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- Optimal Wagering
- Copyright 1991, Michael Hall
- Permission to repost, print for own use.
-
- I think I've got some good discoveries here... even if you don't
- follow the math, you can get some useful blackjack information here.
-
- The question of optimal wagering has been brewing on rec.gambling
- for a while. I rephrase this question as the following:
-
- * What's the optimal win per hand as a portion of bankroll and
- what is the betting pattern necessary for this?
-
- That is, we want to maximize E/a' where E is the win per hand
- and a' is the required bankroll.
-
- E is simply defined by:
-
- E=sum{WiPiEi}
-
- where i is the situation
- Wi is the wager for that situation
- Pi is the probability of that situation
- Ei is the expected value of that situation
-
- I defined a' in previous articles. Unfortunately, I made a
- slight error, in that I left out a couple of sqrt's. I
- hope the following is correct...
-
- log((1/R) - 1)
- a'= ----------------------------(sqrt(s^2 + E^2))
- /sqrt(s^2 + E^2) + E\
- log| ------------------- |
- \sqrt(s^2 + E^2) - E/
-
- where R is the risk of ruin
- E is the win per hand
- s^2 is the variance of E
- a' is the necessary units of blackjack bankroll
-
- [Incidentally, the Kelly criterion leads to a bankroll formula
- proportional to the one above, and so Kelly betting produces the
- same optimal wagering schemes as the ones shown below.]
-
- I tried to maximize E/a' by taking the derivatives wrt Wi and setting
- them to 0. That got really ugly. Then I tried to maximize E or minimize
- R using various formulations of Lagrange multipliers. That got really ugly
- too. I did come up with the partial derivatives, which are ugly themselves,
- but solving for the Wi's is where it gets *really* ugly.
-
- So I gave up and just wrote a program to evaluate the function given
- Wi's as input, and then I wrote a program to do a simple hill-climbing
- on this function in the space of integers between 1 and some maximum
- bet like 4 or 8. My intuition is that hill-climbing should converge to
- the global maximum and not a local maximum of this function, but I don't
- have any proof of this. BTW: my program does adjust for the basic
- variance of blackjack, increasing the effective bet size by 1.1 and other
- such things.
-
- For a downtown Vegas single deck 75% penetration (Snyder's tables in
- "Fundamentals of Blackjack" by Chambliss and Rogenski), here is the
- optimal betting patterns I found for spreads of 1-2, 1-4 and 1-8:
-
- SINGLE DECK
- DOWNTOWN VEGAS
-
- 1-2 1-4 1-8
- ADV FREQ HI-LO BET BET BET
- Ei Pi Wi Wi Wi
- -.026 .065 -5 1 1 1
- -.021 .030 -4 1 1 1
- -.016 .055 -3 1 1 1
- -.011 .070 -2 1 1 1
- -.006 .100 -1 1 1 1
- -.001 .200 0 1 1 1
- +.004 .095 +1 1 1 1
- +.009 .075 +2 1 1 2
- +.014 .050 +3 2 2 3
- +.019 .045 +4 2 3 5
- +.024 .040 +5 2 4 6
- +.029 .035 +6 2 4 7
- +.034 .030 +7 2 4 8
- +.039 .030 +8 2 4 8
- +.044 .080 +9 2 4 8
-
- The Hi-Lo column shows the approximate High-Low (or Hi-Opt I) count for
- each advantage, though you should adjust for the extra advantage from
- strategy deeper into the deck. Note that the bet should not be raised
- until a true count of 3, unless you are using a very wide spread.
- You might fool a few pit critters by your low bet at a true count of 2.
- (Or at least you won't get nailed when you increase your bet at a true
- count of 2, like I did once.) For the 1-2 and 1-4 spreads, the betting
- pattern is easy to remember - true count minus 1 (minimum of 1, maximum
- of 2 or 4.) [More exact results using simulations for the input data
- showed that the optimal spread for Hi-Lo here is actually to bet equal
- to the true count.]
