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- Date: Wed, 12 Nov 86 21:59:15 pst
- From: wally%net1.ucsd.edu@flash.bellcore.com (Wally Linstruth) (tty00)
-
- To: tcpgroup
- Regarding: IP addressing
-
-
- The intent of this paper is to document the background
- behind the current IP address assignments which I have offered to
- coordinate. The proposed scheme has been reviewed by Phil Karn,
- Bdale Garbee and (verbally with) Mike Chepponis, all of whom have
- encouraged that it be used.
-
- Phil's code does NOT currently support the subnetwork
- aspects of the scheme but will do so in the future. There is no
- real reason for any national coordination of these addresses
- until actual networks or at least geographically coordinated
- groups of experimenters are formed.
-
- I have offered to issue and keep track of SUBNET addresses
- and their "owners" who are presumably responsible *NETWORK*
- implementors and managers.
-
- The basic premise behind the proposed plan is that amateur
- radio networks will be politically defined. The plan is based
- upon the presumption that current voice networks serve as a
- proper analog by which to predict general characteristics of the
- as yet unconstructed digital networks. Political entities will
- build networks; funded, controlled, maintained and used primarily
- by their own members and guests.
-
- Each of these separately managed networks should be viewed
- as a subnetwork of AMPRNET (with the idea being to somehow
- rationally partition the 044.xxx.xxx.xxx AMPRNET address space).
- Each subnetwork within AMPRNET will maintain routing tables for
- its own constituents. Each will provide its own hosts (TACs,
- Gateways, i.e. the mechanism by which users with simple terminals
- and AX25 level 2 boxes will access network resources), switches,
- rules (network administration), security measures and quite
- possibly its own link level protocols.
-
- The natural limitations on span of control will probably
- limit the service area of each of these networks. This is
- another factor leading to the partitioning of the AMPRNET address
- space with respect to separate subnetworks.
-
- This partitioning of the address space will allow for
- much simplified routing tables in each host. Internetworking
- gateways will connect these independently controlled subnetworks.
- Each gateway will maintain routing tables only for local hosts
- and for gateways to other networks. Hosts and relay switches on
- a given subnet will need to maintain routing information
- regarding only members of that subnet and gateways to other
- networks. The required routing tables should prove to be very
- manageable and make any kind of geographically based hueristic
- addressing schemes such as ZIP codes, area codes etc. moot.
-
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
- I would also like to propose that we coordinate logical
- network names and their corresponding addresses based on these
- political network subdivisions. The concept of a naming
- convention which maps directly into an IP address is purely for
- the convenience of network developers and is not considered
- necessary. There is, however, some good reasoning behind making
- network and host names hierarchical and meaningful to end users.
- It will considerably aid in bootstrapping the initial networks
- and in being comprehensible to the non-network folks who will be
- the primary users of these networks. The naming convention
- proposed is of the form USERID@HOST.SUBNET[.AMPRNET.RES].
- WESTNET, SBARCnet (Santa Barbara ARC) and GFRN-net represent
- three hypothetical networks with which this writer could be
- involved, perhaps as a provider of gateway and/or host services.
-
- Each of these subnetwork entities could have a distinct
- address and perhaps several internally administered host/user
- addresses.
-
- [NOTE: Throughout this paper, Host or Host/User represents
- any host or any user running IP protocols that has direct
- network access. Also, for the purposes of the following
- example, WA6JPR is not a network address, rather it
- represents a user-id on a local host. It is the writer's
- opinion that the majority of packet users for the forseeable
- future will be using simple TNCs connected to hosts via
- AX.25 level 2 protocols.]
-
- WA6JPR may be "a user" on hosts on more than one network
- such that a station in Washington D.C.,logged onto an AMPRNET
- host, may send internet traffic successfully to
- WA6JPR@JPRHOST.WESTNET (this traffic would be routed to Westnet
- via various AMPRNET gateways and subnetwork level relays and then
- to a Santa Barbara host known internally by Westnet to be
- reachable via the W6AMT-2 switch). Traffic could also be
- directed to Wally@SBARC (presuming that the Santa Barbara
- Amateur Radio Club maintains a message server host gatewayed to
- the AMPRNET catenet).
-
- Based upon the presumption of the AMPRNET/SUBNET/HOST
- hierarchy, it would seem that we could easily decide how to
- allocate the 044.xxx.xxx.xxx 24 bit IP address field such that
- there are bits allocated for a sufficient number of individually
- managed subnetworks while leaving a correspondingly adequate
- number of assignable bits for the internal addressing needs of
- each individual subnetwork.
