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- Network Working Group B. Manning, Editor
- Request for Comments: 1879 ISI
- Category: Informational January 1996
-
-
- Class A Subnet Experiment
- Results and Recommendations
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Discussion/Purpose
-
- This memo documents some experiences with the RFC 1797 [1] subnet A
- experiment (performed by the Net39 Test Group (see credits)) and
- provides a number of recommendations on future direction for both the
- Internet Registries and the Operations community.
-
- Not all proposed experiments in RFC 1797 were done. Only the "case
- one" type delegations were made. Additional experimentation was done
- within the DNS service, by supporting a root nameserver and the
- primary for the domain from within the subnetted address space. In
- addition, testing was done on classless delegation [2].
-
- Internet Services offered over the RFC 1797 experiment were:
-
- Finger
- HTTP
- Telnet
- FTP server/client
- Gopher
- kerberos
- lpr (and its ilk)
- X
- DNS
-
- F.Root-Servers.Net, a root name server had an interface defined as
- part of the RFC 1797 experiment. Attached is a report fragment on
- it's performance: "My root server has processed 400,000,000 queries
- in the last 38 days, and well over half of them were to the temporary
- 39.13.229.241 address (note that I retained the old 192.5.5.241
- address since I knew a lot of folks would not update their root.cache
- files and I didn't want to create a black hole.)" - Paul Vixie
-
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- Manning Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 1879 Class A Subnet Experiment January 1996
-
-
- Initial predictions [3] seemed to indicate that the safest path for
- an ISP that participates in such a routing system is to have -all- of
- the ISP clients be either:
-
- a) singly connected to one upstream ISP
- OR
- b) running a classless interior routing protocol
-
- It is also noted that a network with default route may not notice it
- has potential routing problems until it starts using subnets of
- traditional A's internally.
-
- Problems & Solutions
-
- Operations
-
- There were initial problems in at least one RIPE181 [4]
- implementation. It is clear that operators need to register in the
- Internet Routing Registry (IRR) all active aggregates and delegations
- for any given prefix. Additionally, there need to be methods for
- determining who is authoritative for announcing any given prefix.
-
- It is expected that problems identified within the confines of this
- experiment are applicable to some RFC 1597 prefixes or any "natural"
- class "A" space.
-
- Use of traceroute (LSRR) was critical for network troubleshooting
- during this experiment. In current cisco IOS, coding the following
- statement will disable LSRR and therefore inhibit cross-provider
- troubleshooting:
-
- no ip source-route
-
- We recommend that this statement -NOT- be placed in active ISP cisco
- configurations.
-
- In general, there are serious weaknesses in the Inter-Provider
- cooperation model and resolution of these problems is outside the
- scope of this document. Perhaps the IEPG or any/all of the national
- or continental operations bodies [5] will take this as an action item
- for the continued health and viability of the Internet.
-
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- Manning Informational [Page 2]
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- RFC 1879 Class A Subnet Experiment January 1996
-
-
- Routing
-
- A classic cisco configuration that has the following statements
-
- ip route 39.1.28.0 255.255.255.0
- router bgp 64000
- redistribute static
-
- will, by default, promote any classful subnet route to a full
- classful route (supernet routes will be left alone). This behaviour
- can be changed in at least the following two ways:
-
- 1:
- ip route 39.1.28.0 255.255.255.0
- router bgp 64000
- no auto-summary
- redistribute static
-
- 2:
- ip route 39.1.28.0 255.255.255.0
- router bgp 64000
- network 39.1.28.0 mask 255.255.255.0
- redistribute static route-map static-bgp
- ....
- access-list 98 deny 39.1.28.0 0.255.255.255
- access-list 98 permit any
- ....
- route-map static-bgp
- match ip address 98
-
- Users of cisco gear currently need to code the following two
- statements:
-
- ip classless
- ip subnet-zero
-
- The implication of the first directive is that it eliminates the idea
- that if you know how to talk to a subnet of a network, you know how
- to talk to ALL of the network.
-
- The second is needed since it is no longer clear where the all-ones
- or all-zeros networks are [6].
-
- Other infrastructure gear exhibited similar or worse behaviour.
- Equipment that depends on use of a classful routing protocol, such a
- RIPv1 are prone to misconfiguration. Tested examples are current
- Ascend and Livingston gear, which continue to use RIPv1 as the
- default/only routing protocol. RIPv1 use will create an aggregate
-
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- Manning Informational [Page 3]
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- RFC 1879 Class A Subnet Experiment January 1996
-
-
- announcement.
