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- Network Working Group W. Simpson
- Request for Comments: 1788 Daydreamer
- Category: Experimental April 1995
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- ICMP Domain Name Messages
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
- community. This does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
- Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- IESG Note:
-
- An Internet Engineering Steering Group comment from the co-Area
- Director for IPng: Please note well that this memo is an individual
- product of the author. It presents one view of the IN-ADDR
- mechanism, motivated by discussion in the IPNG WG of the difficulty
- of secure, dynamic update of the reverse tree. Other IETF discussion
- and ongoing standards work on this area will be found in the IP Next
- Generation (ipngwg), DNS IXFR, Notification, and Dynamic Update
- (dnsind), DNS Security (dnssec) working groups.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document specifies ICMP messages for learning the Fully
- Qualified Domain Name associated with an IP address.
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- Simpson [Page 1]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
-
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- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Introduction .......................................... 2
- 1.1 Direct Query .................................... 3
- 1.2 Multicast ....................................... 3
- 1.3 Domain Names .................................... 3
- 1.4 Messages ........................................ 4
-
- 2. Domain Name Request ................................... 4
-
- 3. Domain Name Reply ..................................... 5
-
- SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ...................................... 6
- REFERENCES ................................................... 6
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. 7
- AUTHOR'S ADDRESS ............................................. 7
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The Domain Name System (DNS) is described in [RFC-1034]. The IN-ADDR
- domain of the DNS is specified [RFC-1035] to perform address to
- domain name resolution, and to facilitate queries to locate all
- gateways (routers) on a particular network in the Internet.
-
- Neither function has been remarkably successful. The IN-ADDR domain
- is not reliably populated.
-
- As multiple routers were used at boundaries and within networks, the
- IN-ADDR mechanism was found to be inadequate. The location of
- routers by hosts is now performed using "ICMP Router Discovery
- Messages" [RFC-1256].
-
- As network numbers migrated to "classless" routing and aggregation,
- the IN-ADDR delegation granularity has fragmented, and requires
- overlapping administration. The "reverse" IN-ADDR administration
- frequently does not follow the same delegation as the "forward"
- domain name tree. This structure is not amenable to cooperative
- secure updating of the DNS.
-
- As application servers have appeared which require the Domain Name
- for user interaction and security logging, the IN-ADDR servers have
- been inundated with queries. This produces long user visible pauses
- at the initiation of sessions.
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- Simpson [Page 2]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
-
-
- 1.1. Direct Query
-
- This document proposes that each unicast address be queried directly
- for its corresponding Domain Name. This has the advantages that the
- naming is under the same administration as the address assignment,
- and the queries are distributed in the same fashion as IP routing.
- In effect, the routing is used to index the database.
-
- 1.2. Multicast
-
- Only a few well-known multicast addresses are populated in the IN-
- ADDR domain. The ephemeral nature of most multicast addresses is not
- conducive to cooperative secure updating of the DNS.
-
- However, the technique described here is not useful for multicast
- addresses. A query to a multicast address could result in a storm of
- replies. Most multicast groups are not named, or the member nodes
- are not configured with the name.
-
- The IN-ADDR method SHOULD continue to be used for reverse lookup of
- well-known multicast addresses in the range 224.0.0.0 to
- 224.0.255.255. Other multicast addresses are an issue for futher
- study.
-
- 1.3. Domain Names
-
- Each Domain Name is expressed as a sequence of labels. Each label is
- represented as a one octet length field, followed by that number of
- octets. Since every Domain Name ends with the null label of the
- root, a Domain Name is terminated by a length byte of zero. The most
- significant two bits of every length octet must be '00', and the
- remaining six bits of the length field limit the label to 63 octets
- or less.
-
- When the most significant two bits of the length octet are '11', the
- length is interpreted as a 2 octet sequence, indicating an offset
- from the beginning of the message (Type field). Further details are
- described in [RFC-1035] "Message Compression".
-
- To simplify implementations, the total length of a Domain Name
- (including label octets and label length octets) is restricted to 255
- octets or less.
