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- Network Working Group D. McDonald
- Request for Comments: 1751 NRL
- Category: Informational December 1994
-
-
- A Convention for Human-Readable 128-bit Keys
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- the memo is unlimited.
-
- Introduction
-
- The Internet community has begun to address matters of security.
- Recent standards, including version 2 of SNMP [GM93], have explicit
- requirements for an authentication mechanism. These require use of a
- keyed message-digest algorithm, MD5 [Riv92], with a key size of 128-
- bits. A 128-bit key, while sufficiently strong, is hard for most
- people to read, remember, and type in. This memo proposes a
- convention for use with Internet applications & protocols using 128-
- bit cryptographic keys.
-
- A Solution Already Exists
-
- The S/Key(tm) one-time password system [Hal94] uses MD4 (and now MD5,
- as well) to compute one-time passwords. It takes the 128-bit result
- of MD4 and collapses it to a 64-bit result. Despite the size
- reduction, 64-bit one-time passwords are still difficult for ordinary
- people to remember and enter. The authors of S/Key devised a system
- to make the 64-bit one-time password easy for people to enter.
-
- Their idea was to transform the password into a string of small
- English words. English words are significantly easier for people to
- both remember and type. The authors of S/Key started with a
- dictionary of 2048 English words, ranging in length from one to four
- characters. The space covered by a 64-bit key (2^64) could be
- covered by six words from this dictionary (2^66) with room remaining
- for parity. For example, an S/Key one-time password of hex value:
-
- EB33 F77E E73D 4053
-
- would become the following six English words:
-
- TIDE ITCH SLOW REIN RULE MOT
-
-
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- McDonald [Page 1]
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- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- Because of the need for interoperability, it is undesirable to have
- different dictionaries for different languages. Also, the current
- dictionary only uses characters from the invariant portion of ISO-
- 646. Finally, there is an installed base of users and applications
- with this dictionary.
-
- The Proposal
-
- The code (see Appendix A) which S/Key uses to convert 64-bit numbers
- to six English words contains two primitives which perform
- conversions either way. The primitive btoe(char *engout,char *c)
- takes a 64-bit quantity referenced by c and places English words in
- the string referenced by engout. The primitive etob(char *out,char
- *e) performs the opposite with an input string of English words
- referenced by e, and by placing the 64-bit result into the buffer
- referenced by out.
-
- The aforementioned primitives can be applied to both halves of a
- 128-bit key, or both halves of a string of twelve English words. Two
- new primitives (see Appendix B), key2eng(char *engout,char *key) and
- eng2key(char *keyout,char *eng) serve as wrappers which call the
- S/Key primitives twice, once for each half of the 128-bit key or
- string of twelve words.
-
- For example, the 128-bit key of:
-
- CCAC 2AED 5910 56BE 4F90 FD44 1C53 4766
-
- would become
-
- RASH BUSH MILK LOOK BAD BRIM AVID GAFF BAIT ROT POD LOVE
-
- Likewise, a user should be able to type in
-
- TROD MUTE TAIL WARM CHAR KONG HAAG CITY BORE O TEAL AWL
-
- as a key, and the machine should make the translation to:
-
- EFF8 1F9B FBC6 5350 920C DD74 16DE 8009
-
- If this proposal is to work, it is critical that the dictionary of
- English words does not change with different implementations. A
- freely redistributable reference implementation is given in
- Appendices A and B.
-
-
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- McDonald [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- Security Considerations
-
- This document recommends a method of representing 128-bit keys using
- strings of English words. Since the strings of English words are
- easy to remember, people may potentially construct easy-to-guess
- strings of English words. With easy-to-guess strings comes the
- possibility of a sentential equivalent of a dictionary attack. In
- order to maximize the strength of any authentication mechanism that
- uses 128-bit keys, the keys must be sufficiently obscure. In
- particular, people should avoid the temptation to devise sentences.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- S/Key is a registered trademark of Bell Communications Research.
-
- Thanks to Randall Atkinson for the bulk of the security
- considerations section, and for general advice. Thanks to Phil Karn
- and Neil Haller for producing the S/Key one-time password system,
- which inspired this document.
-
- References
-
- [GM93] Galvin, J. and K. McCloghrie, "Security Protocols for version
- 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1446,
- Trusted Information Systems, Hughes LAN Systems, April 1993.
-
- [Hal94] Haller, N., "The S/Key(tm) One-Time Password System",
- Proceedings of the Symposium on Network & Distributed Systems
- Security, Internet Society, San Diego, February 1994.
-
- [Riv92] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
- MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and RSA Data Security, Inc.,
- April 1992.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Daniel L. McDonald
- United States Naval Research Laboratory
- Code 5544
- 4555 Overlook Ave. SW
- Washington, DC 20375
-
- Phone: (202) 404-7122
- EMail: danmcd@itd.nrl.navy.mil
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- McDonald [Page 3]
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- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- Appendix A - Source for S/Key 8-bytes to/from Words Routines (put.c)
-
- /* This code originally appeared in the source for S/Key(TM),
- * available in the directory
- * ftp://thumper.bellcore.com/pub/nmh
- *
- * It has been modified only to remove explicit S/Key(TM) references.
