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S TOPP I H G P O WER ME TE R S **** 3rd Edition By: John .1. WiUiam, MSEE Pres?dent Consumertronics Co. Includes STOPPING POWER METERS 2ND EDITION, SPM ADDENDUM And More!! STOPPING POWER METERS is divided into two distinct bodies. The first body covers watt-hour energy meters, how they work, how they are adjusted, and the errors they produce. The second body is devoted to various techniques of slowing do~,vn and stopping power meters. This pamphlet is comprehensive, lengthy and full of valuable information. Indepth theoretical knowledge is not required to understand and utilize it. However, a very good practical electrical and electronic background and know-how is a must. NOTE: The utility meter attached to your home or business is a watthour meter - not a power meter. -- more -- CAUTIONS AND DISCLAIMERS DO NOT USE THESE METHODS ON ANY METER BELONGING TO A UTILITY. Completely isolate your utility meter from your personal meter with an isolation transformer and/or heavy filtering. As hr as we know, the legality of applying load control methods that incidentally make the utilityowned meter underregister has not been legally tested. However, assume that the law will take as dim a View of doing this as it does if you actually physically tamper with the meter. It is ironic that many law enforcement agencies on one hand can't seem to do enough to plea# utility big-shots while blithely ignoring the many and extreme aimes committed by utilities upon the citizenry. Fortunately, most juries savvy this perversity of the law and act according- We must firmly state that we are totally against breaking the law in any fashion and that WE FORBID ALL ILLEGAL APPLICATIONS..Also, no licence# is granted under the copyright and/or patent rights of Consumertronics Co. or anyone else. And, although we have made every reasonable effort to provide accurate, reliable and useful information, we assume no responsibility whatsoever for errors or omissions. Be careful and know what you are doing. Induced currents can injure or kill and mistakes can also cause# property damage. All circuit diagrams are simplified; add fuses and circuit breakers as required. -- more -- WATTHOUR METERS There is nothing magical or sacred about watthour meters. Like any high-grade scientific instrument designed to accurately measure an electrical parameter (energy, in kilo-watthours) under specific operating conditions and an ideal environment, they lose accuracy when their operating and environmental conditions are less than ideal and thru the process of aging. Watthour meters measure electrical energy consumed in a dynamic load by using the principle of the 2-Phase induction motor. IN FACT, IF THE ROTOR DISK WAS RESTRAINED, THE WATTHOUR METER BECOMES A CONSUMERTRONICS CO. Copyright ~ 1979 John J. Williams ana DYNAMOMETER-TYPE POWER METER. Essential features of watthour meters are depicted in Fig. 1. The basic elements of the single phase meter are the stator assembly (electromagnet), the rotor assembly (includes disk) the retarding magnet(s), and the resister assembly. -- more -- The stator consists of a voltage (potential coil) with a compensatory winding, and two current coils. The stator is energized by the combined effects of the line voltage and load currents. Two torques acting in the same direction but ~0 electrical degrees apart are generated. These sinusoidal rotor torques add to produce a resultant constant and steady torque. The first torque component results from the interaction of the useful current flux (dw to load current) with the voltage-induced eddy currents in the disk, and like the induction motor, rotor speed is proportional to line frequency. The second rotor torque results from the interaction of the useful voltage flux with the current-induced eddy currents in the disk. When the power factor (PF) is unity, both torques are always in the forward direction because the current (or voltage) flux is always of the same polarity as the voltage (or current)- induced eddy currents. However, when the PF is less than unity (lag or lead~, there are different instances in the cydes of each torque component when the torques are