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- Simpson [Page 3]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
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- 1.4. Messages
-
- The datagram format and basic facilities are already defined for ICMP
- [RFC-792].
-
- Up-to-date values of the ICMP Type field are specified in the most
- recent "Assigned Numbers" [RFC-1700]. This document concerns the
- following values:
-
- 37 Domain Name Request
- 38 Domain Name Reply
-
- 2. Domain Name Request
-
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Type | Code | Checksum |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Identifier | Sequence Number |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-
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- Type 37
-
- Code 0
-
- Checksum The ICMP Checksum.
-
- Identifier If Code is zero, a value to aid in matching requests
- and replies. For example, it might be used like a
- port in TCP or UDP to identify a session. May be
- zero.
-
- Sequence Number If Code is zero, a value to aid in matching requests
- and replies. For example, the number might be
- incremented on each request sent. May be zero.
-
- A separate Domain Name Request is used for each IP Destination
- queried.
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- An ICMP Domain Name Request received with a broadcast or multicast
- Destination MUST be silently discarded.
-
- On receipt of an ICMP error message, the implementations MAY attempt
- to resolve the Domain Name using the IN-ADDR method.
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- Simpson [Page 4]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
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- 3. Domain Name Reply
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- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Type | Code | Checksum |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Identifier | Sequence Number |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Time-To-Live |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Names ...
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
-
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- Type 38
-
- Code 0
-
- Checksum The ICMP Checksum.
-
- Identifier Copied from the request.
-
- Sequence Number Copied from the request.
-
- Time-To-Live The number of seconds that the name may be cached.
- For historic reasons, this value is a signed 2s-
- complement number.
-
- Names zero or more Fully Qualified Domain Names. The
- length of this field is determined from the total
- length of the datagram.
-
- When no names are known, the field is eliminated
- (zero length), but the Reply is sent as an
- authoritative indication that no name is known.
-
- When more than one name is known, all such names
- SHOULD be listed.
-
- Any name which cannot entirely fit within the Reply
- MTU is not sent.
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- The IP Source in a Reply MUST be the same as the IP Destination of
- the corresponding Request message.
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- Every host and router MUST implement an ICMP Domain Name server
- function that receives Domain Name Requests and sends corresponding
- Domain Name Replies.
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- Simpson [Page 5]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
-
-
- A host SHOULD also implement an application- layer interface for
- sending a Domain Name Request and receiving a Domain Name Reply, for
- diagnostic purposes.
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- Security Considerations
-
- A primary purpose of this specification is to provide a mechanism for
- address to name resolution which is more secure than the IN-ADDR
- reverse tree. This mechanism is amenable to use of the IP Security
- Protocols for authentication and privacy.
-
- Although the routing infrastructure to the Destination does not
- provide security in and of itself, it is as least as reliable as
- delivery of correspondence for the other sessions with the same peer.
-
- A DNS cryptographic signature, located by using the reply in the
- forward DNS direction, can be used to verify the reply itself.
-
- References
-
- [RFC-792]
- Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
- RFC 792, USC/Information Sciences Institute, September
- 1981.
-
- [RFC-1034]
- Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities",
- STD 13, RFC 1034, USC/Information Sciences Institute,
- November 1987.
-
- [RFC-1035]
- Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
- Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, USC/Information
- Sciences Institute, November 1987.
-
- [RFC-1256]
- Deering, S., Editor, "ICMP Router Discovery Messages",
- RFC 1256, Xerox PARC, September 1991.
-
- [RFC-1700]
- Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "ASSIGNED NUMBERS", STD 2,
- RFC 1700, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1994.
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- Simpson [Page 6]
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- RFC 1788 ICMP Domain Name April 1995
-
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- The DNSIND and IPng Working Groups contributed substantial amounts of
- discussion.
-
- Additional comments should be submitted to the
- namedroppers@internic.net mailing list.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Questions about this memo can also be directed to:
-
- William Allen Simpson
- Daydreamer
- Computer Systems Consulting Services
- 1384 Fontaine
- Madison Heights, Michigan 48071
-
- Bill.Simpson@um.cc.umich.edu
- bsimpson@MorningStar.com
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- Simpson [Page 7]
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