-
- This pernicious use of this classful IGP was shown to impact
- otherwise capable systems. When attempting to communicate between an
- Ascend and a cisco the promotion problem identified above, was
- manifest. The problem turned out to be that a classful IGP (RIPv1)
- was being used between the Ascends and ciscos. The Ascend was told to
- announce 39.1.28/24, but since RIPv1 can't do this, the Ascend
- instead sent 39/8. We note that RIPv1, as with all classful IGPs
- should be considered historic.
-
- This validates the predictions discussed in [3].
-
- Cisco Specific Examples
-
- There are actually three ways to solve the unintended aggregation
- problem, as described with current cisco IOS. Which of them applies
- will depend on what software version is in the router. Workarounds
- can be implemented for ancient (e.g., 8.X) version software.
-
- o Preferred solution: turn on "ip classless" in the
- routers and use a default route inside the AS.
- The "ip classless" command prevents the existence of
- a single "subnet" route from blocking access via the
- default route to other subnets of the same old-style network.
- Default only works with single-homed ISPs.
-
- o Workaround for 9.1 or later software where the
- "ip classless" command is not available: install a
- "default network route" like this:
- "ip route 39.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 <next-hop>" along the axis
- the default route would normally take. It appears
- an ISP can utilize the "recursive route lookups" so
- the "next-hop" may not actually need to be a directly
- connected neighbour -- the internal router can e.g.,
- point to a loopback interface on the border router.
- This can become "really uncomfortably messy" and it may
- be necessary to use a distribute-list to prevent
- the announcement of the shorter mask.
-
- o Workaround for 9.0 or older software: create a
- "default subnet route": "ip route 39.x.y.0 <next-hop>"
- combined with "ip default-network 39.x.y.0", otherwise
- as the 9.1 fix.
-
- Both of the latter solutions rely on manual configuration, and in the
- long run these will be impossible to maintain. In some topologies
- the use of manual configuration can be a problem (e.g., if there is
-
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- Manning Informational [Page 4]
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- RFC 1879 Class A Subnet Experiment January 1996
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- more than one possible exit point from the AS to choose from).
-
- Recommendations:
-
- The RFC 1797 experiment appears to have been a success. We believe it
- safe to start carving up "Class A" space, if the spaces are delegated
- according to normal IR conventions [7] and recommend the IANA
- consider this for future address delegations.
-
- Credits:
-
- Thanks to all the RFC 1797 participants. Particular thanks to Paul
- Vixie, Geert Jan de Groot, and the Staff of the IETF33 Terminal room.
- Other thanks to ACES, MCI, Alternet, IIJ, UUNET-Canada, Nothwestnet,
- BBN-Planet, cisco systems, RIPE, RIPE NCC, ESnet, Xlink, SURFnet,
- STUPI, Connect-AU, INBEnet, SUNET, EUnet, InterPath, VIX.COM,
- MindSpring. Especial thanks to Suzanne Woolf for cleanup.
-
- References:
-
- [1] IANA, "Class A Subnet Experiment", RFC 1797, USC/Information
- Sciences Institute, April 1995.
-
- [2] Eidnes, H., and G. J. de Groot, "Classless in-addr.arpa
- delegation", Work in Progress, SINTEF RUNIT, RIPE NCC, May 1995.
-
- [3] Huston, G., "Observations on the use of Components of the Class A
- Address Space within the Internet", Work in Progress, AARnet, May
- 1995.
-
- [4] Bates, T., et.al, "Representation of IP Routing Policies in a
- Routing Registry", RFC 1786, MCI, March 1995.
-
- [5] http://info.ra.net/div7/ra/Ops.html, November 1995.
-
- [6] Baker, F., Editor, "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC
- 1812, cisco systems, June 1995.
-
- [7] Hubbard, K., Kosters, M., Conrad, D., and D. Karrenberg,
- "Internet Registry Guidelines", Work in Progress, InterNIC,
- APNIC, RIPE, November 1995.
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- Manning Informational [Page 5]
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- RFC 1879 Class A Subnet Experiment January 1996
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- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues were not considered in this experiment.
-
- Editor's Address:
-
- Bill Manning
- Information Sciences Institute
- University of Southern California
- 4676 Admiralty Way
- Marina del Rey, CA 90292-6695
- USA
-
- Phone: +1 310-822-1511 x387
- Fax: +1 310-823-6714
- EMail: bmanning@isi.edu
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- Manning Informational [Page 6]
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