reversed corresponding to those instances in which the line voltage and current are of different polarity. Although still initially constant, average torque is diminished. As it turns out, the disk torque will be proportional to the product of RMS voltage, RMS current, and PF (cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current). Thus, you will b billed for the real, not imaginary, power consumed. Our LOADFINDER pamphlet, among other information, explains real, imaginary and apparent power and how to make PF corrections. -- more -- To translate the disk torque into disk sFed, permanent "braking" magnets must be provided, otherwise, the disk sFed would increase until arrested by very low air and dVot friction. These powerful magnets generate an eddy current in the aluminum disk whenever it is moving. This eddy current provides an opposing torque because its flux opposes that of the permanent magnets. This theoretically results in one constant sFed for every torque level. Thus, disk speed is then proportional to consumed real power. The register assembly consists of a gear train that connects the rotor worm gear to the pnged dials in the meter's faceplate. Thr~pha#, three-wire systems require two single-phase meters or one meter with two independent stators. Four-wire polyphase systems usually require three single-phase meters. For ~I PF less than 0.5, one meter will always run BACKWARDS! Unless it is known for certain that PF is less than 0.5, the true energy reading cannot b accurately determined. P.O. Drawer537, - Alamogordo, N. M. 88310 Family, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Stopping Power Meters STATOR LINE 240 VAC -- more -- CT~ToF~ ASSEMBLY ~ Worm Gear Braking Maon~. P. 2 Comp~nsation Coil - ~ ~ \Volta9;C~ S Current Coil ~ ~ ~ ~;Wrent Cojl Ll L2 TO LOADS 7~ ~Brskin~ M~n~t; -- ROTOR AEStM~ ROTOR ASSEMBLY ~_ Rotor Plate - - Fig. 1: Basic Elements of the Typical Induction Watthour Meter. The four major manufacturers of watthour meters are: 1 ) General Electric. 2) Sangamo. 3) Westinghouse. 4) Duncan. -- more -- The common inductance watthour meters design principle has remained unchanged since 1925, but there have been some improvements in devoting, roil design compenr, tion, otc., since then. To maintain accuracy watthour meters must b calibrated frequently. Utilities u ually limit this recallibration to: I) Full-Load Adjustment. 2) Light-Load Adjustment. 3) L~ Adjustment. I~ FULL-LOAD ADJUSTMENT The Full-Load Adjustment rating of most home and small business m~rs is 5 to 30 amps, printed on meter face. At a loss of some accuracy, most modem meters are capable of measuring energies of up to 600% Full-Load Rabng. This adjustment is made at full load and unity PF. It is done by assuring that the braking magnets are of suitable strength. Then, by carefully varying their positions, from thedisk or by adjusting the positions of the magnetic shunts that lie between their Pob faces and the disk, by turning the adjustment wh~l that has an "F" and "S" on it until disk speed is accurately ~t. NOTE: In some cases the "S" direction speeds the meter up while the "F" direction slows it down ~Duncan Meters). This opposite notation is designed to fool and Fnalize meter tamFrers. This is the main adjustment that the utility will make when either you or it is concerned about the meter's ccurac~ 2) LIGHT-LOAD ADJUSTMENT Under light loads (10% of Full Load), meter performance becomes nonlinear. This results from friction, lack of linearity -- more -- ~ ~ Registration Dials~ J ~ P ~ ~REGISTER ASSEMBLY; in the generation of driving torque as a function of load current;, and the presence of torques due to the potential flux acting alone caused by the lack of symmetry of the stator with respect to the disk. Uncompensated, meters usually overregister under light loads. However, due to voltage coil flux irregularities, it has not been uncommon for meters to run backwards under li~ht loads. Slots and holes have ben put in the disks of modern meters to prevent the disk from moving at all under very light loads ~less than 1% Full Load). This adjustment essentially adds a controlled torque due to the w~ n~- 1S151, l~tO~ ~o~ ISgl. ~, ~UI~I.ED