- */
-
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <assert.h>
- #include <ctype.h>
-
- #ifdef __STDC__
- #define __ARGS(x) x
- #else
- #define __ARGS(x) ()
- #endif
-
- static unsigned long extract __ARGS((char *s,int start,int length));
- static void standard __ARGS((char *word));
- static void insert __ARGS((char *s, int x, int start, int length));
- static int wsrch __ARGS((char *w,int low,int high));
-
- /* Dictionary for integer-word translations */
- char Wp[2048][4] = { "A", "ABE", "ACE", "ACT", "AD", "ADA", "ADD",
- "AGO", "AID", "AIM", "AIR", "ALL", "ALP", "AM", "AMY", "AN", "ANA",
- "AND", "ANN", "ANT", "ANY", "APE", "APS", "APT", "ARC", "ARE", "ARK",
- "ARM", "ART", "AS", "ASH", "ASK", "AT", "ATE", "AUG", "AUK", "AVE",
- "AWE", "AWK", "AWL", "AWN", "AX", "AYE", "BAD", "BAG", "BAH", "BAM",
- "BAN", "BAR", "BAT", "BAY", "BE", "BED", "BEE", "BEG", "BEN", "BET",
- "BEY", "BIB", "BID", "BIG", "BIN", "BIT", "BOB", "BOG", "BON", "BOO",
- "BOP", "BOW", "BOY", "BUB", "BUD", "BUG", "BUM", "BUN", "BUS", "BUT",
- "BUY", "BY", "BYE", "CAB", "CAL", "CAM", "CAN", "CAP", "CAR", "CAT",
- "CAW", "COD", "COG", "COL", "CON", "COO", "COP", "COT", "COW", "COY",
- "CRY", "CUB", "CUE", "CUP", "CUR", "CUT", "DAB", "DAD", "DAM", "DAN",
- "DAR", "DAY", "DEE", "DEL", "DEN", "DES", "DEW", "DID", "DIE", "DIG",
- "DIN", "DIP", "DO", "DOE", "DOG", "DON", "DOT", "DOW", "DRY", "DUB",
- "DUD", "DUE", "DUG", "DUN", "EAR", "EAT", "ED", "EEL", "EGG", "EGO",
- "ELI", "ELK", "ELM", "ELY", "EM", "END", "EST", "ETC", "EVA", "EVE",
- "EWE", "EYE", "FAD", "FAN", "FAR", "FAT", "FAY", "FED", "FEE", "FEW",
- "FIB", "FIG", "FIN", "FIR", "FIT", "FLO", "FLY", "FOE", "FOG", "FOR",
- "FRY", "FUM", "FUN", "FUR", "GAB", "GAD", "GAG", "GAL", "GAM", "GAP",
- "GAS", "GAY", "GEE", "GEL", "GEM", "GET", "GIG", "GIL", "GIN", "GO",
- "GOT", "GUM", "GUN", "GUS", "GUT", "GUY", "GYM", "GYP", "HA", "HAD",
- "HAL", "HAM", "HAN", "HAP", "HAS", "HAT", "HAW", "HAY", "HE", "HEM",
- "HEN", "HER", "HEW", "HEY", "HI", "HID", "HIM", "HIP", "HIS", "HIT",
-
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- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
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-
- "HO", "HOB", "HOC", "HOE", "HOG", "HOP", "HOT", "HOW", "HUB", "HUE",
- "HUG", "HUH", "HUM", "HUT", "I", "ICY", "IDA", "IF", "IKE", "ILL",
- "INK", "INN", "IO", "ION", "IQ", "IRA", "IRE", "IRK", "IS", "IT", "ITS",
- "IVY", "JAB", "JAG", "JAM", "JAN", "JAR", "JAW", "JAY", "JET", "JIG",
- "JIM", "JO", "JOB", "JOE", "JOG", "JOT", "JOY", "JUG", "JUT", "KAY",
- "KEG", "KEN", "KEY", "KID", "KIM", "KIN", "KIT", "LA", "LAB", "LAC",
- "LAD", "LAG", "LAM", "LAP", "LAW", "LAY", "LEA", "LED", "LEE", "LEG",
- "LEN", "LEO", "LET", "LEW", "LID", "LIE", "LIN", "LIP", "LIT", "LO",
- "LOB", "LOG", "LOP", "LOS", "LOT", "LOU", "LOW", "LOY", "LUG", "LYE",
- "MA", "MAC", "MAD", "MAE", "MAN", "MAO", "MAP", "MAT", "MAW", "MAY",
- "ME", "MEG", "MEL", "MEN", "MET", "MEW", "MID", "MIN", "MIT", "MOB",
- "MOD", "MOE", "MOO", "MOP", "MOS", "MOT", "MOW", "MUD", "MUG", "MUM",
- "MY", "NAB", "NAG", "NAN", "NAP", "NAT", "NAY", "NE", "NED", "NEE",
- "NET", "NEW", "NIB", "NIL", "NIP", "NIT", "NO", "NOB", "NOD", "NON",
- "NOR", "NOT", "NOV", "NOW", "NU", "NUN", "NUT", "O", "OAF", "OAK",
- "OAR", "OAT", "ODD", "ODE", "OF", "OFF", "OFT", "OH", "OIL", "OK",
