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Wrap

Text File | 1999-11-04 | 33.0 KB | 1,928 lines

== Phrack 49 == Volume Seven, Issue Forty-Nine File 15 of 16 -------------------------------------- by Uriel Maimon Introduction During the course of time, there has risen a demand to know the services a certain host offers. The field of portscanning rose to offer a solution to this need. At first, implementations such as SATAN, connected to each tcp port using the full three-way-handshake (opening a full tcp connection). The upside to this method is that the user who is scanning does not need to custom build the ip packet he is scanning with, because he uses standard system calls, and does not need root access (generally a uid of 0 is needed to use SOCK_RAW, /dev/bpf,/dev/nit and so forth) the major down side to this method is that it is easily detectable and also easily detered, using any number of methods, most notably the TCP Wrappers made by Wietse Venema. The next step was of course SYN-scanning or 'half open scanning' which implies that a full tcp connection is never established. The process of establishing a tcp connection is three phased: the originating party first sends a TCP packet with the SYN flag on, then the target party sends a TCP packet with the flags SYN and ACK on if the port is open, or, if the port is closed, the target party resets the connection with the RST flag. The third phase of the negotiation is when the originating party sends a final TCP packet with the ACK flag on (all these packets, of course, have the corresponding sequence numbers, ack numbers, etc). The connection is now open. A SYN-scanner only sends the first packet in the three-way-handshake, the SYN packet, and waits for the SYN|ACK or a RST. When it receives one of the two it knows whether or not the port is listening. The major advantage to this method is that it is not detected by normal logs such as "SATAN detectors" or Wiestse's tcp_wrappers. The main disadvantages are: 1. This method can still be detected by certian loggers that log SYN connection attempts ('tcplog' for example), and can still be detected by netstat(1). 2. The sender, under most operating systems, needs to custom build the entire IP packet for this kind of scanning (I don't know of any operating system under which this is not true, if you know of one, please let me know). This requires access to SOCK_RAW (getprotbyname('raw'); under most systems) or /dev/bpf (Berkeley packet filter), /dev/nit (Sun 'Network Interface Tap') etc. This usually requires root or privileged group access. 3. A great deal of firewalls who would filter out this scan, will not filter out the StealthScan(TM) (all rights reserved to vicious little red blow ficiouz deliciouz (kosher) chicken surpass INC PLC LTD). A note about UDP portscanning In this article I will ignore UDP portscanning for the simple reason that it lacks the complexity of tcp; it is not a connection oriented stream protocol but rather a connectionless datagram protocol. To scan a UDP port to see if it is listening, simply send any UDP packet to the port. You will receive an ICMP 'Destination Port Unreachable' packet if the port is not listening. To the best of my knowledge this is the only way to scan UDP ports. I will be glad to be corrected -- if anyone knows of a different method please E-mail me. The Stealth Scan This method relies on bad net code in the BSD code. Since most of the networking code in most any operating system today is BSD netcode or a derivative thereof it works on most systems. (A most obvious exception to this is Cisco routers... Gosh! GOOD networking code ?!?@$! HERESY! Alan Cox will have a heart attack when he hears of this!) Disadvantages of this technique: 1. The IP packet must still be custom built. I see no solution for this problem, unless some really insecure system calls will be put in. I see no real need for this because SLIP/PPP services are so common these days, getting super user access on a machine is not a problem any more. 2. This method relies on bugs in net code. This can and probably will be fixed in the near future. (Shhhhhh. Don't tell Alan Cox. He hates good efficient networking code.) OpenBSD, for example, has already fixed this bug. 3. The outcome of a scan is never known, and the outcome is not similar over different architectures and operating systems. It is not reliable. Main advantages of this method over the other methods: 1. Very difficult to log. Even once the method is known, devising a logging method without fixing the actual bug itself is problematic. 2. Can circumvent some firewalls. 3. Will not show up on netstat(1). 4. Does not consist of any part of the standard TCP three-way-handshake. 