP",
- RFC 2004, October 1994.
-
- 9. Author's Address
-
- Questions about this memo can be directed to:
-
- Jim Solomon
- Motorola Inc.
- 1301 E. Algonquin Rd. - Rm 2240
- Schaumburg, IL 60196
-
- Voice: +1-847-576-2753
- Fax: +1-847-576-3240
- EMail: solomon@comm.mot.com
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- Solomon Standards Track [Page 5]
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