- "OLD", "ON", "ONE", "OR", "ORB", "ORE", "ORR", "OS", "OTT", "OUR",
- "OUT", "OVA", "OW", "OWE", "OWL", "OWN", "OX", "PA", "PAD", "PAL",
- "PAM", "PAN", "PAP", "PAR", "PAT", "PAW", "PAY", "PEA", "PEG", "PEN",
- "PEP", "PER", "PET", "PEW", "PHI", "PI", "PIE", "PIN", "PIT", "PLY",
- "PO", "POD", "POE", "POP", "POT", "POW", "PRO", "PRY", "PUB", "PUG",
- "PUN", "PUP", "PUT", "QUO", "RAG", "RAM", "RAN", "RAP", "RAT", "RAW",
- "RAY", "REB", "RED", "REP", "RET", "RIB", "RID", "RIG", "RIM", "RIO",
- "RIP", "ROB", "ROD", "ROE", "RON", "ROT", "ROW", "ROY", "RUB", "RUE",
- "RUG", "RUM", "RUN", "RYE", "SAC", "SAD", "SAG", "SAL", "SAM", "SAN",
- "SAP", "SAT", "SAW", "SAY", "SEA", "SEC", "SEE", "SEN", "SET", "SEW",
- "SHE", "SHY", "SIN", "SIP", "SIR", "SIS", "SIT", "SKI", "SKY", "SLY",
- "SO", "SOB", "SOD", "SON", "SOP", "SOW", "SOY", "SPA", "SPY", "SUB",
- "SUD", "SUE", "SUM", "SUN", "SUP", "TAB", "TAD", "TAG", "TAN", "TAP",
- "TAR", "TEA", "TED", "TEE", "TEN", "THE", "THY", "TIC", "TIE", "TIM",
- "TIN", "TIP", "TO", "TOE", "TOG", "TOM", "TON", "TOO", "TOP", "TOW",
- "TOY", "TRY", "TUB", "TUG", "TUM", "TUN", "TWO", "UN", "UP", "US",
- "USE", "VAN", "VAT", "VET", "VIE", "WAD", "WAG", "WAR", "WAS", "WAY",
- "WE", "WEB", "WED", "WEE", "WET", "WHO", "WHY", "WIN", "WIT", "WOK",
- "WON", "WOO", "WOW", "WRY", "WU", "YAM", "YAP", "YAW", "YE", "YEA",
- "YES", "YET", "YOU", "ABED", "ABEL", "ABET", "ABLE", "ABUT", "ACHE",
- "ACID", "ACME", "ACRE", "ACTA", "ACTS", "ADAM", "ADDS", "ADEN", "AFAR",
- "AFRO", "AGEE", "AHEM", "AHOY", "AIDA", "AIDE", "AIDS", "AIRY", "AJAR",
- "AKIN", "ALAN", "ALEC", "ALGA", "ALIA", "ALLY", "ALMA", "ALOE", "ALSO",
- "ALTO", "ALUM", "ALVA", "AMEN", "AMES", "AMID", "AMMO", "AMOK", "AMOS",
- "AMRA", "ANDY", "ANEW", "ANNA", "ANNE", "ANTE", "ANTI", "AQUA", "ARAB",
- "ARCH", "AREA", "ARGO", "ARID", "ARMY", "ARTS", "ARTY", "ASIA", "ASKS",
- "ATOM", "AUNT", "AURA", "AUTO", "AVER", "AVID", "AVIS", "AVON", "AVOW",
- "AWAY", "AWRY", "BABE", "BABY", "BACH", "BACK", "BADE", "BAIL", "BAIT",
- "BAKE", "BALD", "BALE", "BALI", "BALK", "BALL", "BALM", "BAND", "BANE",
- "BANG", "BANK", "BARB", "BARD", "BARE", "BARK", "BARN", "BARR", "BASE",
- "BASH", "BASK", "BASS", "BATE", "BATH", "BAWD", "BAWL", "BEAD", "BEAK",
- "BEAM", "BEAN", "BEAR", "BEAT", "BEAU", "BECK", "BEEF", "BEEN", "BEER",
-
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- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
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-
- "BEET", "BELA", "BELL", "BELT", "BEND", "BENT", "BERG", "BERN", "BERT",
- "BESS", "BEST", "BETA", "BETH", "BHOY", "BIAS", "BIDE", "BIEN", "BILE",
- "BILK", "BILL", "BIND", "BING", "BIRD", "BITE", "BITS", "BLAB", "BLAT",
- "BLED", "BLEW", "BLOB", "BLOC", "BLOT", "BLOW", "BLUE", "BLUM", "BLUR",
- "BOAR", "BOAT", "BOCA", "BOCK", "BODE", "BODY", "BOGY", "BOHR", "BOIL",
- "BOLD", "BOLO", "BOLT", "BOMB", "BONA", "BOND", "BONE", "BONG", "BONN",
- "BONY", "BOOK", "BOOM", "BOON", "BOOT", "BORE", "BORG", "BORN", "BOSE",
- "BOSS", "BOTH", "BOUT", "BOWL", "BOYD", "BRAD", "BRAE", "BRAG", "BRAN",
- "BRAY", "BRED", "BREW", "BRIG", "BRIM", "BROW", "BUCK", "BUDD", "BUFF",
- "BULB", "BULK", "BULL", "BUNK", "BUNT", "BUOY", "BURG", "BURL", "BURN",
- "BURR", "BURT", "BURY", "BUSH", "BUSS", "BUST", "BUSY", "BYTE", "CADY",
