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- (217) Mon 4 Nov 91 2:15
- By: John Nagle
- To: All
- Re: Re: Early ESSs?
- St:
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- @PTH 1:340/201.0@Fidonet
- From: nagle@netcom.com (John Nagle)
- Newsgroups: comp.dcom.telecom
- Subject: Re: Early ESSs?
- Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services (408 241-9760 guest)
-
- The Moderator questions:
-
- > [Moderator's Note: Wait a minute. What about Morris, IL? I thought
- > they were first or nearly first back in the sixties. PAT]
-
- There were a number of experimental electronic switching systems
- before the 1ESS. Interestingly, an early Bell System experimental
- system, in 1953, involved pole-mounted concentrators remotely
- controlled by a #5 crossbar at the central office. Field trials were
- conducted in LaGrange, IL, Englewood, NJ, and Freeport, LI. Further
- experimental work was done on distributed switching, but the notion of
- active components in outside plant was premature; components were not
- yet reliable enough. So the 1ESS was, like its electromagnetic
- predecessors, designed with all the active components in the central
- office.
-
- The system installed in Morris, IL in 1958 was in some ways "more
- electronic" than the 1ESS system. Unlike the 1ESS, which uses reed relay
- type devices for the actual call switching, the Morris system used
- cold-cathode gas tubes. So, unlike 1ESS, Morris had no moving parts.
- But Morris required special telephone sets, with active components,
- because the gas-discharge tubes couldn't handle the usual 86V ringing signal.
- Coin lines, PBX lines, and loop testing, all of which use nonstandard
- voltages, were not supported at all.
-
- While electronic, Morris was only partially solid-state. The
- test system had over 2000 vacuum tubes, plus 30,000 gas-discharge tubes.
- The test system served only 400 customers, so a big Morris-type system
- would have had rather large numbers of vacuum tubes.
-
- Pictures of the Morris switch show a truly strange-looking system.
- The gas-discharge tubes had to be illuminated by fluorescent lamps to
- provide enough free electrons so that the tubes would ionize quickly.
- So the banks of tubes sat in brightly lit racks with built-in fluorescent
- tubes running vertically down the racks.
-
- After Morris came the 101 ESS, which was a PBX in the 200 line
- range. This, interestingly, used a time-division bus front-ended by
- ferreed relays. But the bus was analog, not digital, using
- "pulse-amplitude modulation", intermittently connecting a
- sample-and-hold circuit to the analog bus when the time slot went by.
-
- But after these forays into truly electronic switching, Bell
- Labs decided to build the 1ESS around what are essentially big arrays
- of reed relays controlled by a computer. Semiconductors just weren't
- ready for the job of physically switching telephone-line levels. So
- the first 1ESS, at Succasunna, (dedicated May 27, 1965), still
- switched calls with moving contacts. And so did all the other 1/1AESS
- switches. (Was some kind of electronic retrofit developed, or are the
- 1/1AESS switches running today still using fereed relays?)
-
- It's interesting to think of how things might have developed.
- If the distributed concentrator concept had been pursued, the phone
- system might look very different today, with much more intelligence in
- the outside plant. We might have ended up with a phone system that
- looked more like the ARPANET or Datakit, rather than the central CPU
- operating a dumb crosspoint architecture we still see today.
-
- If the cable TV people start selling dial tone, we may see it
- yet.
-
-
- [Source: A History of Engineering in the Bell System, Switching
- Technology, 1925-1975.]
-
-
- John Nagle
-
- @Path: softwords!news.UVic.CA!ubc-cs!uw-beaver!micro-heart-of-gold.mit.edu!wupost!spool.mu.edu!telecom-request
- @Message-ID: <telecom11.885.7@eecs.nwu.edu>
- @Date: 4 Nov 91 02:15:36 GMT
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-