OFF~ 1S61. dtscribt manl~ other uulnerabilitie~ Nt-rd ~bout our shockin~ public~tion ~UTO~i~TIC ~L~ C~ E~ IS20l. or ~ FO' ~LLI~ IS201? -- more -- CoNsUMERTRoNIcs CO~ P.o. Draw~r537 of C~ ~0 IIII~UT~, mo~ordo. N.M. 88310 N~nON~L ENQUII~EII, t~ Shppin~ Power Meters P. 3 voltage flux alone sufficient to provide the correct disk sFed for 10% unity PF loads. Compensation torque is provided by adding a shaded-pole loop known as the Light-Load Plate. The necessity of this adjustment is apparent if the disk turns in either direction when there is no load. This condition is known as "meter aeeP- 3) LA~ AD,~USTMENT Since the voltage coil has some resistance, the voltage flux lags line voltage by less than 90~. A compensatory lag coil (See Fig. 11 or plate is provided to adjust the lag so that it is as close to 90as possible. This adjustment is made at 0.5 lagging PF. When the lag is out of adjustment, it almost always results in underregistration, but it is hardly noticeable unless the PF is small. Any lag adjustment made to inaea# disk sFed at lagging PF will decrease its speed for leading PF (capacitative load). Often, the Light- Load and Lag Adjustments are provided by the same mechanism. A radial motion provides the Lag Adjustment while a circumferential motion provides the Light-Load Adjustment. WATTHOUR METER INACCURACIES -- more -- Utilities are fond of boasting that watthour meters are accurate to within ~1% of actual consumption under conditions where load currents vary from 0.3% to 400% and voltage from 80% to 120% of rated values, PF from 0.2 lagging to 0.2 leading, and temperatures from -40 C to ~75 C. In my opinion, that claim is utterly false. In reality, this is the very best case error for precisely calibrated meters under laboratory conditions. Under the above "field" conditions, cumulative error for a calibrated meter can be as high as 10096 under small loading conditions and higher than 10% under normal home/business loads WITHOUT having made any effort to "fool" the meter. These errors can result in either your or the utility's favor. When it favors the utility, you'll never hear about it, and you will undoubtedly never collect a dime for past overpayments. When the error is in your favor, if the utility notices, you probably will b billed on a guessed-estimate arbitrarily determined by the utility to adjust your costs upwards. And your meter will b recalibrated or replaced by one more favorably calibrated for the utility, andlor you may b monitored by a pole meter. However, unless you take the initiative and even chronically complain, the utility will seldomly adjust an overregistering meter to read the correct amounts. Meter errors are caused by a number of factors, many of them interrelated. These errors exist even when the meter is precisely calibrated. They are accentuated when the Full-Load, Light Load and/or Lag adjustments are required. No scientific instrument remains accurate if not frequently and -- more -- precisely calibrated, particularly an instrument in continuous outdoor use. Wear, deterioration, temperature, humidity, dirt, electromagnetic fields and vibration always take their toll. Meters usually spend years in operation, AND SOMETIMES EVEN DECADES, between calibrations. Errors didn't matter so much when rates were fair, such as in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, few people can now afford to pay for their actual consumption - much less for errors that are compounded by the Fuel Adjustment rip-off. METER ERROR SOURCES I) TEMPERATURE ERROR Meters read high between O and 8~F and low thereafter. Error accentuates with decreasing PF and alone can be as high as 4% at 0.5 PF. The main cause# of this error is the increase in the voltage coil lag at low temperatures (temporary error) and demagnetization of the braking magnets permanent error) at high temperatures. ALL PERMANENT MAGNETS DEMAGNETIZE WITH TIME, THE RATE OF WHICH IS DETERMINED BY TEMPERATURE, TIME, QUALITY, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE. The demagnetization of braking magnets ALWAYS results in rotor speed-up and over registration I 2) FREQUENCY ERROR Lille frequency seldomly varies more than ~ IX from 60 ~or 50) Hz. a 10% variation of line frequency can result in a 1% or more error, particularly for high PFs. Meter reads high at low frequencies ~to a point) and low at high -- more -- frequencies. Meter ~can perform erratically when harmonically rich waveforms ~eg rectified sine wave) is applied to it at appreciable energy levels. Error is higher for low PF loads at low frequency. 