- "CAFE", "CAGE", "CAIN", "CAKE", "CALF", "CALL", "CALM", "CAME", "CANE",
- "CANT", "CARD", "CARE", "CARL", "CARR", "CART", "CASE", "CASH", "CASK",
- "CAST", "CAVE", "CEIL", "CELL", "CENT", "CERN", "CHAD", "CHAR", "CHAT",
- "CHAW", "CHEF", "CHEN", "CHEW", "CHIC", "CHIN", "CHOU", "CHOW", "CHUB",
- "CHUG", "CHUM", "CITE", "CITY", "CLAD", "CLAM", "CLAN", "CLAW", "CLAY",
- "CLOD", "CLOG", "CLOT", "CLUB", "CLUE", "COAL", "COAT", "COCA", "COCK",
- "COCO", "CODA", "CODE", "CODY", "COED", "COIL", "COIN", "COKE", "COLA",
- "COLD", "COLT", "COMA", "COMB", "COME", "COOK", "COOL", "COON", "COOT",
- "CORD", "CORE", "CORK", "CORN", "COST", "COVE", "COWL", "CRAB", "CRAG",
- "CRAM", "CRAY", "CREW", "CRIB", "CROW", "CRUD", "CUBA", "CUBE", "CUFF",
- "CULL", "CULT", "CUNY", "CURB", "CURD", "CURE", "CURL", "CURT", "CUTS",
- "DADE", "DALE", "DAME", "DANA", "DANE", "DANG", "DANK", "DARE", "DARK",
- "DARN", "DART", "DASH", "DATA", "DATE", "DAVE", "DAVY", "DAWN", "DAYS",
- "DEAD", "DEAF", "DEAL", "DEAN", "DEAR", "DEBT", "DECK", "DEED", "DEEM",
- "DEER", "DEFT", "DEFY", "DELL", "DENT", "DENY", "DESK", "DIAL", "DICE",
- "DIED", "DIET", "DIME", "DINE", "DING", "DINT", "DIRE", "DIRT", "DISC",
- "DISH", "DISK", "DIVE", "DOCK", "DOES", "DOLE", "DOLL", "DOLT", "DOME",
- "DONE", "DOOM", "DOOR", "DORA", "DOSE", "DOTE", "DOUG", "DOUR", "DOVE",
- "DOWN", "DRAB", "DRAG", "DRAM", "DRAW", "DREW", "DRUB", "DRUG", "DRUM",
- "DUAL", "DUCK", "DUCT", "DUEL", "DUET", "DUKE", "DULL", "DUMB", "DUNE",
- "DUNK", "DUSK", "DUST", "DUTY", "EACH", "EARL", "EARN", "EASE", "EAST",
- "EASY", "EBEN", "ECHO", "EDDY", "EDEN", "EDGE", "EDGY", "EDIT", "EDNA",
- "EGAN", "ELAN", "ELBA", "ELLA", "ELSE", "EMIL", "EMIT", "EMMA", "ENDS",
- "ERIC", "EROS", "EVEN", "EVER", "EVIL", "EYED", "FACE", "FACT", "FADE",
- "FAIL", "FAIN", "FAIR", "FAKE", "FALL", "FAME", "FANG", "FARM", "FAST",
- "FATE", "FAWN", "FEAR", "FEAT", "FEED", "FEEL", "FEET", "FELL", "FELT",
- "FEND", "FERN", "FEST", "FEUD", "FIEF", "FIGS", "FILE", "FILL", "FILM",
- "FIND", "FINE", "FINK", "FIRE", "FIRM", "FISH", "FISK", "FIST", "FITS",
- "FIVE", "FLAG", "FLAK", "FLAM", "FLAT", "FLAW", "FLEA", "FLED", "FLEW",
- "FLIT", "FLOC", "FLOG", "FLOW", "FLUB", "FLUE", "FOAL", "FOAM", "FOGY",
- "FOIL", "FOLD", "FOLK", "FOND", "FONT", "FOOD", "FOOL", "FOOT", "FORD",
- "FORE", "FORK", "FORM", "FORT", "FOSS", "FOUL", "FOUR", "FOWL", "FRAU",
- "FRAY", "FRED", "FREE", "FRET", "FREY", "FROG", "FROM", "FUEL", "FULL",
- "FUME", "FUND", "FUNK", "FURY", "FUSE", "FUSS", "GAFF", "GAGE", "GAIL",
- "GAIN", "GAIT", "GALA", "GALE", "GALL", "GALT", "GAME", "GANG", "GARB",
- "GARY", "GASH", "GATE", "GAUL", "GAUR", "GAVE", "GAWK", "GEAR", "GELD",
- "GENE", "GENT", "GERM", "GETS", "GIBE", "GIFT", "GILD", "GILL", "GILT",
-
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- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
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- "GINA", "GIRD", "GIRL", "GIST", "GIVE", "GLAD", "GLEE", "GLEN", "GLIB",
- "GLOB", "GLOM", "GLOW", "GLUE", "GLUM", "GLUT", "GOAD", "GOAL", "GOAT",
- "GOER", "GOES", "GOLD", "GOLF", "GONE", "GONG", "GOOD", "GOOF", "GORE",
- "GORY", "GOSH", "GOUT", "GOWN", "GRAB", "GRAD", "GRAY", "GREG", "GREW",
- "GREY", "GRID", "GRIM", "GRIN", "GRIT", "GROW", "GRUB", "GULF", "GULL",
- "GUNK", "GURU", "GUSH", "GUST", "GWEN", "GWYN", "HAAG", "HAAS", "HACK",