-
- Here's the same stuff, but for 2 decks:
-
- DOUBLE DECK
- (BSE of -0.2% assumed)
-
- 1-4 1-8 1-16
- ADV FREQ HI-LO BET BET BET
- Ei Pi Wi Wi Wi
- -.027 .060 -5 1 1 1
- -.022 .040 -4 1 1 1
- -.017 .060 -3 1 1 1
- -.012 .080 -2 1 1 1
- -.007 .110 -1 1 1 1
- -.002 .200 0 1 1 1
- +.003 .110 +1 1 1 2
- +.008 .085 +2 3 3 5
- +.013 .055 +3 4 5 8
- +.018 .045 +4 4 7 11
- +.023 .040 +5 4 8 14
- +.028 .030 +6 4 8 16
- +.033 .025 +7 4 8 16
- +.038 .020 +8 4 8 16
- +.043 .040 +9 4 8 16
-
-
-
- Here's the same stuff, but for 8 decks:
-
- EIGHT DECKS
- (NEGATIVE COUNTS PLAYED)
- 1-8 1-16 1-32
- ADV FREQ HI-LO BET BET BET
- Ei Pi Wi Wi Wi
- -.030 .010 -5 1 1 1
- -.025 .010 -4 1 1 1
- -.020 .020 -3 1 1 1
- -.015 .060 -2 1 1 1
- -.010 .130 -1 1 1 1
- -.005 .510 0 1 1 1
- .000 .130 +1 1 1 1
- +.005 .060 +2 8 8 10
- +.010 .030 +3 8 15 20
- +.015 .015 +4 8 16 30
- +.020 .010 +5 8 16 32
- +.025 .010 +6 8 16 32
- +.030 .005 +7 8 16 32
-
-
- EIGHT DECKS
- (NEGATIVE COUNTS NOT PLAYED)
- 0-8 0-16 0-32
- ADV FREQ HI-LO BET BET BET
- Ei Pi Wi Wi Wi
- -.030 .010 -5 0 0 0
- -.025 .010 -4 0 0 0
- -.020 .020 -3 0 0 0
- -.015 .060 -2 0 0 0
- -.010 .130 -1 0 0 0
- -.005 .510 0 1 1 1
- .000 .130 +1 1 1 1
- +.005 .060 +2 4 5 8
- +.010 .030 +3 8 10 16
- +.015 .015 +4 8 15 24
- +.020 .010 +5 8 16 31
- +.025 .010 +6 8 16 32
- +.030 .005 +7 8 16 32
-
- What follows are statistics on all these different optimal spreads.
- The bankroll requirements assume we want to have a 20% chance of
- losing *half* the bankroll before winning *half* the bankroll.
- One you lose half the bankroll, I'd advise cutting the bet size
- in half. (Note that the desired risk of ruin has absolutely no effect
- on the optimal betting pattern - it just changes the bankroll
- by a constant amount.)
-
- UNIT^2 UNITS
- % BANK GAIN UNIT GAIN VARIANCE REQUIRED
- PER HAND PER HAND PER HAND BANKROLL
- DECKS SPREAD| E/(2a') E s^2 2*a'
- -------------*--------------------------------------------
- 1-Deck FLAT |.001420% .0050? 1.27 352
- 1-Deck 1-2 |.008027% .0165 2.47 206
- 1-Deck 1-4 |.014170% .0348 6.16 245
- 1-Deck 1-8 |.018132% .0695 19.19 383
- 2-Deck 1-4 |.002765% .0170 7.55 615
- 2-Deck 1-8 |.006787% .0433 19.92 638
- 2-Deck 1-16 |.009916% .0946 65.16 955
- 8-Deck 1-8 |.000251% .0064 11.77 2550
- 8-Deck 1-16 |.000673% .0162 28.00 2401
- 8-Deck 1-32 |.001033% .0328 75.24 3177
- 8-Deck 0-8 |.000675% .0086 7.82 1263
- 8-Deck 0-16 |.001047% .0169 19.33 1600
- 8-Deck 0-32 |.001288% .0326 59.57 2532
-
-
- Some things to conclude, given the above table:
-
- * A 1-2 spread on a single deck is more than 6 times more profitable
- than a 0-32 spread on 8 decks! Even flat betting a single deck
- is probably better. 8 decks stink!
-
- * It takes a 1-16 spread on double decks to beat a 1-2 spread on single
- decks! (Can this be true?)
-
- * A 1-8 spread buys you 29% more income over a 1-4 spread on
- a single deck, but you'll probably lose more than that from
- the extra countermeasures.
-
- * Given a $6,125 bankroll, you could spread $25-$100 on a single
- deck, making $86.8/hour (.014170%*6125*100). This is probably
- overly optimistic, since it rare that you can freely spread
- 1-4 on a 75% penetration downtown Vegas game.
-
- * You need about a 1-32 spread on 8 decks before you can get away
- with playing through negative counts. A 1-8 spread gets killed
- sitting through negative counts, as the high bankroll requirement
- shows.
-
- One thing that might be fun is playing around with the above
- betting spreads. They are optimal, but how weird can you get
- without sacrificing much of the E/a'?
-
- I'd like to acknowledge Blair for getting me to think in terms of
- percent bankroll win.
-
-