3) VOLTAGE ERROR Generally, line voltage k stable to within+10% of rated. In cases of overvoltage, watthour meters read substantially low due to significant AC damping that results in some braking. This phenomenon is called "overload droop" and is slightly higher for low PF. Watthour meters read slightly high when voltage is low. - 4) VERY HIGH OR VERY LOW LOADING Very low loading almost always favors the utility, even for compensated meters, up to the point where the meter stops turning. This TURE, can possiblypay forly Y ~_ ^ays rs of the Typical Induction Watthour Meter. The four major nAGNETIZE WITH TIst cannot b accurately determined. P.O. Drawer5377ferential motion provides the Light-Load Adjustment. WATTHOUR MET Stopping PÿÑ6 b rentelesults in some br th8'yy. Utroop" an^aysis no RY HIGH Oels└m1PATIO FtLIGHfNh Light-Leters ag. Th4gtpparease in the volaeEoorAC rdesp to the p hig always faveads high mbos high mbottTvy higheror NtrSwer5377fCend alolDters readig alwestims TIGHe suuoom 60 ~or 50) H2tion i#8 Drawer5377ferential )ibtsrTpubla -- more --neLO Utilities are fond of b ror to the p hig Cars1tme watthoo in rotor speey, qoVERed. NerentiaRrAC Utilitiers readigo in rotor speey, qoVERed. NerentiaRrAC Utilitiers readigo in rotor speey, qoVERed. NerentiaRrAC Utilitiers reae p hig Carno RY HIGH he lag is p line ahe w~ ed. NerentiaRrACalone to 377ferilitie3readigoterC. 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T t) TF loaesaggi~$1.95) arbiiitiers rehe ilapsely calibrathen Metee isentsy ca 'J r errothe me claeEoosietlomo b Metn o aitothe me itions. cJuow d-readi(~SH)librateduous oaory cctic faagnet asp,or o ancomod Metes alnitly cal IS Doryghen voltilf fad JCarsiel PF Metes alnitlhigpbi~,nemmsboneohigh AND e iss arbi, elecFuel Adjhe g metspot dirt, the me ot fe~okfan cases of overvolta0% reain uaduelin the~okfwhere0~. usuaratu ot fwiral IS PF (s as 0~.k lid waduelic fterssake argnetylthe m cumf-wnd years er5377fhentter sognetylhome/bon this is tto boren uweag asa Meter err,to it a o fratedostiUT hain t dete ocitig Carse wavRE,thel fratedosstemperatuigh goterC. e is ~_ he alw-up a frated Wnveion monitoalmosta CSH mbos do(s ~tO~indicticge is low. - 4ardcITH ng.s,by a pole mINED B y, even for cog hatrror is whereor aly calibrathtie3readigoter. publa -- more -- Metethe Liext mha compest0% reaINED B meass mdEVEN DECAs└m1yEalitiers rther err,tments are requi lid ltilemsstcanzPF Me of thi posyments. . p 4% at 0.5 oure ot fnond or alstering metge mbintuaorAtum olAs└m1aecisupggieter s alnitlyer condi(hile~tO~upgg your cosinveeters u~ed. 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Ye b SAFETYry cTOT th aUPcTO Ye . I--Utildot~tO~rd ~ba p load roKW-HRtlaeEooauseDEciniNe ERRhe utilINED BY obtdjunadrmgallyeaKW-HRtlaeEoslINED BYobtdjunadbdjfre du wavENGultERwero oltOCIlinS, 7567 Rt. 49A Eaet. Ded.. CarlrINEum, OH 453C4 dirt, seag ai hair ~niN,- ebuilt Veid -neestly 1-14, 5 Amp, 115 Vo tKW-HRtlaeEooof tONLY $2011 OwR4gcosnarncannoCrdilrsoC. Le537ll, Jr.. (51d s692-5641 . Inntirlfigetnore~- etersns. te is neut ellw-up ~7- etersns. t tthhog ratu (ussnomeng ratu low lND tare fwiral120 Vo tsysuems)enPIV djs gnaneXPpigkb inve derf treve der TIstpsme cDC eornt) a TIstp. WATTapacigo b. Aag figetrsoaory eipel in soEircuntidiagramb. Add fu#/drcuntlbhigkerndertemmon fa the p hi T Innadity, y,louirlaeEoslIGHuldmrd ~btNnOens.nsualleVERg. TCleatiFi~b. 6w-up 7l de togooig ob in roempeEooaranOens.nsualleVERg.stly, ScVcnemmads,tNY, do(sj exc7llns.neornlND taisoaoraorsTHErt togooigGEMOV 19 Vappsgo b. 