- "HAIL", "HAIR", "HALE", "HALF", "HALL", "HALO", "HALT", "HAND", "HANG",
- "HANK", "HANS", "HARD", "HARK", "HARM", "HART", "HASH", "HAST", "HATE",
- "HATH", "HAUL", "HAVE", "HAWK", "HAYS", "HEAD", "HEAL", "HEAR", "HEAT",
- "HEBE", "HECK", "HEED", "HEEL", "HEFT", "HELD", "HELL", "HELM", "HERB",
- "HERD", "HERE", "HERO", "HERS", "HESS", "HEWN", "HICK", "HIDE", "HIGH",
- "HIKE", "HILL", "HILT", "HIND", "HINT", "HIRE", "HISS", "HIVE", "HOBO",
- "HOCK", "HOFF", "HOLD", "HOLE", "HOLM", "HOLT", "HOME", "HONE", "HONK",
- "HOOD", "HOOF", "HOOK", "HOOT", "HORN", "HOSE", "HOST", "HOUR", "HOVE",
- "HOWE", "HOWL", "HOYT", "HUCK", "HUED", "HUFF", "HUGE", "HUGH", "HUGO",
- "HULK", "HULL", "HUNK", "HUNT", "HURD", "HURL", "HURT", "HUSH", "HYDE",
- "HYMN", "IBIS", "ICON", "IDEA", "IDLE", "IFFY", "INCA", "INCH", "INTO",
- "IONS", "IOTA", "IOWA", "IRIS", "IRMA", "IRON", "ISLE", "ITCH", "ITEM",
- "IVAN", "JACK", "JADE", "JAIL", "JAKE", "JANE", "JAVA", "JEAN", "JEFF",
- "JERK", "JESS", "JEST", "JIBE", "JILL", "JILT", "JIVE", "JOAN", "JOBS",
- "JOCK", "JOEL", "JOEY", "JOHN", "JOIN", "JOKE", "JOLT", "JOVE", "JUDD",
- "JUDE", "JUDO", "JUDY", "JUJU", "JUKE", "JULY", "JUNE", "JUNK", "JUNO",
- "JURY", "JUST", "JUTE", "KAHN", "KALE", "KANE", "KANT", "KARL", "KATE",
- "KEEL", "KEEN", "KENO", "KENT", "KERN", "KERR", "KEYS", "KICK", "KILL",
- "KIND", "KING", "KIRK", "KISS", "KITE", "KLAN", "KNEE", "KNEW", "KNIT",
- "KNOB", "KNOT", "KNOW", "KOCH", "KONG", "KUDO", "KURD", "KURT", "KYLE",
- "LACE", "LACK", "LACY", "LADY", "LAID", "LAIN", "LAIR", "LAKE", "LAMB",
- "LAME", "LAND", "LANE", "LANG", "LARD", "LARK", "LASS", "LAST", "LATE",
- "LAUD", "LAVA", "LAWN", "LAWS", "LAYS", "LEAD", "LEAF", "LEAK", "LEAN",
- "LEAR", "LEEK", "LEER", "LEFT", "LEND", "LENS", "LENT", "LEON", "LESK",
- "LESS", "LEST", "LETS", "LIAR", "LICE", "LICK", "LIED", "LIEN", "LIES",
- "LIEU", "LIFE", "LIFT", "LIKE", "LILA", "LILT", "LILY", "LIMA", "LIMB",
- "LIME", "LIND", "LINE", "LINK", "LINT", "LION", "LISA", "LIST", "LIVE",
- "LOAD", "LOAF", "LOAM", "LOAN", "LOCK", "LOFT", "LOGE", "LOIS", "LOLA",
- "LONE", "LONG", "LOOK", "LOON", "LOOT", "LORD", "LORE", "LOSE", "LOSS",
- "LOST", "LOUD", "LOVE", "LOWE", "LUCK", "LUCY", "LUGE", "LUKE", "LULU",
- "LUND", "LUNG", "LURA", "LURE", "LURK", "LUSH", "LUST", "LYLE", "LYNN",
- "LYON", "LYRA", "MACE", "MADE", "MAGI", "MAID", "MAIL", "MAIN", "MAKE",
- "MALE", "MALI", "MALL", "MALT", "MANA", "MANN", "MANY", "MARC", "MARE",
- "MARK", "MARS", "MART", "MARY", "MASH", "MASK", "MASS", "MAST", "MATE",
- "MATH", "MAUL", "MAYO", "MEAD", "MEAL", "MEAN", "MEAT", "MEEK", "MEET",
- "MELD", "MELT", "MEMO", "MEND", "MENU", "MERT", "MESH", "MESS", "MICE",
- "MIKE", "MILD", "MILE", "MILK", "MILL", "MILT", "MIMI", "MIND", "MINE",
- "MINI", "MINK", "MINT", "MIRE", "MISS", "MIST", "MITE", "MITT", "MOAN",
- "MOAT", "MOCK", "MODE", "MOLD", "MOLE", "MOLL", "MOLT", "MONA", "MONK",
- "MONT", "MOOD", "MOON", "MOOR", "MOOT", "MORE", "MORN", "MORT", "MOSS",
- "MOST", "MOTH", "MOVE", "MUCH", "MUCK", "MUDD", "MUFF", "MULE", "MULL",
- "MURK", "MUSH", "MUST", "MUTE", "MUTT", "MYRA", "MYTH", "NAGY", "NAIL",
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 7]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- "NAIR", "NAME", "NARY", "NASH", "NAVE", "NAVY", "NEAL", "NEAR", "NEAT",
