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- ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS:
- A NEW RESOURCE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
-
- By
-
- Seth F. Jacobs
- Director, Research Statistics Program
- SEARCH Group, Inc.
-
- and
-
- David J. Roberts
- Deputy Director, Programs
- SEARCH Group, Inc.
- The National Consortium for Justice
- Information and Statistics
- Sacramento, California
-
-
- The past decade witnessed an unprecedented growth in the
- power and speed of microcomputers, while the size and cost of
- this technology diminished steadily. The convergence of these
- seemingly contradictory trends (increasing power, decreasing
- price) enabled even small law enforcement agencies to implement
- sophisticated microcomputer systems.
-
- At the same time, the technical expertise of law
- enforcement personnel grew significantly. In addition to using
- a broad range of commercially available computer hardware and
- software, law enforcement personnel increasingly developed their
- own software applications for such police functions as records
- management, crime analysis, fleet maintenance, and manpower
- scheduling, to name but a few.
-
- And in the years to come, as computer usage in law
- enforcement continues to expand, and personnel become
- technologically sophisticated, the use of microcomputers as
- vehicles for information exchange will increase significantly.
- One key area of growth in this regard is the electronic bulletin
- board system geared to the needs of criminal justice
- practitioners.
-
- WHAT A BBS CAN PROVIDE
-
- An electronic bulletin board system (BBS) enables users to
- exchange information, post notices, send and receive electronic
- mail, share software, and query online databases. Like the
- traditional wall-bound bulletin board, a BBS serves as a central
- meeting place for information exchange and resource sharing.
-
- With no more than a microcomputer, a modem, and a
- communications package, criminal justice agencies, regardless of
- size or location, can access a variety of BBS systems, which
- serve as national communication networks. By providing easy
- access and remote communication, BBS systems foster the
- development of an informal technical assistance network through
- which criminal justice practitioners of all levels of expertise
- can assist each other on a broad range of topics.
-
- Thousands of these bulletin board systems exist in the
- United States, supporting everything from computer games to the
- information needs of major corporations. Among these systems
- are hundreds of criminal justice-oriented bulletin boards.
-
- Local police departments, Federal agencies, nonprofit
- organizations, private companies, and private citizens operate
- these bulletin board systems, which were identified through an
- informal survey conducted by the authors. The availability of
- low-cost, shareware bulletin board packages that operate on
- microcomputers enables small agencies, or even individuals, to
- access bulletin boards.
-
- Electronic Mail
-
- Electronic mail, or "e-mail," enables users to exchange
- (i.e., both send and receive) messages with other bulletin board
- users. Messages can be addressed to a specific person, or to
- all system users. Most bulletin boards have a central message
- area for exchange of e-mail on general topics. Some bulletin
- boards also maintain one or more specialized "conferences"
- that users can join to exchange information on specific topics
- (e.g., DNA profiling and artificial intelligence). These
- conferences operate as mini-BBS systems, sharing messages only
- among registered conference members, and typically have
- chairpersons or moderators, who keep messages focused on the
- specific agenda of the conference.
-
- Electronic mail dramatically expands the technical
- assistance resources available to users by linking criminal
- justice practitioners throughout the Nation. The operational
- experience of users on a variety of issues can easily be shared,
- creating an "institutional memory" that allows departments to
- build upon each other's work.
-
- Unlike structured information systems, there are few
- restrictions on the substance or format of electronic mail
- messages. Any questions or ideas that can be expressed in
- written form can be entered. (1)
-
- Bulletin board systems function as effective delivery
- mechanisms for technical assistance among criminal justice
- agencies throughout the Nation. However, BBS systems do more
- than just facilitate communication. They encourage the
- development of an "electronic community" through which users can
- freely exchange information that may not otherwise be available,
- or would be too time-consuming to obtain through conventional
- channels.
-
- Software
-
- Bulletin board systems also serve as a central repository
- for software applications developed by operational users.
- Typically, such programs are not broadly disseminated, though
- they frequently have application beyond the agency for which
- they are developed. (2) Since law enforcement agencies
- frequently face similar information management issues, a
- solution developed by one agency may be relevant to the
- operation of others.
-
- Practitioners who develop their own software often share it
- with others at little or no cost. Some developers leave their
- software in the public domain, free to anyone who may find it of
- value, while others request payment through a nominal
- registration fee. The registration fee may also entitle the
- user to system documentation and free upgrades. This latter
- form of software is commonly referred to as "shareware."
-
- Although the cost of shareware systems is typically very
- low, the quality sometimes rivals commercial software
- applications. Examples of effective criminal justice shareware
- packages currently available include a traffic citation system,
- a patrol car allocation package, and an intelligence database.
