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-
- THE MARK TABAS ENCOUNTER SERIES
- PRESENTS...
-
- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
- BETTER HOMES AND BLUE BOXING
- PART II
- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
-
- (IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE READER HAS READ
- AND UNDERSTOOD PART I OF THIS SERIES).
-
- THE ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF BLUE BOXING
- IN THE BEGINNING WAS MERELY TO RECEIVE
- TOLL SERVICES FREE OF CHARGE. THOUGH
- THIS CAN STILL BE DONE, BLUE BOXING HAS
- ESSENTIALLY OUTLIVED ITS USEFULNESS IN
- THIS AREA. MODERN DAY "EXTENDERS" AND
- LONG DISTANCE SERVICES PROVIDE A SAFER
- AND EASIER WAY TO MAKE FREE FONE CALLS.
- HOWEVER, YOU CAN DO THINGS WITH A BLUE
- BOX THAT JUST CAN'T BE DONE WITH ANY-
- THING ELSE. FOR ORDINARY TOLL-FRAUD, A
- BLUE BOX IS IMPRACTICAL FOR THE
- FOLLOWING REASONS:
-
- 1. CLUMSY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED (BLUE
- BOX OR EQUIVALENT)
- 2. MOST BOXED CALLS MUST BE MADE
- THROUGH AN EXTENDER. NOT FOR
- SAFETY REASONS, BUT FOR REASONS
- I'LL EXPLAIN LATER.
- 3. CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN SACRIFICED
- BECAUSE CONSIDERABLE DISTANCES
- MUST BE DIALED TO CROSS A
- SEIZABLE TRUNK, IN ADDITION TO
- AWKWARD ROUTING.
-
- AS STATED IN REASON #2, BOXED CALLS
- ARE USUALLY MADE THROUGH AN EXTENDER.
- THIS IS FOR BILLING REASONS. IF YOU
- RECALL FROM PART I, 2600HZ IS USED AS A
- "SUPERVISORY" SIGNAL. THAT IS, IT
- SIGNALS THE STATUS OF A TRUNK--
- "ON-HOOK" OR "OFF-HOOK." WHEN YOU
- SEIZE A TRUNK (BY BRIEFLY SENDING
- 2600HZ), YOUR END (THE CALLING END)
- GOES ON HOOK FOR THE DURATION OF THE
- 2600HZ AND THEN GOES OFF-HOOK ONCE
- AGAIN WHEN THE 2600HZ IS TERMINATED.
- THE CALLED END RECOGNIZES THAT A CALL
- IS ON THE WAY AND ATTACHES A REGISTER,
- WHICH INERPRETS THE DIGITS WHICH ARE
- TO BE SENT. NOW, UNDERSTAND THAT EVEN
- THOUGH YOUR END HAS COME OFF-HOOK
- (NO 2600HZ PRESENT), THE OTHER END IS
- STILL ON-HOOK. YOU MAY WONDER THEN,
- WHY, IF THE OTHER END (THE CALLED END)
- IS STILL ON-HOOK, THERE IS NO 2600HZ
- COMING THE OTHER WAY ON THE TRUNK,
- WHEN THERE SHOULD BE. THIS IS CORRECT.
- 2600HZ *IS* PRESENT ON THE TRUNK WHEN
- YOU SEIZE IT AND AFTERWARDS, BUT YOU
- CANNOT HEAR IT BECAUSE OF A BAND
- ELIMINATION FILTER (BEF) AT YOUR
- CENTRAL OFFICE.
- BACK TO THE PROBLEM. REMEMBER THAT
- WHEN YOU SEIZE A TRUNK, 2600HZ IS
- INDEED COMING THE OTHER WAY ON THE
- TRUNK BECAUSE THE CALLED END IS STILL
- ON-HOOK, BUT YOU DON'T ACTUALLY HEAR
- IT BECAUSE OF A FILTER. HOWEVER, THE
- BELL EQUIPMENT KNOWS IT'S THERE (THEY
- CAN "HEAR" IT). THE PRESENCE OF THE
- 2600HZ IS TELLING THE BILLING EQUIP-
- MENT THAT YOUR CALL HAS NOT YET BEEN
- COMPLETED (I.E., THE CALLED END IS
- STILL ON-HOOK). WHEN FINALLY YOU DO
- CONNECT WITH YOUR BOXED CALL, THE
- 2600HZ FROM THE CALLED END TERMINATES.