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PerY HrosinvolvAC Uti kqckbacknoadults in soo toneohigh DC p loadsuall, elec erid an dW ws# Hatv77feheav, dang ccumgoad(lid wheerefratu ND gart cs)tah ledidd 8~ob#r ~banyfmalf d.oaea# 4uharu ~caneXPOwo calloacVcsmoadies. cE,thg taisoderY Hrargint) aireersOelsn so haince asmeoorsTHEaiesmallrr,thtop-typ~bauto-br5377g ccumgoa arbiiaea# 3oEircuntionr, slerasn disftion.n b tthe dismerateduoEXP pobeELE#y dis cases of overvoltameratcos TIst caf briThicrrsOwhen outour tthe disOwo ults in b. Tetge m dis TIst caf brineohigh par,.wecFue not fEircuntiofiaea# 5 dW wobtdjunad satis paro7g neVul.useqTHEboTHEaalloacVcs,whilecCartop sodeefos r iiaea# 5. calloacV. Ber leeful enensthe pEigh DC er5ho TOth77flaeEoslIGare pEigh serelp loadearanOg ther #tiliaryl lag e umpenadss ned. They arbeELE#y dis PF. n fanyfoth77flaeEosl lag and even ~tO~ ~siCriTo tic ,thavoclcouldmneVul.nigieterirndpemay, yo. Slitoin no ler uuooms P ~ Gt~- l~ro7 IN~ _ n I Uni~er~ ~br 12-24 VDC~L lR1198~ olta1 1 hlc~d~ ht- 1 24) ~C B-5377g 6 ~ ch-rC~r. C ~;~ ~ SFii9 Ve3nDocf +allHaaalloacVcs~ EacHEoth~r~[ ~= condb ccn iti ~b eter#s usOwo ~ Le~d~ r~L, ~ I I ~ cases of overvoltaL~ B ccl~U c p~clro7 Cl~ ~DC ~ ~C Le d-fanen voltaLe d4 aea# 3: Diults Ctions.nMaeho TIliCctort Fs8~me lumgo, L=Nh0~s arvy ,thipum.ao intext. calloxRmaCAs└mlqu l l;~U vo t PF. igi#rieb. o intext. ~Rlts ltaT ~rRlts. ~' otoT ~ Rlts. |X. $~ II ~ aea# 9: Alerrnaned.signifi Maeho , sug csic fbdjfrny ''' haioapobutmneVul.t) airtrSw hair hiuosaggiinntirlex ERmrs u. Rlts. elecOwo t N 11 98A. o intext. aea# 4: Two way umetes. cE,Tuigh backn TIst t) aderY Hroof O aea# 3 (SPM)tDC Maeho TCs,wLdech lRltsb. (1N1198A)low igh serelasnfoooaea# 3. RriThil120 VTIseheabos 7ld) ant PF.. o i text. cases of overvolta ~ r~f DC ~- -\~R ~ $Rlts .lRlts- S~all~ Xadumrvolta~ ~-~IC1 aea# 5: AlerrnanedDC Maeho TVTIst caC br(VC)diThsp igh QeDC fircunt. CCsoaory Ctions.nC b tthemeratedCech lC1s, serelasnnoaea# 3. Rsoaory120Veheabos 7ld) ans.lRlts.diTh1N1198A. o in~S teYt aea# 6: F levels.Maeho othe pENspacigas-Loacouplop" aCP pobeperatu0.01tah le0.001tufon400 PIV aC1=2'tufly cyderpylnse. L=Nh~s arv. o intext. ~,~ RG SB 5 ~,a~ ~i~l ~3 1 Oth77f C~ _ Clr aea# 7: AlerrnanedF levels.Maeho othe pEonduosaLoacouplop" aL1=Nh~s arv. cases of overvoltaAag oth77fvalersoaoryigh serelasnaea# 6. o intext. DC Pa~in~ suall, ~: Calp~ II t ~d- aea# 10: Mo) anarylCtions.nSs ge Maeho To intext. _ ~ ~ ~ ~1+ ~l~ aea# 11: Anmlquivalns.nfircuntifooothe pEmor spolyini Nspacigo bwmetdohigh obmoadiSCR pa E-oe dtypeb. rbiibig adven t caenr oiag at lmor spolyiniCoaory qoVEid reven cVca E RY HImallrr RY Hses oavdjlRY HIfooolumgoENspacigadoss. . They arDC rtic fmor spolyiniCoaory~tO~ultmpmtmee fbdjfrnu paruorrsnfooo taisotyp~bosssppphctiagg,whilewe rd ~bhondgooigneVul.usthe pEighm.aountRY HI Nspacigo bwthe rd ~btH me fratu ely oarfor RY HLagornderosssulntopsthe ies. heab, sweag aY Hp sOelse ment ex e LaEighsedi~,ity, yo. Used Cauy, yl cases of overvolta2) HIGH FREQUENCY DraS - Hldomy levels.se in thisomw PF aspr, DENope she fbilelrsseeler s-Loaah leqoVEisics.n danEinstDC Maeho ohup t p hl"tunn t." Teis ghen vgo bw-rca avsH ican somegnallw-udao,ty levels.aboutdcy, y ghen vgo b aMableweag djs gncisuni.useqTHEIGHric foutourndertemmon fan not fabering metdolis. tt l le m5 amF (ofgnemrssary,acoupleorsTHEanw-udao amel in r)omen dismeratedurnragethe me uthais.abosp .lOirlTONE DEAF atmphiaR qoVbjusgfrnycFueful djs gns.ao inFiF. 6w-up 7.lOd. pumty levels.isoemdrforr, deratmjuna. uuoomd equireasp,atacemjAND "neVonen " trnragbutmnunw-thrldoEooauneb. rbiimegnal NED BY he utilcumfw higmen dismerat,naea# 6. oooaranOg ther oouplenomenot,naea# 7. rbii g ther spp ttsomw PF ler s-Lo,tmentlr5377,omw PFsafa TVt togooigIGieldn th IGHuldmbe NOTE: Aag figetrsoaoryeipel in soEircuntidiagramb. Add fu#deoooEircunti bhigkers eneory~emrssary. ~ ShtoinS~ der con ohup ouirsegnal e isslIGHuldmbmoad,thipal een~THEanp ~rsTHEgooig E pedadopsthtchin .lR intic fRFp loabyiliaHImall amratrnden voAdj ro p hsodeioooaCCEaalloval dW wfratu ND cemjAND low l at lbysthe pEigh aea# 6oEircunti, THEinstrn~ pashe pEonr, s fewve) ed ames,n dismerat wnag nndictiis cases of overvoltaND reve dert lmve alty levels.poians.lWhy?dW waory~tO~abTo uCAs└mcemjAND iitiers dismeccunismsinvolve fbilebolimve whereinstrevelsalsoaoryELECTu ely oeqombjutid TIst caf brflux iag A trty,rsoaY H TIst calo qtions.nphlowo nelay, yohips.laoaorl 2tufl(non41r spolyini)ly cyderpylnseTTapb. I-- y cyderpybseTTapacigo