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- FLEX Paging
-
- I located some technical data on FLEX which I do not see on the
- Motorola website (www.motorola.com), so I will post it here. This
- information is from an 8/93 Motorola introductory manual titled "An
- Introduction to FLEX(tm)". A brief restatement of the contents
- follows.
-
- FLEX can start at 1600 BPS bippolar FSK, and then upgrade to
- higher speeds when system upgrades permit. FLEX pagers can accept
- 1600, 3200 and 6400 BPS speeds without changes. FLEX systems can
- dynamically change data speed during times of peak demand, the
- optimum speed being the lowest which meets traffic demand. FLEX
- has a binary message mode which permits message encryption.
- (I have never examined this encryption feature.)
-
- The document says FLEX is compatible with existing protocols, but
- APOC was not known when it was published. (Most probably there are
- ways to combine them on a channel if necessary.) FLEX pagers must
- see FLEX sync at least once per minute, and channel sharing must be
- synchronized.
-
- Increased data speed requires more transmitters for comparable
- coverage. Compared to 1200 BPS POCSAG, 1600 BPS FLEX requires
- about 1.2 times as many transmitters, 2400 BPS POCSAG requires
- about 1.4 times as many transmitters, 3200 BPS FLEX requires about
- 1.8 times as many transmitters, and 6400 BPS FLEX requires about
- twice as many transmitters.
-
- FLEX operates on a 4-minute overall cycle. During this 4
- minutes, there are 128 frames of 1.875 second each. Each of these
- frames contains a 1600 BPS sync header, followed by 10 data blocks.
- At 1600 BPS, these blocks are 256 bits in size. At 3200 BPS, they
- are 512 bits in size, and at 6400 BPS they are 1024 bits in size.
-
- The blocks contain information arranged as 1, 2 or 4 groups of
- eight 32-bit BCH codewords each. Motorola refers to the coding as
- (32,21)BCH code. Each 32-bit codeword contains 21 bits of data
- and 11 bits of error correction data. The groups of eight
- codewords are stacked in rows but transmitted by columns, which
- interleaves the data.
-
- At 1600 BPS, each block consists of eight 32-bit codewords, or
- 256 bits, and these bits are transmitted as 1600 BPS bipolar FSK.
- At 3200 BPS, each block consists of 512 bits from two multiplexed
- eight-codeword groups, and these bits are transmitted as 4-FSK at
- 1600 symbols per second. At 6400 BPS, each block consists of 1024
- bits from four multiplexed eight-codeword groups, and these bits
- are transmitted as 4-FSK at 3200 symbols per second. At the
- receiving end, the data is demuxed and de-interleaved into the
- original groups of eight codewords and then BCH checked; up to 2
- errors in each 32-bit codeword can be corrected.
-
- The breaking up of data into interleaved blocks is done for error
- management purposes only. The 10 groups of 8 codewords following
- the sync header carry a block information word, an address field, a
- vector field, a message data field, and any leftover space. These
- words and fields are contained in every frame following the sync
- header, but they do not necessarily align with the codeword-group
- boundaries. Addresses are carried first in each field, so pagers
- can "sleep" for the rest of the field if they are not being
- addressed.
-
- There can be unused leftover space after the message data field
- because the message lengths are variable and not all addresses
- require vectors, yet the 10 blocks must remain at their fixed sizes for
- synchronicity. Motorola says the leftover space is filled with idle
- codes.
-
- And at 3200 and 6400 BPS where two or four sub-frames are
- multiplexed into each transmitted frame, the block information
- words, the address, vector and data fields and the leftover space
- of each sub-frame are of independent sizes.
-
- The pagers can be programmed to monitor only some of the frames.
- The paging systems must of course be correspondingly programmed.
- By monitoring fewer frames, the pager can "sleep" more, increasing
- battery life where slower paging response can be tolerated. For
- example, if the pager monitors only every 32nd frame, there can be
- up to 60 seconds of additional delay (32 times 1.875 seconds per
- frame), but with substantial battery savings. If instead the pager
- monitors every fourth frame, the extra delay drops to 7.5 seconds
- (4 times 1.875 seconds per frame), but with less battery savings.
- Battery savings from 4 frame, 8 frame, 16 frame and 32 frame
- programmings are shown in the document.
-
- DISCLAIMER
-
- Not employed by or representing Motorola, not a shareholder of
- Motorola, etc.
-
- This post is for information purposes only; I am not promoting
- FLEX or any other format, although I am in favor the modern high
- speed formats because they permit better use of congested radio
- channels, and because they also offer improved battery life.
-
- More information on FLEX is available from Motorola at
- www.motorola.com.
-
- Bob Bruhns, WA3WDR, bbruhns@li.net
-