-
- Accordingly, the following is proposed as an initial
- addressing scheme and methodology for address assignment. [Bit
- numbering is per RFC-960 Pg.2]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2
-
-
-
- Bit 8 to be 0 for USA stations and 1 for non-USA stations.
- [Note. This is not meant to imply a geographic basis for
- assignments. It is meant to provide a very quick means for
- segregating FCC controlled participants from non-FCC stations.]
-
- Bits 9 - 18 to represent politically separate subnetworks within
- AMPRNET. These bits are to be assigned in an inverse binary
- sequence (see example below) beginning with the *MOST
- SIGNIFICANT* bit first.
-
- Bits 19 - 23 to be unassigned and reserved for future allocation
- as network addresses, to network administrations for internally
- assigned host and/or user addresses, to a combination of the
- above or to a completely new intermediate class of addresses.
-
- Bits 24 - 31 to be used within politically separate AMPRNET
- subnetworks for individual hosts, switches, workstations etc. as
- determined by local network administration. It would be
- recommended that these bits be assigned in binary sequence with
- the *LEAST SIGNIFICANT* bits being assigned first.
-
- The resulting network addresses would be as follows:
-
- AMPRNET
- ||
- || SUBNET----+
- || | |
- || | | HOST--+
- || | | | |
- 44:0...127:000:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:001:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:031:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:032:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:033:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:063:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:064:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:065:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:095:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:096:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:097:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:127:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:128:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:129:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:159:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:160:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:161:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:191:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:192:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
-
-
-
- 3
-
-
-
- 44:0...127:193:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:223:0...255--+
- 44:0...127:224:0...255------- 32,768 addresses assignable
- 44:0...127:225:0...255--+
- | +- 1,015,808 addresses reserved
- 44:0...127:255:0...255--+
-
- 44:128:xxx:xxx----------+
- | +- 8,388,608 addresses assignable (non USA)
- 44:255:xxx:xxx----------+
-
-
- The above allocation and assignment scheme allows network
- (subnet) and intranet (host/user) addresses to begin to be
- immediately assigned to experimenters while retaining the largest
- possible contiguous block of unassigned bits whose assignments
- can be defined in the future with little or no impact on
- previously allocated addresses. The USER @ HOSTNAME .
- SUBNET/ADMINISTRATION naming scheme represents a human-friendly
- network naming convention which maps easily into numerical
- network addresses. I believe that the above approach is in
- general conformance with the requirements of RFC-950, "Internet
- Standard Subnetting Procedure."
-
- The numbering scheme as initially proposed allows for up to
- 1024 AMPRNET subnetworks of up to 256 hosts in the USA while
- retaining five bits for future expansion. That's 262,144
- individual AMPRNET addressable entities. If the proposed method
- of address assignment is followed and we run out of Host/User
- addresses before we run out of network addresses, we can simply
- pick up the least significant reserved bit and assign more
- Host/User addresses. Conversely, if network addresses are more
- popular we could easily expand by taking the most significant
- reserved bit and allocating it for network addressing.
-
- If it should become clear that every user on a network needs his
- or her own IP address, each network could allocate user blocks in
- 256 user increments from the least significant reserved bits.
- Possible combinations are 1024 networks each with up to 8192
- individually addressable units or 2048 networks each with 4096
- hosts/users (8,388,608 individually addressable entities).
-
- The writer presumes that 8 million plus addresses ought to
- last the US amateur population for some time to come. All we need
- to do to avoid painting ourselves in a corner is to assign them
- in a logical sequence rather than randomly.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 4
-
-
-
- The following table serves as an example of the "high bit
- first" network address assignment table and some actual and
- requested initial networking assignments.
-
- "this" 44.000.000.xxx ;special case
- KARNnet 44.064.000.xxx ;network admin: KA9Q
- BDALEnet 44.032.000.xxx ;network admin: N3EUA
- DCnet1 44.096.000.xxx ;network admin: WB6RQN
- SOCALnet1 44.016.000.xxx ;network admin: WB5EKU
- DCnet2 44.080.000.xxx ;network admin: WB6RQN
- SOCALnet2 44.048.000.xxx ;network admin: WA6JPR
- PITTNET 44.112.000.xxx ;network admin: N3CVL
- next 44.008.000.xxx
- next 44.072.000.xxx
- .
- .
- .
- last 44.063.000.xxx
- "all" 44.127.000.xxx ;special case
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