bwaory~tO~avdjlRY H,cFuely cyc~rbonanedornd cycsicrI Nspacigo b dW wultmpmtmen400 PIV rtie ps,nunlrsseUtilZr oinw-hrldom lldotnn th ~cid waora,n din 8~0 PIV ateempeEo aLslOO~s arvond"idia.stbeosuorylo Fuelheav, enoudos, re f.toi, THevend.se in t aLlciliCctorClZr omillcu wavt l le mNh~s arv eacHEofEboTHE. C tic fmerat e issl rs onC tic faune- yen vgo e iss,n ldots└mpackna. FLagitcaf raClZr odeefosrc ,tairdi~rsbwaory~tO~ n ttr, ssagooighilewnag eornlNffaune-ghen vgo H TIst cahup wnnin tbwaoryrldo. InntirlI mEity, yEofESPM,.wecultmpmtmee fRFrsegnal tthe1 Ked so i~0 Ked ~aeab. 6w-up 7) TF levels.aRpernrs usbolowe1 Ked aory ter ul~-so filerr ~ile OR V thesegn inRY ts└mr537nuat; pEigove) ed L is aRpPrnrs . ment V tdom stop ~ ler uuooms overvoltatatatataP# 7 y ~eveliss,nphloosl rs amityudes.lWhanw-ve) ed s is wd ~boC rdlf wd ~b ults in sarDC rs e) ed aRpernrs usZr odeoduoc ' o c) arsTHEanwinfinitcaEumber oflcumgnifi l at lradir, dieth shwinwp loadei~, an dirteDC fRpernrs braken dismerat mova) antwhilen dis cumgnifi lwnag dieth shw at sotaltmabos haie f.bdjfrke pEigh merat cases of overvoltabard ~bonEanwe~ialbc faohig. ~ Rlts in rt Fs8~me rtic fsucVl at li.usuthaiY evetisftions.nrtie ~riThilelr mtwnRYyigh sumbosssag unive dalte cDC m d,b inRY desRY t lldotn thors heabos 7ld)Y t uthais.evetis condftions.s.lRlts in rt sumgoENtions.nrtie glIGHuldmbmilelr mtare fi m sn disfombjuc fsur~in ftions.snfooosag PF. . uthipum PIV IGHuldmbm8h~ TIsb. TranOens.n sualleVERg.to trldop Erltmpmtmee . I--tenr oiaga rotiofim brusom sparke p, filerr iersaag AC fRpernrs snfoooscDC m ,ohup ouircumgnifi lfw iin AC m . Useda 2tufor spolyinion400 PIVTTapacigo hicrrsOwhen m ratmjual . DC ere rdwbtH me filerrc foutnfooostop univa daltm d. USE GREAT CARE IN APPLYING THE CIRCUITiOF FIG. 8 BECAUSE ITiRESULTST IN A F DrTt iLINE NEUTRAL. THIS CAN BE VERY DANGEROUS, POSSI8LY RESULTING IN SHOCK OR FIRE. ' ' A Eumber oflpeopleorg csic fot fEircuntiofiaea# 9 ssaan asper slerrnan-LoabeELEsedntira p hsoonr, he plel120 VAC/DC y levels. poians btl,vratuNh~ed aup 1 Ked aoryvc7feeler - ~ PF. . W wtcsic fntiah lefratu rSwobservRY HInereaggiin ltn-LoaND reiuoe gle erronndictiagged. They arbeELEs~bosscCart ~ le earonndictiaggiment V ts~hostopop soses obdjnt. lther feedbacknonfsucmrsse tthe disNh~ed so i Ked 'aor-,.wec- dirteEircuntiofiaea# 8 90td,txeigneviELE#ystop cCart- ltccungc fou e mntifrQmsNh~Irld so i0 Ked- (so DENopmodeti her~y~tOioc fay~et INCREASE ND e erronndictiaggibystt. lt-udao ghen vgo b~iinntirl?rd ;Eity, yeduoEXPneVul.eu ND cCart- I rd ~b~tO~yet bratualsn so oinpoianfanyfparOio tr e errotyp~ lther fRpelaians ofifilerre p'deo~ Hro!dirteefes ,achoos~bwat - oooEircunti paro7g at lmxelaiaOwhentle d teteedoss br- lthey alngdfsui.usYOag beR. raisomaeho ohasnnSwobservRY H- peratutirlneVul.usan not fneVul.usofiotItdohbolimve wher cases of overvolta paR Lille ler ssoonflaeEos., when answat e eThsp igh d teteede ler ssoonfd teteede e errotyFs irteDC maeho oderY Hroof adver#lY slercie gl~o~er '- I ~e LaEd teteede PF. so yrrsOwviolay, yooof B ce Llcosirtes m laeEoslonyigh serelaranOg ther iusthuvoAdj~tOaoderY HrrsTH '~ ~o intir~f KW-HR METERSEbooknfooost exaggioa ~taisomaeho dirtep loade issl rs aranOg ther wnag diVERptiis B ce Ll~s'irtes m)eduoEXPmaeho ohasnv77ferintlPF ler slonyigh ~mablehldomy levels.hen gs.aRpernrs usv77fealer s-Lolv. ~ ~r-egi ~canaggi fooolPF. NOThsp igh ults in fircunt. oltaA Eurr~ar ofifirmbwmeda, elecpeddle pEirttrOens.nee mnna- '' 4~ HIGH SURGE,wLOW DURATION DraS ltnorClZs.hen gs.sav b. Thes.evetis at lbysfilerre pfoutne is volta~ - lttranOens.s (the ~ terirn0rsOAdjes. deic~d c~rcuntd,bofi'cou dej ' volaea# 10 depi ssosmve altp loachin fircuntb. rbiii m ms l"tgh merat nunsoses oumpeAdjbeELEs~ttranOens.s ELEs~blaeEos - ELED BYaieUS.eu ND combjutiaggi, THEen diodesnfooolPF. ltnojes. regi ~Eo ~ I--teEXPloa ouen disy levels.maeho odes- ~ i~,ity, ye p, he utilfrnuvoAv oooauyomabicvoAdj(ses ofircuntry lt-ibeu rteeND wHuldmELEs~bUtir;naeEoslnojes. regi ~ul ~Ow_ ~ JS t p hd), so oer con srsTchingtccurparrrestfi l at lwnag lthey , -terirnrflloonn thisotDtvoAdjfal in~the ~ terislowri-h~gicl1: d,thipizen disp loadmerat nhaiilenavsH ,thipizn thlPF. ltta~ilerre p~wrsaag e isttranOens.s onyigh -merat'~ Dra Eid Vtrtay, yo.duoEXPserel ler slEXPdeodD spoleweaie ~ lteipels.maan l at lALLtthe disinRome ~ tranOens.nhen gs.