- THIS TELLS THE BILLING EQUIPMENT THAT
- SOMEONE PICKED UP THE FONE AT THE
- CALLED END AND YOU SHOULD BEGIN TO BE
- BILLED. SO YOU DO START TO GET BILLED,
- BUT FOR THE CALL TO THE TRUNK, NOT THE
- BOXED CALL. YOUR BILLING EQUIPMENT
- THINKS THAT YOU'VE CONNECTED WITH THE
- NUMBER YOU USED TO SEIZE THE TRUNK.
-
- ILLUSTRATION:
-
- 1. YOU CALL 1+806-258-2222
- (DIRECTLY)
- 2. STATUS OF TRUNKS:
-
- <----------------------------------->
- (YOU) 806-258-2222
- NO 2600HZ-------> <------------2600HZ
-
- WHEN YOU SEIZE A TRUNK (BEFORE THE
- NUMBER YOU CALLED ANSWERS) THERE IS
- NO AFFECT ON YOUR BILLING EQUIPMENT.
- IT SIMPLY THINKS THAT YOU'RE STILL
- WAITING FOR THE CALL TO COMPLETE
- (THE CALLED END IS STILL ON-HOOK; IT
- IS RINGING, BUSY, GOING TO RECORDER
- OR INTERCEPT OPERATOR.
- NOW, LET'S SAY THAT YOU'VE SEZIED
- A TRUNK (806-258-2222) AND FOR EXAMPLE,
- KP+314+949+1705+ST. THE CALL IS ROUTED
- FROM THE TANDEM YOU SEIZED TO:
- 314-949-1705.
-
- ILLUSTRATION:
-
- <------------------>O<--------------->
- (YOU) 806 314-949
- TANDEM
- NO 2600HZ----------> <----------2600HZ
-
- NOTE THAT THE ENTIRE PATH TOWARDS
- THE RIGHT (THE CALLED END) HAS NO
- 2600HZ PRESENT AND IS THEREFORE "OFF-
- HOOK." THE ENTIRE PATH TOWARDS THE LEFT
- (THE CALLING END) DOES HAVE 2600HZ
- PRESENT ON IT, INDICATING THAT THE
- CALLED END HAS NOT PICKED UP (OR COME
- "OFF-HOOK"). WHEN 314-949-1705 ANSWERS,
- "ANSWER SUPERVISION" IS GIVEN AND THE
- 2600HZ TOWARDS THE LEFT (THE CALLING
- END) TERMINATES. THIS TELLS YOUR
- BILLING EQUIPMENT, WHICH THINKS THAT
- YOU'RE STILL WAITING TO BE CONNECTED
- WITH 806-258-2222, THAT YOU'VE
- FINALLY CONNECTED. BILLING THEN BEGINS
- TO 806-258-2222. NOT EXACTLY AN
- AUSPICIOUS BEGINNING FOR AN ASPIRING
- YOUNG PHONE PHREAK.
- TO AVOID THIS, SEVERAL ACTIONS MAY
- BE TAKEN. AS PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED,
- ONE MAY AVOID BEING CHARGED FOR THE
- NUMBER CALLED TO SEIZE A TRUNK BY
- USING AN EXTENDER (IN WHICH CASE THE
- EXTENDER WILL GET BILLED). IN SOME
- AREAS, BOXING MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED
- USING AN 800 NUMBER, GENERALLY IN THE
- FORMAT OF 800-858-XXXX (MANY AMARILLO
- NUMBERS) OR 800-NN2-XXXX (SPECIAL
- INTRA-STATE CLASS IN-WATS NUMBERS).
- HOWEVER, BOXING OFF OF 800 NUMBERS IS
- IMPOSSIBLE IN MANY AREAS. IN MY AREA,
- DENVER, I AM SERVED BY #1A ESS AND IT
- IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ME TO BOX OFF OF
- ANY 800 NUMBER.