- "NECK", "NEED", "NEIL", "NELL", "NEON", "NERO", "NESS", "NEST", "NEWS",
- "NEWT", "NIBS", "NICE", "NICK", "NILE", "NINA", "NINE", "NOAH", "NODE",
- "NOEL", "NOLL", "NONE", "NOOK", "NOON", "NORM", "NOSE", "NOTE", "NOUN",
- "NOVA", "NUDE", "NULL", "NUMB", "OATH", "OBEY", "OBOE", "ODIN", "OHIO",
- "OILY", "OINT", "OKAY", "OLAF", "OLDY", "OLGA", "OLIN", "OMAN", "OMEN",
- "OMIT", "ONCE", "ONES", "ONLY", "ONTO", "ONUS", "ORAL", "ORGY", "OSLO",
- "OTIS", "OTTO", "OUCH", "OUST", "OUTS", "OVAL", "OVEN", "OVER", "OWLY",
- "OWNS", "QUAD", "QUIT", "QUOD", "RACE", "RACK", "RACY", "RAFT", "RAGE",
- "RAID", "RAIL", "RAIN", "RAKE", "RANK", "RANT", "RARE", "RASH", "RATE",
- "RAVE", "RAYS", "READ", "REAL", "REAM", "REAR", "RECK", "REED", "REEF",
- "REEK", "REEL", "REID", "REIN", "RENA", "REND", "RENT", "REST", "RICE",
- "RICH", "RICK", "RIDE", "RIFT", "RILL", "RIME", "RING", "RINK", "RISE",
- "RISK", "RITE", "ROAD", "ROAM", "ROAR", "ROBE", "ROCK", "RODE", "ROIL",
- "ROLL", "ROME", "ROOD", "ROOF", "ROOK", "ROOM", "ROOT", "ROSA", "ROSE",
- "ROSS", "ROSY", "ROTH", "ROUT", "ROVE", "ROWE", "ROWS", "RUBE", "RUBY",
- "RUDE", "RUDY", "RUIN", "RULE", "RUNG", "RUNS", "RUNT", "RUSE", "RUSH",
- "RUSK", "RUSS", "RUST", "RUTH", "SACK", "SAFE", "SAGE", "SAID", "SAIL",
- "SALE", "SALK", "SALT", "SAME", "SAND", "SANE", "SANG", "SANK", "SARA",
- "SAUL", "SAVE", "SAYS", "SCAN", "SCAR", "SCAT", "SCOT", "SEAL", "SEAM",
- "SEAR", "SEAT", "SEED", "SEEK", "SEEM", "SEEN", "SEES", "SELF", "SELL",
- "SEND", "SENT", "SETS", "SEWN", "SHAG", "SHAM", "SHAW", "SHAY", "SHED",
- "SHIM", "SHIN", "SHOD", "SHOE", "SHOT", "SHOW", "SHUN", "SHUT", "SICK",
- "SIDE", "SIFT", "SIGH", "SIGN", "SILK", "SILL", "SILO", "SILT", "SINE",
- "SING", "SINK", "SIRE", "SITE", "SITS", "SITU", "SKAT", "SKEW", "SKID",
- "SKIM", "SKIN", "SKIT", "SLAB", "SLAM", "SLAT", "SLAY", "SLED", "SLEW",
- "SLID", "SLIM", "SLIT", "SLOB", "SLOG", "SLOT", "SLOW", "SLUG", "SLUM",
- "SLUR", "SMOG", "SMUG", "SNAG", "SNOB", "SNOW", "SNUB", "SNUG", "SOAK",
- "SOAR", "SOCK", "SODA", "SOFA", "SOFT", "SOIL", "SOLD", "SOME", "SONG",
- "SOON", "SOOT", "SORE", "SORT", "SOUL", "SOUR", "SOWN", "STAB", "STAG",
- "STAN", "STAR", "STAY", "STEM", "STEW", "STIR", "STOW", "STUB", "STUN",
- "SUCH", "SUDS", "SUIT", "SULK", "SUMS", "SUNG", "SUNK", "SURE", "SURF",
- "SWAB", "SWAG", "SWAM", "SWAN", "SWAT", "SWAY", "SWIM", "SWUM", "TACK",
- "TACT", "TAIL", "TAKE", "TALE", "TALK", "TALL", "TANK", "TASK", "TATE",
- "TAUT", "TEAL", "TEAM", "TEAR", "TECH", "TEEM", "TEEN", "TEET", "TELL",
- "TEND", "TENT", "TERM", "TERN", "TESS", "TEST", "THAN", "THAT", "THEE",
- "THEM", "THEN", "THEY", "THIN", "THIS", "THUD", "THUG", "TICK", "TIDE",
- "TIDY", "TIED", "TIER", "TILE", "TILL", "TILT", "TIME", "TINA", "TINE",
- "TINT", "TINY", "TIRE", "TOAD", "TOGO", "TOIL", "TOLD", "TOLL", "TONE",
- "TONG", "TONY", "TOOK", "TOOL", "TOOT", "TORE", "TORN", "TOTE", "TOUR",
- "TOUT", "TOWN", "TRAG", "TRAM", "TRAY", "TREE", "TREK", "TRIG", "TRIM",
- "TRIO", "TROD", "TROT", "TROY", "TRUE", "TUBA", "TUBE", "TUCK", "TUFT",
- "TUNA", "TUNE", "TUNG", "TURF", "TURN", "TUSK", "TWIG", "TWIN", "TWIT",
- "ULAN", "UNIT", "URGE", "USED", "USER", "USES", "UTAH", "VAIL", "VAIN",
- "VALE", "VARY", "VASE", "VAST", "VEAL", "VEDA", "VEIL", "VEIN", "VEND",
- "VENT", "VERB", "VERY", "VETO", "VICE", "VIEW", "VINE", "VISE", "VOID",