~ loperay, yoo rs otoiaga parl at luy,lty,knonfst extracFuelfee ltdiVERptiid BY THE METERlALONEI In par~ ter tran~ens. ;nfooospoleweaiEosleipddjbeELEse terirnwr53haeEos lthen gVn din abTorbTu ely di' naeEo- wHuldmme rnucVlgroabos fsubeventforr, he Lare8i ~Eo duoEXPmaehp hOwhen mnss lt danEinat abTorbTu ely didmerat an not f condOR V thetra~ lknpeAedgo,tmime RY Hseneg met ler s,ohuois└mrmratrnoa lteins.nremovaljbeELEse tranOens.nhe mnnago bwtucVlreiuoe~tae cases of overvolta sotaltE pedadcelasnsratuely didinRome g tranOeNl.us-y dus ltgnhats└minRnhase g tranOens.nftions.nlevels onCcon didmercr. oltaIn par,n dismerat DOES SLOW DOWN USING JRAN c olSIENT ELIMINATORSE-jbeELEse sucVlfilerre D INCREASES-~ - ltatu rSe deRnhaseus-ye errotranOens.sag Tdus,ohe LaEasv77f lthldomtranOens.nheviron) an,f condCcon e istfilerre pfrssentforr, ltdupphctie ttirlF levels.Maeho .lO utilsubeventforthen D, ltsavn tbwneVul.abeELEsednniuosaggim dl rs aranOg thers ltoperaystftr ew PF leicens.s└m, THEclr nfmor spicvodnnours,ohup lt drirnrhe abering rs c) eving vsH subeventforr, inRnhases. oltaOirlRIPPLt iOFF 11 atmphiaR (S3.95~odescribes lttranOens. rs rippleohe mnnago fircuntb,acosie glhe LaES20 g t ltUtiltnjfrko,tmeat are ssagooig-lNffrSe empeEos-y danEinst$200 ltor $12w rnragpeddlTu ely diuelfirmb. oltatatatatat3~ HARMONI t DraS ltltluoEXPmaeho oisomwsrndeparicvodRY HLaspe mtoacHimve, rs ot ~lorag~tO~ul p hlspecforth p p) antabouilerre pfofioth77 PF. . olSeh aea# 8ed. They armucVlgreabos h~mgnifisp loadEXPne p hd olfo7g aePserel ler sb. AENorde f.toiFtirn irtesy,aaag ltwd ~g thsoaoryERpersite ttheeipele s is wd ~ tthecemjAND cases of overvoltamime toimaianaia.aea# lUlsoa su~csic ffircunt,ioth77bewnag eorn, drcuntiIGHuldmbm djs 8nenomenbesti ntiVtirlneedb. C-lOvvtufl400 PIV rn,thipum.aoCRdeoooM Sear~ RelayslIGHuldmrd ~bmthipum the25 amp sumgoENtions.nrtie g.lR~nwr53getthipum heabos 7ld)ns.s o desRHrobulb . rbiiauyGHrohasnulteive fonr, une-nnourcu wavtaisomaeho oa peroonEclaime g whereinisomaeho ocHuldmpaR Liller, hlowedownflaeEos elyELEse g damt calo dismeratcosNtions.nf b . MAGNO-BRAKE TECHNIQUE AnfstonymraosN~, ribu ,owhwavIaaagl "rbiiFlloh77" (S intir KW-HR METERSEBook), millcaosawaorythe distemhnilevodescribe ND aea# 12 duoEXP temhnilevoisoeasper so Dpels. danEinstDC Maeho oand ELED BYmw PF ler s-Lo# In par,nntiELED BYmillcset ler sive wherenti,HuldmpaR Liller, wultkbUtir laeEo elydiVrupte pEnts ELrefulAdjbaladcedsmeccunicvodsysicmoand/oo ely IGHrte pfoutninst TIst caf brwnnin tb. rbiineVul.ao--teEXPdamt caELEDthuvoAdj BYphysicvoAdjobserveds-n dismerat he utilfdjlslnojnndictiisoron.usaosaggiiXP Larabicao- am, THEscrape glIratub. "rbiiFlloh77" Lit cnomenDENconntvoAdj wultkbeEXPuy,ltyy e erronn-teEXPfaohig. lWhyluy,lty,rso,Huldmreaarl o-teEXPonEanw hyserrecvo LinoadEXPbeyili e s icn dilyELvalperr, injr sle istrippleo~, obUtir p loadee ist, THEnSwregarnomenstru sive ler ssontihasnggiYOURth p p) antah le cases of overvoltaggiYOURtlifel Asi, THEinstDC Maeho ,.wecsug csi whereUtildiVN~,nr slaag oth77 AC PF. u wavtaelnnaeEocosNircunt. Wlcaoc faytmpmtrcfortph flloh unislaagc faySYNCHRO TESTERl(Nay, yort Cerera,nInc.st2000 W si UnaggiALo#, E plewoo ,.Colo.)edChltkb, THEUtir erera.eves oggivsrn y,rs.aOirlunisloutours itiers400 VTIsb, i men50 msec# ducanaggipaR "flloh." irteEircuntiofiaea# 13o,HuldmeornljFs8~aXPloll. Pletis ranOg thersoaoryEheapt sumplusontHro. YtilIGHuldmbeualsn so N~, rolt TIst calevelarsTHEa raeoevet# irteevest caELpacigo hdiVNcur caELEDbeuN~, rollTu ely nfmor spomeccunicvod solid.evetisrelay (SSR~n ment YyimorgraphEocoskey. rbiig ther twoaELEDbeu mor sponicvoAdjN~, rollTu so oer con N~,si ~Eantah loergrammalsn neVul.u# VTIst caleveladucanaggi rs rep y,naggiraystIGHuldminitforr, beuloweanrioumpeAdj inahasedluny,lnigh des hdlneVul.usarn nealpze . PanaedcelandmpaRserveradcel arn Fs8slnojgaR optepum neVul.usan noojgaia valualsn ex rreedcelandm knpeAedgo itierslaeEos. MkeEo 240 V~C Ph - Fln~he cases of overvoltaCircUlni aea# 12:aOirlinfamraosMagno-BrakenTemhnilev. C-5.0tufl600 PIV. Lusarn serel aXPaea# 6.ltaC1=50 uf,l600 PIV p lyoerpylhenn oth77 "p ly"otyp~ upacigo u# R211~w hwratu rsTHEbTIs onCemj,n50 Wr53u# S intext. z d1 Ha~ r lOK ~ OW~53g0.02tufl n U.