- YEARS AGO, IN THE EARLY DAYS OF BLUE
- BOXING (BEFORE MY TIME), PHREAKS OFTEN
- USED DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE TO BOX OFF
- OF BECAUSE THEY WERE "FREE" LONG
- DISTANCE CALLS. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF
- COMPETETIVE LONG DISTANCE COMPANIES,
- DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE SURCHARGES ARE
- NOW $0.50 IN MANY AREAS. IT IS
- ADDITIONALLY ADVISED THAT DIRECTORY
- ASSISTANCE NUMBERS NOT BE USED TO BOX
- FROM BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING:
- AVERAGE DA CALLS LAST UNDER 2
- MINUTES. WHEN YOU BOX A CALL, CHANCES
- ARE THAT IT WILL LAST CONSIDERABLY
- LONGER. THUS, THE BELL BILLING EQUIP-
- MENT WILL MAKE A NOTE OF CALLS TO
- DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE THAT LAST A LONG
- TIME. A CALL TO A DIRECTORY ASSISTANT
- LASTING FOR 4 HOURS AND 17 MINUTES
- MAY APPEAR SOMEWHAT SUSPICIOUS.
- ALTHOUGH THE DATE, TIME, AND LENGTH
- OF A DA CALL DO NOT APPEAR ON THE BILL,
- IT IS RECORDED ON AMA TAPE AND WILL
- TRIP A TROUBLE REPORT IF IT WERE TO
- LAST TOO LONG. THIS IS HOW MOST
- PHREAKS WERE DISCOVERED IN THE OLD
- DAYS. ALSO, SOMETIMES TOO MANY CALLS
- LASTING TOO LONG TO ONE 800 NUMBER
- MAY RAISE A FEW EYEBROWS AT THE LOCAL
- SECURITY OFFICE.
- ASSUMING YOU CAN COMPLETE A BLUE BOX
- CALL, THE FOLLOWING ARE LISTED ROUTINGS
- FOR VARIOUS BELL INTERNAL OPERATORS.
- THESE ARE IN THE FORMAT OF KP+NPA+
- SPECIAL ROUTING+1X1+ST, WHICH I WILL
- EXPLAIN LATER. THE 1X1 IS THE ACTUAL
- OPERATOR ROUTING, AND NPA AND NPA+
- SPECIAL ROUTING ARE USED FOR OUT-OF-
- AREA CODE CALLS AND OUT-OF-AREA CODE
- CALLS REQUIRING SPECIAL ROUTING,
- RESPECTIVELY.
-
- KP+101+ST ...... TOLL TEST BOARD
- KP+121+ST ...... INWARD OP
- KP+131+ST ...... DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE
- KP+141+ST ...... WAS RATE & ROUTE. NOW
- ONLY WORKS IN 312, 815, 717,
- AND A FEW OTHERS. IT HAS
- BEEN REPLACED WITH A UNIVER-
- SAL RATE & ROUTE NUMBER,
- 800+141+1212.
- KP+151+ST ...... OVERSEAS COMPLETION
- OPERATOR (INBOUND). WORKS
- ONLY IN CERTAIN NPAS, SUCH AS
- 303.
- KP+181+ST ...... IN SOME AREAS, TOLL
- STATION FOR SMALL TOWNS
-
- THUS, IF YOU SEIZE A TRUNK IN 806 NPA
- AND WANTED AN INWARD (IN 806), THEN YOU
- WOULD DIAL KP+121+ST. IF YOU WANTED A
- 312 INWARD AND WERE DIALING ON AN 806
- TRUNK, AN AREA CODE WOULD BE REQUIRED.
- THUS, YOU WOULD DIAL KP+312+121+ST.
- FINALLY, SOME PLACES IN THE NETWORK
- REQUIRE SPECIAL ROUTING, IN ADDITION TO
- AN AREA CODE. AN EXAMPLE IS FRANKLIN
- PARK, ILL. IT REQUIRES A SPECIAL
- ROUTING OF 032. FOR THIS, YOU WOULD
- DIAL KP+312+032+121+ST FOR A FRANKLIN
- PARK INWARD OPERATOR.