-
- Bulletin boards also provide direct communication among
- software users, and between users and developers. This
- communication encourages users to share utilities and other
- routines developed as adjuncts to operating systems, as well as
- the modification and development of shareware packages along
- lines most useful to the criminal justice community. Over
- several years, the cumulative impact of this increased feedback
- and reduced duplication could dramatically improve the quality
- of criminal justice shareware.
-
- Database "Doors"
-
- Another feature of bulletin board systems is their ability
- to provide users with online access to databases through "doors"
- that link the two systems. A database is an organized
- collection of data, such as mailing lists, field interrogation
- cards, or crime reports. Properly constructed, a computerized
- database functioning as part of an information storage and
- retrieval system allows authorized users to obtain needed
- information quickly. Although the criminal justice system is
- just beginning to exploit this capability, it is clear that
- almost any information that can be stored in a database can be
- accessed through a bulletin board.
-
- A database currently available to criminal justice
- practitioners is the Automated Index of Criminal Justice
- Information Systems. (3) The Automated Index enables criminal
- justice practitioners to identify quickly and easily information
- systems appropriate to their needs. It contains detailed
- information on criminal justice agencies (e.g., size and
- structure, computer hardware and operating systems, automated
- functions, and the criminal justice software packages used by
- each agency), as well as commercial and shareware information
- systems (e.g., required hardware and operating systems, support
- services and product features, modules available, and a list of
- agencies currently using the software). The Automated Index
- enables users to identify systems that meet specific criteria
- and to talk with agencies currently using those systems.
-
- Publications
-
- Electronic bulletin boards also function as extremely
- low-cost disseminating points for publications. Published
- periodicals, court opinions, and administrative orders can be
- placed on the system as soon as the text is finalized. Users
- may read articles online or download any or all articles of
- interest. While the actual layout of an electronic version may
- differ slightly from the hardcopy (e.g., photographs will not be
- included), the substance of each article--the text--is the same.
-
- Electronic dissemination of reports is especially effective
- for governmental agencies whose principle goal is to maximize
- dissemination of information rather than generate sales. In
- fact, several criminal justice agencies already disseminate
- their publications through a bulletin board. (4) Their readers
- gain immediate access to publications, and this dissemination is
- accomplished at a much lower cost than for printed materials.
-
- EQUIPMENT
-
- To access a bulletin board system, a user must have a
- microcomputer or terminal, a modem, a communications package, and
- a telephone line. As long as the communications package is
- properly configured, (5) virtually any microcomputer can be used
- to log onto any bulletin board system without regard to the
- hardware in use by the host. It might not be possible, however,
- for a local microcomputer to take full advantage of a bulletin
- board system operating on a radically different host computer.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- Microcomputer-based bulletin board systems dedicated to the
- criminal justice profession offer a responsive and
- cost-effective means of addressing the information needs of law
- enforcement agencies. Available 24 hours a day, criminal
- justice bulletin boards provide a computer-based forum for
- officers to communicate, receive, and provide technical
- assistance, share software, review articles, and query criminal
- justice databases. By creating this "electronic community,"
- bulletin boards enable law enforcement professionals to work
- together to find common solutions to their information needs.
-
-
- FOOTNOTES
-
- (1) Message length limitations, however, do exist, but
- vary, among systems. Additionally, some BBS administrators may
- impose content limitations on messages.
-
- (2) Shareware packages occasionally are infected with
- computer viruses. While recipients should always check software
- and ensure that adequate protections exist, the risk of such
- problems can be greatly reduced by obtaining shareware only from
- reputable bulletin board systems.
-
- (3) The Automated Index of Criminal Justice Information
- Systems is available via the SEARCH-BBS (916) 392-4640. In
- addition, data from the automated index has been compiled in a
- publication, "1990 Directory of Automated Criminal Justice
- Systems, Volumes I-V." Each volume is dedicated to a specific
- discipline in criminal justice: Corrections (vol. I); courts
- (vol. II); law enforcement (vol. III); probation and parole
- (vol. IV); and prosecution (vol. V). The directories are
- available from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service
- at (800) 851-3420.
-
- (4) Selected reports of the U.S. Department of Justice are
- available through the NCJRS BBS, which can be reached at (301)
- 738-8895. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin is available through
- the SEARCH-BBS, as are press releases and selected publications
- of the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
- and the Bureau of Justice Assistance. Selected articles from
- the Court Technology Bulletin, a publication of the National
- Center for State Courts, are also available on the SEARCH-BBS.
-
- (5) A communications package is a software program that
- establishes the linkage between the local and remote computer by
- setting several parameters. Most users will be able to log onto
- a bulletin board system if the databit, stopbit, and parity
- parameters are set properly. Most bulletin board systems use 8
- databits, 1 stopbit, and no parity. A few, CompuServe for
- example, use 7 databits, 1 stopbit, and even parity.
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