home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Converting a Tone Dialer into a Red Box
- ---------------------------------------
- By Noah Clayton
-
- A very simple modification to Radio Shack pocket tone dialer part
- #43-141 ($24.95) can make it into a red box. The modification
- consists of changing the crystal frequency used to generate the
- microprocessor's timing. To make this modification you will need
- a Phillips screwdriver, a flat bladed screwdriver, a soldering
- iron, a pair of long nose pliers, a pair of wire cutters and a
- 6.5536 MHz (megahertz) crystal.
-
- Orient the dialer with the keypad down and the speaker at the
- top. Remove the battery compartment cover (and any batteries) to
- expose two screws. Remove these two screws and the two on the
- top of the dialer near the speaker. There are four plastic clips
- that are now holding the two halves of the dialer together. Push
- on the two bottom clips near the battery compartment and pull up
- to separate the bottom part. Now slide a flat screwdriver into
- the seam on the left starting from the bottom and moving towards
- the top. (You may have to do this on the right side as well.)
-
- When the two halves separate, slide the speaker half underneath
- the other half while being careful not to break the wires
- connecting the two. Locate the cylindrical metallic can (it's
- about half an inch long and an eighth of an inch in diameter) and
- pull it away from the circuit board to break the glue that holds
- it in place. Unsolder this can, which is a 3.579545 MHz crystal,
- from the circuit board.
-
- The hard part of this modification is getting the new crystal to
- fit properly. Bend the three disk capacitors over so that there
- will be room for the new crystal. You may also need to remove a
- screw. Since the 6.5536 MHz crystal you have is probably much
- bigger than the crystal you are replacing, you will need to bend
- the leads on the new crystal so that they will match up with the
- pads on the circuit board. Place the new crystal on the circuit
- board, making sure that it will fit once you replace the bottom
- half. Solder the new crystal in place. As an added touch you
- might peel the QC sticker off of the PC board and place it on top
- of the crystal. Now carefully snap the two halves back together
- while checking to make sure that none of the wires are getting
- pinched or are in the way of the screw holes. Put the case screws
- back in and insert three AAA batteries into the battery
- compartment.
-
- Your dialer is now ready to test. Switch the unit on. The LED
- on the dial pad should be lit. Set the lower slide switch to
- STORE mode. Press the MEMORY button on the dial pad. Press the
- * key five times. Press the MEMORY key again and then press the
- P1 key. A beep tone should be heard when any key is pressed and
- a long beep should sound after the P1 key has been pressed to
- indicate that the programming sequence was performed correctly.
-
- Switch the unit into DIAL mode. Press the P1 key, and five tone
- pulses that sound remarkably like coin tones should come out of
- the speaker. I usually program P1 to be four quarters (insert
- one or two PAUSE's between each set of five tones), P2 to be two
- quarters, and P3 as one quarter.
-
- Of course, you can no longer use the unit to generate touch
- tones.
-
- History and Theory
- ------------------
-
- A friend of mine and I were sitting around his house one day
- trying to come up with a way to build a reasonable red box. I
- had built one with analog sine wave generators in the past, but
- it was difficult to adjust the frequency of the outputs and keep
- them accurate over time and with changes in temperature. The
- electronic project box I had assembled it in was bulky, hard to
- conceal, and definitely suspicious-looking.
-
- My friend was playing with his calculator while I was wishing we
- had the money and time to design a microprocessor-controlled
- device with its own custom PC board. After a while, he announced
- that he had an idea. He had been looking at a data sheet for a
- DTMF (Dual Tone MultiFrequency aka touch tone) generator chip. He
- calculated the ratio of the coin tone frequencies of 1700 Hz and
- 2200 Hz to be .7727. He then went through all of the tone pairs
- used for DTMF, calculating each of their ratios. He discovered
- that the ratio of the tone pair used for * was very close to the
- ratio for the coin tone frequencies. This ratio, 941/1209 =
- 0.7783, differed from the coin tone ratio by less than one
- percent.
-
- What this meant was that since the tones generated by such a chip
- are digitally synthesized from a divider chain off of a reference
- crystal, if one changed the reference crystal to the "right"
- frequency, the coin tones would be generated instead of the DTMF
- *. Most DTMF chips use a TV color-burst crystal with a frequency
- of 3.579545 MHz. To determine the crystal frequency that would
- generate the coin tones, one would compute:
-
- 3,579,545 / 941 * 1700 = 6,466,766 MHz
- 3,579,545 / 1209 * 2200 = 6,513,647 MHz
-
- (6,466,766 + 6,513,647) / 2 = 6,490,206 MHz
-
- Unfortunately, this is not a standard crystal value and getting
- custom crystals made is a real pain for the hobbyist. The
- closest I could find was 6.5536 MHz. I tried a crystal of this
- value and it worked.
-
- (The actual frequencies produced by a DTMF generator chip depend
- on the particular manufacturer's design. The color-burst
- crystal's frequency is divided down to DTMF tones by an integer
- divider chain. Because the color-burst crystal's frequency is
- not an integer multiple of the DTMF tones there will be a small
- difference in the frequencies produced from the standard.)
-
- When we first tried this, we were using one of Radio Shack's
- earliest tone dialers. It consisted of a DTMF generator chip
- only, and as such could not produce a sequence of tones
- automatically. Tones were generated as long and as fast as one
- could press the buttons. We were able to simulate nickels using
- this device but doing so was fairly slow and tedious. Because
- our manual timing was so far off of the mark, our attempts at
- producing dime or quarter signals were a miserable failure. A
- live operator would be instantly connected to the line whenever
- we tried it.
-
- The Shack's next model had a microprocessor and a tone generator
- in it, each with separate crystals controlling their respective
- timing. It was just a matter of changing the micro's crystal to
- get the right on-off timing for a quarter's timing for a
- quarter's tone sequence as well as the tone generator's crystal
- to get the proper coin frequencies.
-
- Later Radio Shack came out with the model used in this project.
- I promptly bought one because it was lower cost and more compact
- than their older model. I put some batteries in it and tried it
- out. It generated DTMF sequences with very long on and off
- times, but other than that, seemed like a nice unit. Upon
- disassembling it though, I became unhappy. There was only one
- crystal. It controlled the timing for a microprocessor that was
- specifically designed to synthesize DTMF. There was no way to
- independently adjust the output frequency of the tones from their
- on-off timing. I was just about to say, "Oh well, yet another
- tone dialer for my collection" when it hit me. Why not try the
- higher frequency crystal? The timing might come out close enough
- to simulate either a quarter or a dime. I made the mod and
- tested it out. It worked!
-
- Thank you Radio Shack, for giving us a convenient to use, easily
- concealable and non-suspicious-looking red box.
-
- Reference
- ---------
-
- The crystal is available from Fry's Electronics in Freemont, CA
- for $0.89 plus the charge for UPS Red or Blue. Their number is
- 415-770-3763. I would suggest buying five, some for future use
- and some just in case you cut the leads too short when trying
- this project.
-
- Coin Frequencies
- ----------------
-
- 1700 Hz and 2200 Hz +/- 1.5%.
-
- Timing
- ------
-
- 5 cents: One tone burst for 66 ms (milliseconds) +/- 6 ms.
-
- 10 cents: Two tone bursts each 66 ms, with a 66 ms silent period
- between tones.
-
- 25 cents: Five tone bursts each 33 ms +/- 3 ms with a 33 ms
- silent period between tones.
-
-
- [Originally published in 2600 magazine, Vol. 7 #3, Autumn 1990]
-