- "VOLT", "VOTE", "WACK", "WADE", "WAGE", "WAIL", "WAIT", "WAKE", "WALE",
- "WALK", "WALL", "WALT", "WAND", "WANE", "WANG", "WANT", "WARD", "WARM",
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 8]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- "WARN", "WART", "WASH", "WAST", "WATS", "WATT", "WAVE", "WAVY", "WAYS",
- "WEAK", "WEAL", "WEAN", "WEAR", "WEED", "WEEK", "WEIR", "WELD", "WELL",
- "WELT", "WENT", "WERE", "WERT", "WEST", "WHAM", "WHAT", "WHEE", "WHEN",
- "WHET", "WHOA", "WHOM", "WICK", "WIFE", "WILD", "WILL", "WIND", "WINE",
- "WING", "WINK", "WINO", "WIRE", "WISE", "WISH", "WITH", "WOLF", "WONT",
- "WOOD", "WOOL", "WORD", "WORE", "WORK", "WORM", "WORN", "WOVE", "WRIT",
- "WYNN", "YALE", "YANG", "YANK", "YARD", "YARN", "YAWL", "YAWN", "YEAH",
- "YEAR", "YELL", "YOGA", "YOKE"
- };
-
- /* Encode 8 bytes in 'c' as a string of English words.
- * Returns a pointer to a static buffer
- */
- char *
- btoe(engout,c)
- char *c, *engout;
- {
- char cp[9]; /* add in room for the parity 2 bits*/
- int p,i ;
-
- engout[0] = '\0';
- memcpy(cp, c,8);
- /* compute parity */
- for(p = 0,i = 0; i < 64;i += 2)
- p += extract(cp,i,2);
-
- cp[8] = (char)p << 6;
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp, 0,11)][0],4);
- strcat(engout," ");
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp,11,11)][0],4);
- strcat(engout," ");
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp,22,11)][0],4);
- strcat(engout," ");
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp,33,11)][0],4);
- strcat(engout," ");
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp,44,11)][0],4);
- strcat(engout," ");
- strncat(engout,&Wp[extract(cp,55,11)][0],4);
- #ifdef notdef
- printf("engout is %s\n\r",engout);
- #endif
- return(engout);
- }
-
- /* convert English to binary
- * returns 1 OK - all good words and parity is OK
- * 0 word not in data base
- * -1 badly formed in put ie > 4 char word
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 9]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- * -2 words OK but parity is wrong
- */
- int
- etob(out, e)
- char *out;
- char *e;
- {
- char *word;
- int i, p, v,l, low,high;
- char b[9];
- char input[36];
-
- if(e == NULL)
- return -1;
-
- strncpy(input,e,sizeof(input));
- memset(b, 0, sizeof(b));
- memset(out, 0, 8);
- for(i=0,p=0;i<6;i++,p+=11){
- if((word = strtok(i == 0 ? input : NULL," ")) == NULL)
- return -1;
- l = strlen(word);
- if(l > 4 || l < 1){
- return -1;
- } else if(l < 4){
- low = 0;
- high = 570;
- } else {
- low = 571;
- high = 2047;
- }
- standard(word);
- if( (v = wsrch(word,low,high)) < 0 )
- return 0;
- insert(b,v,p,11);
- }
-
- /* now check the parity of what we got */
- for(p = 0, i = 0; i < 64; i +=2)
- p += extract(b, i, 2);
-
- if( (p & 3) != extract(b, 64,2) )
- return -2;
-
- memcpy(out,b,8);
-
- return 1;
- }
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 10]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- /* Display 8 bytes as a series of 16-bit hex digits */
- char *
- put8(out,s)
- char *out;
- char *s;
- {
- sprintf(out,"%02X%02X %02X%02X %02X%02X %02X%02X",
- s[0] & 0xff,s[1] & 0xff,s[2] & 0xff,
- s[3] & 0xff,s[4] & 0xff,s[5] & 0xff,
- s[6] & 0xff,s[7] & 0xff);
- return out;
- }
- #ifdef notdef
- /* Encode 8 bytes in 'cp' as stream of ascii letters.
