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- ─ COMP.DCOM.TELCOM ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
- From : Mark J. Cuccia 26 Jul 97 17:06:34
- Subj : MF-KP vs. DTMF (was Telephone / Gilligan)
- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
- Leonid A. Broukhis wrote:
-
- > Mark J. Cuccia <mcuccia@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu> writes:
-
- >> As for signaling the called number, most inter-office trunks don't
- >> use dialpulses. And international or overseas trunks most certainly
- >> don't use dialpulse. Most likely, there was SF 2400/2600-Hz
- >> supervisory tones, and CCITT #5 address signaling, which was an
- >> extension of existing Bell-System 'domestic' signaling, using all
- >> fifteen possible MF tone-pair combinations.
-
- > Aren't there 16 MF tone-pair combinations? 0-9, #, *, A-D?
- > DTW, I had a modem that would produce A-D tones (as in ATDTABCD), but
- > the they were ignored by the telco.
-
- There are indeed sixteen DT-MF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) pairs:
-
- 1 2 3 A (697 Hz)
- 4 5 6 B (770 Hz)
- 7 8 9 C (852 Hz)
- * 0 # D (941 Hz)
-
- Column-1 (1,4,7,*) is 1209 Hz
- Column-2 (2,5,8,0) is 1336 Hz
- Column-3 (3,6,9,#) is 1477 Hz
- Column-4 (A,B,C,D) is 1633 Hz
-
- But that is 'touchtone', a 4x4 arrangement of four 'high' frequncies
- (columns) and four 'low' frequencies (rows). A 'digit' is a pair of
- one of the 'low' and one of the 'high'.
-
- Touchtone/DTMF is sometimes used on interoffice trunks, but mostly is
- for customer loop signaling, and customer-produced 'end-to-end'
- signaling, such as entering your calling-card number, credit-card
- number, etc. ad-nauseum.
-
- In the original article, what I was referring to by "MF" was
- "Multi-frequency Keypulsing", which was developed by the Bell System
- as early as 1939 or 1940 (one of the first locations for its use was
- between #1XB offices in Baltimore), and eventually used for most all
- interoffice/toll signaling in the later 1950's all the way through the
- 1980's. There are six distinct frequencies (700 Hz, 900 Hz, 1100 Hz,
- 1300 Hz, 1500 Hz, 1700 Hz) for MF. Each tone-pair is two of these six
- frequencies in combination, and you get fifteen tone-pair
- possibilites.
-
- For most NANP/DDD/Bell-System 'domestic' toll addressing applications,
- only '1' thru '9', '0', 'Kp', and 'St' were used. But on
- international/overseas trunks (CCITT #5), there was also 'Kp-1' (which
- was NANP/DDD 'Kp'), 'Kp-2', 'Code-11', and 'Code-12', in addition to
- the twelve NANP/DDD domestic MF-tones.
-
- In the later 1970's, some of the other frequency pairs used on CCITT #5
- were also used domestically, for various TSPS signaling applications.
-
- One of the earliest (1948) experimental pushbutton tone-dialing phones
- is pictured in Bell's magazines and the book "History of Engineering &
- Science in the Bell System, Switching Technology, 1925-75" (authored by
- Amos E. Joel, Jr, of Bell Labs). There was an experiment with such
- pushbutton tone-dialing in Pennsylvania (the town of "Media", IIRC), at
- an early #5XB central office. The phones were standard WECO model 302
- phones, but instead of a rotary dial, there were two horizontal rows of
- buttons. The first row was numbered '1' thru '5', from left to right,
- and the second row was numbered '6' thru '9', '0', from left to right.
-
- The interesting thing about this phone was that "MF-KP" frequncies
- were used (numerical digits only - there was no 'Kp' nor 'St'), and
- _NOT_ the frequencies of "Touchtone" (DTMF) which was being developed
- in the late 1950's and early 1960's. Also, the frequencies were
- produced by 'plucking metal reeds', and not electronically. While the
- transistor was just being invented at that time (by Bell Labs),
- _vacuum-tubes_ were still the order of the day for electronics. And
- having residential and commercial telephone dialsets using vacuum
- tubes and external continuous power (to heat the tubes) was considered
- too costly and cumbersome! Of course, people had been using radios,
- phonograph players, etc. (and soon televisions) home-entertainment
- devices with tube amplifiers for years, but Bell didn't seem to want
- vacuum-tubes in telephones used by the general public, thus the
- 'plucked reed' method of tone-generation!
-
- Widespread use of MF-KP was being replaced with CCIS#6 beginning in
- the mid-1970's, and by SS7 in the late-1980's and onward. CCIS#6 and
- SS7 are 'out-of-voiceband' signaling, while MF-KP was in the voicepath
- (similar to touchtone/DTMF).
-
-
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