- SPECIAL ROUTINGS ARE IN THE FORMAT
- OF 0XX. THEY ARE USED PRIMARILY FOR
- LOAD BALANCE, SO THAT TRAFFIC FLOW
- MAY BE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED. ABOUT HALF
- OF THE EXCHANGES IN THE NETWORK
- REQUIRE SPECIAL ROUTING. NOTE THAT
- SPECIAL ROUTINGS ARE NEVER EVER EVER
- USED TO DIAL NORMAL TELEPHONE NUMBERS,
- ONLY OPERATORS.
-
- OPERATOR FUNCTIONS:
-
- TOLL TEST BOARD- GENERALLY A CORDBOARD
- POSITION THAT ASSISTS IN TRUNK TESTING.
- THEY ARE NOT USED BY OPERATORS, ONLY
- SWITCHMEN.
-
- INWARD- ASSISTS THE NORMAL TSPS (0+)
- OPERATOR IN COMPLETING CALLS OUT OF
- THE TSPS'S AREA. ALSO, INWARDS PERFORM
- EMERGENCY INERRUPTS WHEN THE NUMBER TO
- BE INTERRUPTED IS OUT OF THE AREA CODE
- OF THE ORIGINAL (TSPS) OPERATOR. FOR
- EXAMPLE, A 303 OPERATOR HAS A CUSTOMER
- THAT NEEDS AN EMERGENCY INTERRUPT ON
- 215-647-6969. THE 303 OPERATOR GETS
- THE ROUTING FOR THE INWARD THAT COVERS
- 215-647, SINCE SHE CANNOT DO THE
- INTERRUPT HERSELF. THE ROUTING IS
- FOUND TO BE ONLY 215+ (NO SPECIAL
- ROUTING REQUIRED). SO, THE 303 OPERATOR
- KEYS KP+215+121+ST. AN INWARD ANSWERS
- AND THE 303 SAYS TO HER, "INWARD, THIS
- IS DENVER. I NEED AN EMERGENCY
- INTERRUPT ON 215-647-6969. MY
- CUSTOMER'S NAME IS MARK TABAS." THE
- INWARD WILL THEN DO THE INTERRUPT (OFF
- THE LINE, OF COURSE). IF THE NUMBER TO
- BE INTERRUPTED HAD REQUIRED SPECIAL
- ROUTING, SUCH AS, SAY, 312-456-1234
- (SPEC ROUTING 032), THEN THE 303
- OPERATOR WOULD DIAL KP+312+032+121+ST
- FOR THE INWARD TO DO THAT INTERRUPT.
-
- DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE- THESE ARE THE
- NORMAL NPA+555+1212 OPERATORS THAT
- ASSIST CUSTOMERS WITH OBTAINING
- TELEFONE DIRECTORY LISTINGS. NOT MUCH
- TOLL-FRAUD POTENTIAL HERE, EXCEPT
- MAYBE $0.50.
-
- RATE AND ROUTE- THESE OPERATORS ARE
- REACHED BY DIALING KP+800+141+1212+ST.
- THEY ASSIST NORMAL (TSPS) OPERATORS
- WITH RATES AND ROUTINGS (THUS THE
- NAME). THE ONLY USES I TYPICALLY HAVE
- FOR THEM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
-
- 1. ROUTING INFORMATION. IN THE ABOVE
- EXAMPLE, WHEN THE 303 OPERATOR NEEDED
- TO DIAL AN INWARD THAT SERVED 215-647,
- SHE NEEDED TO KNOW IF ANY SPECIAL
- ROUTING WAS REQUIRED AND, IF SO, WHAT
- IT WAS. ASSUMING SHE WOULD USE RATE
- AND ROUTE, SHE WOULD DIAL THEM AND SAY
- NICELY, "OPERATOR'S ROUTE, PLEASE, FOR
- 215-647." RATE & ROUTE WOULD RESPOND
- WITH "215 PLUS." THIS MEANS THAT THE
- OPERATOR WOULD DIAL KP+215+121+ST TO
- REACH THE INWARD THAT SERVES 215-647.
