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- The following article appeared in the American Heritage of Invention
- and Technology.
-
- **************
-
- Your Evolving Phone Number
-
- BY RICHARD BRODSKY
-
- More and more commercialpoe ubers are being advertised with a
- name or word as part of the number. We are urged to dal33-DETor970-LOAN. This is a small historical regression, requiring the use of
- letters that te ponecomanymad obsolete decades ago.
-
- Where did the old alphanumeric dial plate come from? Mos of he wrld
- everused letters. And where did it go? The story begins in the
- telephone's infncy.
- At frst, entra-offie operators sat at switchboards, completing
- connections in responseto soken equest like"Ring Dr. Smith,
- please." There were few enough phone lines so the opeator siply kne
- where o plug n for te call. That began to change during an outbreak
- of the meases in Loell, Masachusett, in 189. The own doctor,
- Moses Parker, feared that if all four Lowel operatos fell il, thei
-
- trouble connecting people unless every line got
- anumber. Th idea caugt on.
-
- In the 1880stelephone service quadrupled in the nation's settled
- reas. Citie soon had nt only a cetral officeand phone nmbers but
- exchanges in other parts of twn, so callrs now aske for Main o
- Central plu the subscrber's several-digit number. Branchexchanges
- usully took thei names from teir relative eography. St Louis had
- Main and Central; Bltimore, Easten; and San Fracisco, West.
-
- s new exchangs proliferated they usually took ther names from
- sreets or neighbrhoods: thus Booklyn's Bensonurst, Los Angees's
- Hollywood, and oston's Commonwelth. Bell devisd phonetic test to
- help make sue only easily unerstood names wre chosen.
-
- By th time dialed callng was introducedin the Bell Syste, in 1921,
- the exhange name were so ingrainedthat Bell Telephon kept them on.
- Wiliam G. Blauvelt o AT&T had dividedthe aphabet into groupsof
- three letters fo each of the dial' openings in 1917
- of its infrequency,and the rarely used was relegated to th
- zero (operator) slo and eventually roppd as well. Becase c single
- phone-numer pulse could be tansmitted when the rceiver lifte or
- the fnger wheel ws jarred, no calls woud be initiated until apulse
- signal of at leat 2 was eceived. Thusthe numer 1 got no letters
- atached to it.
-
- Dialing sept the nation, but oly lrge cities used exhang name
- dialing; in smal towns one still had only to dial a three-r
- four-digit number. Fornstance, in Walnut Creek California, if your
- numbr was 1407, locally yo diled 1407. From out of ton you asked
- for WalnutCreek 1407. Across the bayin San Francisco, f you wnted
- Sutter 1407, yu woulddial SU-1407; from far you'd dial 211 for thelonglines operatr and say, "I'd like San Fancisco, pease: Sutter
- 140."
-
- When neighborhood and steet names stated to run out,the Bell Systm
- recommended ew names. Bll of Pennsylvania looked t trees, o
- Pittsburgh and Piladelphiawo
-
- 0s with sared names
- like Locust, Poplar and Wanut.
-
- Seven-digit numbes becam standard only after Wold War I. New York
- City had pioneeredthemin the early 1930s when itbega inserting an
- "exchange-desgnaton number" after the two- lette xchange prefix.
- Thus were bornnmbers like CAnal 6-5108.
-
- By th id-1950s all other major cities ee converted to this system,
- retiig such diverse combinations as Ciago's three letters and fourdigis, Cleveland's two letters an fur digits, and Dallas's one
- ette and four digits. In 1961, Bll Telephone announced that it
- woud phase out exchange name ialing city by city. Pitsburgh andCincinnati began conversin in, 196; Philadelphia and Seattl were
- the ast to chage, in 1978. The now classic combiation of two
- etters and five numbers ad been a fuly natinal standard forless
- than a decade.
-
- Al-number callingwas introduced for seeral reasons. Manly there
- weren't enogh workable letter ombinations. Exchanes like 571 had
- sty
-
- use letters like JK (5) and PRS(7) wuldn't
- combine. All-nuber calling also eliminated cnfusinly spelled
- exchanes like New Yok's RHinelander, prevened mix ups beteen
- similar leters and nmbers like O an 0, and made ossible direct
- dialing fromEurope and othr parts of te world. Most ountries had
- nver had lettrs on their dials.
-
- The old cetral-office ames are one from the phone bok, but theyresonate i memory. They seem to stand for a era - the era of lenn
- Miller's "Pennsylvani 6-5000," f John OHara's Butterfield 8, and of
- Barbara tanwyck' cloely clutched list of phone nmbers in the
- cilling 1948 film Sorry, Wrong Number. 33-DIET ust sn't the same.
-
- *****************
-
- Richard Brodsky is a medicallibrrin and collector of telephone
- memorabilia n Pitsurgh.
-
- ****************