- * Provided as a possible alternative to btoe()
- */
- char *
- btoc(cp)
- char *cp;
- {
- int i;
- static char out[31];
-
- /* code out put by characters 6 bits each added to 0x21 (!)*/
- for(i=0;i <= 10;i++){
- /* last one is only 4 bits not 6*/
- out[i] = '!'+ extract(cp,6*i,i >= 10 ? 4:6);
- }
- out[i] = '\0';
- return(out);
- }
- #endif
-
- /* Internal subroutines for word encoding/decoding */
-
- /* Dictionary binary search */
- static int
- wsrch(w,low,high)
- char *w;
- int low, high;
- {
- int i,j;
-
- for(;;){
- i = (low + high)/2;
- if((j = strncmp(w,Wp[i],4)) == 0)
- return i; /* Found it */
- if(high == low+1){
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 11]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- /* Avoid effects of integer truncation in /2 */
- if(strncmp(w,Wp[high],4) == 0)
- return high;
- else
- return -1;
- }
- if(low >= high)
- return -1;
- /* I don't *think* this can happen...*/
- if(j < 0)
- high = i; /* Search lower half */
- else
- low = i; /* Search upper half */
- }
- }
- static void
- insert(s, x, start, length)
- char *s;
- int x;
- int start, length;
- {
- unsigned char cl;
- unsigned char cc;
- unsigned char cr;
- unsigned long y;
- int shift;
-
- assert(length <= 11);
- assert(start >= 0);
- assert(length >= 0);
- assert(start +length <= 66);
-
- shift = ((8 -(( start + length) % 8))%8);
- y = (long) x << shift;
- cl = (y >> 16) & 0xff;
- cc = (y >> 8) & 0xff;
- cr = y & 0xff;
- if(shift + length > 16){
- s[start /8] |= cl;
- s[start/8 +1] |= cc;
- s[start/8 +2] |= cr;
- } else if(shift +length > 8){
- s[start/8] |= cc;
- s[start/8 + 1] |= cr;
- } else {
- s[start/8] |= cr;
- }
- }
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 12]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- static void
- standard(word)
- register char *word;
- {
- while(*word){
- if(!isascii(*word))
- break;
- if(islower(*word))
- *word = toupper(*word);
- if(*word == '1')
- *word = 'L';
- if(*word == '0')
- *word = 'O';
- if(*word == '5')
- *word = 'S';
- word++;
- }
- }
-
- /* Extract 'length' bits from the char array 's'
- starting with bit 'start' */
- static unsigned long
- extract(s, start, length)
- char *s;
- int start, length;
- {
- unsigned char cl;
- unsigned char cc;
- unsigned char cr;
- unsigned long x;
-
- assert(length <= 11);
- assert(start >= 0);
- assert(length >= 0);
- assert(start +length <= 66);
-
- cl = s[start/8];
- cc = s[start/8 +1];
- cr = s[start/8 +2];
- x = ((long)(cl<<8 | cc) <<8 | cr) ;
- x = x >> (24 - (length + (start %8)));
- x =( x & (0xffff >> (16-length) ) );
- return(x);
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 13]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- Appendix B - Source for 128-bit key to/from English words (convert.c)
-
- /* convert.c -- Wrapper to S/Key binary-to-English routines.
- Daniel L. McDonald -- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory. */
-
- #include <string.h>
-
- /* eng2key() assumes words must be separated by spaces only.
-
- eng2key() returns
-
- 1 if succeeded
- 0 if word not in dictionary
- -1 if badly formed string
- -2 if words are okay but parity is wrong.
- (see etob() in S/Key)
- */
-
- int eng2key(keyout,eng)
- char *keyout,*eng;
- {
- int rc=0,state=1;
- char *eng2;
-
- /* Find pointer to word 7. */
-
- for (eng2 = eng; rc<7 && (*(++eng2) != '\0'); )
- if (*eng2 != ' ')
- {
- rc += state;
- state = 0;
- }
- else state=1;
-
- if ( (rc = etob(keyout,eng)) != 1)
- return rc;
-
- rc = etob(keyout+8,eng2);
-
- return rc;
- }
-
- /* key2eng() assumes string referenced by
- engout has at least 60 characters
- (4*12 + 11 spaces + '\0') of space.
-
- key2eng() returns pointer to engout.
-
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 14]
-
- RFC 1751 Human-Readable 128-bit Keys December 1994
-
-
- */
-
- char *key2eng(engout,key)
- char *engout,*key;
- {
- btoe(engout,key);
- strcat(engout," ");
- btoe(engout+strlen(engout),key+8);
- return engout;
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- McDonald [Page 15]
-
-