- IF THERE WERE SPECIAL ROUTING REQUIRED,
- SUCH AS IN 312-456, RATE & ROUTE WOULD
- RESPOND WITH "312 PLUS 032 PLUS." IN
- THAT CASE, THE OPERATOR WOULD DIAL
- KP+312+032+ST FOR THE INWARD THAT
- SERVES 312-456.
- IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO ASK FOR
- "OPERATOR'S ROUTE" SPECIFICALLY, AS
- THERE ARE ALSO "NUMBERS ROUTE" AND
- "DIRECTORY ROUTES." IF YOU DO NOT
- SPECIFICALLY ASK FOR OPERATOR'S ROUTE,
- RATE & ROUTE WILL GENERALLY ASSUME
- THAT IS WHAT YOU WANT ANYWAY.
- "NUMBERS" ROUTE REFERS TO OVERSEAS
- CALLS. EXAMPLE, YOU WANT TO KNOW HOW TO
- REACH A NUMBER IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
- (AND YOU ALREADY HAVE THE NUMBER). YOU
- WOULD CALL ROUTING AND SAY "NUMBERS
- ROUTE, PLEASE, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND."
- THE OPERATOR WOULD RESPOND WITH:
- "MARK 41+22. 011+041+ST (PLUS) 041+22"
- THE "MARK 41+22" HAS TO DO WITH
- BILLING, SO DISREGARD IT. THE 011+041
- IS ACCESS TO THE OVERSEAS GATEWAY (TO
- BE DISCUSSED IN PART III) AND THE 041+
- 22+ IS THE ROUTING FOR GENEVA FROM THE
- OVERSEAS SENDER.
- "DIRECTORY" ROUTINGS ARE FOR DIRECTORY
- ASSISTANCE OVERSEAS. EXAMPLE:
- YOU WANT A DA IN ROME, ITALY. YOU WOULD
- CALL RATE & ROUTE AND SAY, "DIRECTORY
- ROUTING PLEASE, FOR ROME, ITALY." THEY
- WOULD RESPOND WITH "011+039+ST (PLUS)
- 039+1108 START." AS IN THE PREVIOUS
- EXAMPLE, THE 011+039 IS ACCESS TO THE
- OVERSEAS GATEWAY. THE 039+1108 IS A
- DIRECTORY ASSISTANT IN ROME.
-
- 2. NAMEPLACE INFORMATION. RATE & ROUTE
- WILL GIVE YOU THE LOCATION OF AN NPA+
- EXCHANGE. EXAMPLE: "NAMEPLACE PLEASE,
- FOR 215-648." THE OPERATOR WOULD
- RESPOND WITH "PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA."
- THIS ISN'T ESPECIALLY USEFUL, SINCE YOU
- CAN GET THE SAME INFORMATION (LEGALLY)
- BY DIALING 0, BUT USING RATE & ROUTE IS
- OFTEN MUCH FASTER AND IT AVOIDS HAVING
- TO HANG UP WHEN YOU ARE ALREADY ON A
- TRUNK.
-
- *NOTE ON RATE & ROUTE: AS A BLUE BOXER,
- ALWAYS ASK FOR "IOTC" ROUTINGS. (E.G.,
- "IOTC OPERATOR'S ROUTE", "IOTC NUMBERS
- ROUTE", ETC.) THIS TELLS THEM THAT YOU
- WANT CORDBOARD-TYPE ROUTINGS, NOT TSPS,
- BECAUSE A BLUE BOXER IS ACTUALLY JUST A
- CORDBOARD POSITION (THAT BELL DOESN'T
- KNOW ABOUT).
-
- OVERSEAS COMPLETION OPERATOR (INBOUND)-
- THESE OPERATORS (KP+151+ST) ASSIST IN
- THE COMPLETION OF CALLS COMING IN TO
- THE UNITED STATES FROM OVERSEAS. THERE
- ARE KP+151+ST OPERATORS ONLY IN A FEW
- NPAS IN THE COUNTRY (NAMELY 303). TO
- USE ONE, YOU WOULD SEIZE A TRUNK AND
- DIAL KP+303+151+ST. THEN YOU WOULD
- TELL THE OPERATOR, FOR EXAMPLE, "THIS
- IS BANGLADESH CALLING. I NEED U.S.