~ C~p. C~, rol t ~nkaCircunt Xfrm~. aea# 13: Sipele,t ler sive htop millc"ph flloh"sNircunt. Poians AlandmBdei~ionspon noojaea# 12. rbpum ~Epup valurythe displetis ranOg theriiXP 250 VAC. TranOg thersorsTHEhldotils~Ep-up vTIst cbwneVul.aonEalgreabos dramabica ler slonylaeEos. Becsure whereoth77 EircuntiaRpernrs usELEDeaspAdj andmsafele rdndlen dis TIst caandmp loaddeoduoc elywat hey ranOg theri Utilchoos~# S intext. Wdin Ese g anyfthe disftir maeho s des-ibeu,Ed teteede time g VNcem snELEDe cases of overvoltablcaoc .iFtrlinevenco,tmeoa oere blcstop Frio s whereUtilfirs otorldop E adventt craosoojevepn ment rhey s~bUtirsp loadmerat whilenneVgo e pEntalo n thvod peNy, yooduce pfoth77 Frio s. C~pmtricvoAdjLvailalsn AC i m mssarn excollede eoa .aOreUtilere feelases oo~, ede tonremov~bUtirsEircunti fRpelerar, beperatuDpelictiaggs. SORRYI W wdoh~tO~frkon soll anyfthe disdescribe fircuntb. AvsH,.wecdoh~tO~ answat levsy, yoopneVedeedlud,bor oer con ses od ea,lnonyigh sFc inc tthe diuelfircuntb. Smve altpast cCartop s,owhwa,ohponyighirnrhlevsy,.wec INNOCENTLY oer cond ses od ea,le NDg thanaggi riTu so ripcaosoffi, THEinst fRpelaianl at lwe oer cond insm "howeto" NDg .nonyrippe pfofhe disuy,lty,rs, eent V tdomwe rd ~breFtiidls.evetidl at lwe abTolurar, are sgaiasnfanyf nagegaluDpelictiaggsywat somve l Manyfmor sponicbreea,lnoutlP usdoh~tO~ELrrly nfillquaystIupels. soleciaggioat fLpacigo usan nmanyfSPM lcCartop sord ~bwrit amso aosoojeupels. dsm NDg thanaggionyigh SrOPPING POWER ME~ERSEoltatatatatat P# 8 fLpacigo otyFscsug csie ND tirsDpelictiaggs. W wult~pmtn not ffollnwe g Iraross (the dismanyfLvailalsn)lfo7gfLpacigo oNDg thanaggi- sFc inctiaggs, cosis, di ~ci_u s, erc. (It iusthuvoAdjhelpfullNffUtiloer con dsm , THEinst fLpacigo otypssl rs sFc inctiaggslneedeu,Ean not fmor spicvodlartlaeEoslohe dis Dpelia~te ~ v~f h~iinnme d.)e cases of overvolta ELPAC CRpernrs usDiv. ELPAC Eor sponicsnInc. 313t S. SvendarnoALo# &ntt C tra,nCA 92705 SdepguryEor spic CR. 645sMarshaag St#, N. Adams, MA 01247 Cornn thGllos Worns Eor sponics~Pro .lDiv. H tdotggiParnlA2 Cornn t, NY 14830 PLitsonicbCR. Iniu ~civodCRpernrs u 1 PLitsonicbWay SeELEcud,bNJ 07094 DelaEor sponicsnCorp. 250 E. Sendg td Mt. Verton, NY 10550e cases of overvolta Cornoll Duberiat Eor . tn50 ALonuryL Newaok,bNJ 071-1 Mwsrnohe disawlictiaggsydescribe rteeND ul p hlp loadEniuosDrus-ystop v77feheavy. rbiiauyGHrohasnfratu at lsumplusoIraross are sagooigevert# . They ar dis alursfUtilneed are ~tO~E~pmonr, Lvailalsn,iinnwhicVlca#fUtil wnag need mt nae w hsoojwrapbUtirsown.sMagnae w hsiagavailalsn ia variouso cotie gd,bgaupsl rs ledgthd,bberslagnae w hsheavper sdanE18bgaughsiag almwsrnnhey availalsn ia eves s. Lisie belowearlcstop v77fegooigeraross oat lagnae w hsoatvirtuvoAdjanyfgaugh, ledgth. cotie g. DaburnaEor s. & Calsn Corp. BeaiEn CorD.aEor s. Div. 70 0ak St# P# O. Box 13i7 Norwoo ,.NJ 07648 RicVmon ,.IN 47374 EssexsMagnae W hs&nInVul. Div. McGraw Edi on Co#, Edi .aEor . 1510 Wrag St# Geedper Fld#, Munip. AirpDri as. Wayne,.IN 46804 ManNceserr,.NH 03101 ReasMagnae W hsCo#, Inc. ' PhelpusDodgo Magnae W hsCo# 3600 E.Pontfoc St# Box 600 as. Wayne,.IN 46806 as. Wayne,.IN 46801e cases of overvoltaSTOPPING POWER METERSE3rnoEity, yhisotrteEulmnnagaggioatyeaosloheeornlia disvinaluDrealohemerat nh#arch,' des ggi rs tesie g.lManyfcCartop o co, ribu aggs, onCcdotsl rs ex rreedcesord ~bbratuianrgraie NDnojnt. rbiso3rnoEity, yhco, aiaslaag ohe dising thanaggifratu inyigh 2nnoEity, yh (Crpyrcdote 1977)l rs STOPPING POWER METERSEADDENDUM (Crpyrcdote 1979), onclude pfourlinfamraosMAGNO-BRAKE TECHNIQUE. rbiigirsrneity, yh oheSTOPPING POWER METERSEW85hcopyrcdote inyMarch 1976.lS icn din, loll oey 10,000 copiesord ~bTolu ranaggwcon rs otoco, inueus-y, THEhey inRnhase g popu trtyy menbefourlv77febesti#ageo dItwneVul.eu inyigh auyGHrcos infamraosCBS "60 MINUTES"uianrrvpewy, THEMikonWragacn (March 5, 1978, "P loadPiletet c"~san nmanyfipeHrtent sube leversladiaytmvtet cs. STOPPING POWER METERSEEXPbr tdot obUti el: CONSUMERl~RONlCS GO. P.O. 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