- NUMBER 215-561-0562 PLEASE." [IN A
- BROKEN INDIAN ACCENT]. SHE WOULD
- CONNECT YOU, AND THE BILL WOULD BE
- SENT TO BANGLADESH (WHERE I'VE BEEN
- BILLING MY KP+151+ST CALLS FOR TWO
- YEARS).
-
- OTHER INTERNAL BELL OPERATORS.
-
- KP+11501+ST ...... UNIVERSAL OPERATOR
- KP+11511+ST ...... CONFERENCE OP
- KP+11521+ST ...... MOBILE OP
- KP+11531+ST ...... MARINE OP
- KP+11541+ST ...... LONG DISTANCE
- TERMINAL
- KP+11551+ST ...... TIME & CHARGES OP
- KP+11561+ST ...... HOTEL/MOTEL OP
- KP+11571+ST ...... OVERSEAS (OUTBOUND)
- OP
-
- THESE 115X1 OPERATORS ARE IDENTICAL
- IN ROUTING TO THE 1X1 OPERATORS LISTED
- PREVIOUSLY, WITH ONE EXCEPTION. IF
- SPECIAL ROUTING IS REQUIRED (0XX),
- THEN THE TRAILING 1 IS LEFT OFF.
-
- EXAMPLES:
-
- A 312 UNIVERSAL OP ... KP+312+11501+ST
- A FRANKLIN PARK (312-456) UNIVERSAL
- OP (SPECIAL ROUTING 032 REQUIRED)....
- ................... KP+312+032+1150+ST
- [THE TRAILING 1 OF 11501 IS LEFT OFF].
-
- PURPOSES OF 115X1 OPERATORS.
-
- UNIVERSAL- USED FOR COLLECT/CALLBACK
- CALLS TO COIN STATIONS.
-
- CONFERENCE- THIS IS A CORDBOARD
- CONFERENCE OPERATOR WHO WILL SET UP A
- CONFERENCE FOR A CUSTOMER ON A MANUAL
- OPERATION BASIS.
-
- MOBILE- ASSISTS IN COMPLETION OF CALLS
- TO MOBILE (IMTS) TYPE TELEFONES
-
- MARINE- ASSISTS IN COMPLETION OF CALLS
- TO OCEAN GOING VESSELS.
-
- LONG DISTANCE TERMINAL- NOW OBSOLETE.
- WAS USED FOR COMPLETION OF LONG
- DISTANCE CALLS.
-
- TIME & CHARGES- WILL GIVE EXACT COSTS
- OF CALLS. USED TO TIME CALLS AND
- INFORM CUSTOMER OF EXACTLY HOW MUCH
- IT COST.
-
- HOTEL/MOTEL- HANDLES CALLS TO/FROM
- HOTELS AND MOTELS.
-
- OVERSEAS COMPLETION (OUTBOUND)- ASSISTS
- IN COMPLETION OF CALLS TO OVERSEAS
- POINTS. ONLY WORKS IN SOME, IF ANY
- NPAS, BECAUSE OVERSEAS ASSISTANCE HAS
- BEEN CENTRAIZED TO IOCC (COVERED IN
- PART III).
-
- NOTE THAT ALL KP+1X1+ST AND
- KP+115X1+ST OPERATORS AUTOMATICALLY
- ASSUME THAT YOU ARE A TSPS OR CORDBOARD
- OPERATOR ASSISTING A CUSTOMER WITH A
- CALL. DO NOT DO ANYTHING TO JEOPARDIZE
- THIS! IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT TO DO,
- DON'T CALL THESE OPERATORS! FIND OUT
- WHAT TO DO FIRST.
-
- THIS CONCLUDES PART II. THERE IS
- ONE FINAL PART IN WHICH I WILL EXPLAIN
- OVERSEAS DIALING, IOCC (INTERNATIONAL
- OVERSEAS COMPLETION CENTRE), RQS
- (RATE/QUOTE SYSTEM), AND SOME BASIC
- SCANNING.
-
- .......................................
- (C) FEBRUARY 6, 1900 MARK TABAS
- :::::..::..::.::::..::.::.:.:..:.:.:.:.
- $LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$LOD$
-