5. Several different methods consisting of the same principle. The actual algorithm: I use TCP packets with the ACK, and FIN flags turned on. I use these simply because they are packets that should always return RST on an unopened connection sent to a port. From now on I refer to such packets as 'RST' , 'FIN', or 'ACK' packets. method #1: Send a FIN packet. If the destination host returns a RST then the port is closed, if there is no return RST then the port is listening. The fact that this method works on so many hosts is a sad testimonial to the state of the networking code in most operating system kernels. method #2 Send an ACK packet. If the returning packets ttl is lower than in the rest of the RST packets received, or if the window size is greater than zero, the port is probably listening. (Note on the ttl: This bug is almost understandable. Every function in IP is a routing function. With every interface change, the packets ttl is subtracted by one. In the case of an open port, the ttl was decremented when it was received and examined, but when it was 'noticed' the flag was not a SYN, a RST was sent, with a ttl one lower then if the port had simply been closed. This might not be the case. I have not checked this theory against the BSD networking code. Feel free to correct me. Uriel /* * scantcp.c * * version 1.32 * * Scans for listening TCP ports by sending packets to them and waiting for * replies. Relys upon the TCP specs and some TCP implementation bugs found * when viewing tcpdump logs. * * As always, portions recycled (eventually, with some stops) from n00k.c * (Wow, that little piece of code I wrote long ago still serves as the base * interface for newer tools) * * Technique: * 1. Active scanning: not supported - why bother. * * 2. Half-open scanning: * a. send SYN * b. if reply is SYN|ACK send RST, port is listening * c. if reply is RST, port is not listening * * 3. Stealth scanning: (works on nearly all systems tested) * a. sends FIN * b. if RST is returned, not listening. * c. otherwise, port is probably listening. * * (This bug in many TCP implementations is not limited to FIN only; in fact * many other flag combinations will have similar effects. FIN alone was * selected because always returns a plain RST when not listening, and the * code here was fit to handle RSTs already so it took me like 2 minutes * to add this scanning method) * * 4. Stealth scanning: (may not work on all systems) * a. sends ACK * b. waits for RST * c. if TTL is low or window is not 0, port is probably listening. * * (stealth scanning was created after I watched some tcpdump logs with * these symptoms. The low-TTL implementation bug is currently believed * to appear on Linux only, the non-zero window on ACK seems to exists on * all BSDs.) * * CHANGES: * -------- * 0. (v1.0) * - First code, worked but was put aside since I didn't have time nor * need to continue developing it. * 1. (v1.1) * - BASE CODE MOSTLY REWRITTEN (the old code wasn't that maintainable) * - Added code to actually enforce the usecond-delay without usleep() * (replies might be lost if usleep()ing) * 2. (v1.2) * - Added another stealth scanning method (FIN). * Tested and passed on: * AIX 3 * AIX 4 * IRIX 5.3 * SunOS 4.1.3 * System V 4.0 * Linux * FreeBSD * Solaris * * Tested and failed on: * Cisco router with services on ( IOS 11.0) * * 3. (v1.21) * - Code commented since I intend on abandoning this for a while. * * 4. (v1.3) * - Resending for ports that weren't replied for. * (took some modifications in the internal structures. this also * makes it possible to use non-linear port ranges * (say 1-1024 and 6000)) * * 5. (v1.31) * - Flood detection - will slow up the sending rate if not replies are * recieved for STCP_THRESHOLD consecutive sends. Saves alot of resends * on easily-flooded networks. * * 6. (v1.32) * - Multiple port ranges support. * The format is: |[,|,...] * * Examples: 20-26,113 * 20-100,113-150,6000,6660-6669 * * PLANNED: (when I have time for this) * ------------------------------------ * (v2.x) - Multiple flag combination selections, smart algorithm to point * out uncommon replies and cross-check them with another flag * */ #define RESOLVE_QUIET #include <stdio.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/ip_tcp.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <signal.h> #include <errno.h> #include "resolve.c" #include "tcppkt03.c" #define STCP_VERSION "1.32" #define STCP_PORT 1234 /* Our local port. */ #define STCP_SENDS 3 #define STCP_THRESHOLD 8 #define STCP_SLOWFACTOR 10 /* GENERAL ROUTINES ------------------------------------------- */ void banner(void) { printf("\nscantcp\n"); printf("version %s\n",STCP_VERSION); } void usage(const char *progname) { printf("\nusage: \n"); printf("%s <method> <source> <dest> <ports> <udelay> <delay> [sf]\n\n",progname); printf("\t : 0: half-open scanning (type 0, SYN)\n"); printf("\t 1: stealth scanning (type 1, FIN)\n"); printf("\t 2: stealth scanning (type 2, ACK)\n"); printf("\t<source> : source address (this host)\n"); printf("\t<dest> : target to scan\n"); printf("\t<ports> : ports/and or ranges to scan - eg: 21-30,113,6000\n"); printf("\t<udelay> : microseconds to wait between TCP sends\n"); printf("\t<delay> : seconds to wait for TCP replies\n"); printf("\t[sf] : slow-factor in case sends are dectected to be too fast\n\n"); } /* OPTION PARSING etc ---------------------------------------- */ unsigned char *dest_name; unsigned char *spoof_name; struct sockaddr_in destaddr; unsigned long dest_addr; unsigned long spoof_addr; unsigned long usecdelay; unsigned waitdelay; int slowfactor = STCP_SLOWFACTOR; struct portrec /* the port-data structure */ { unsigned n; int state; unsigned char ttl; unsigned short int window; unsigned long int seq; char sends; } *ports; char *portstr; unsigned char scanflags; int done; int rawsock; /* socket descriptors */ int tcpsock; int lastidx = 0; /* last sent index */ int maxports; /* total number of ports */ void timeout(int signum) /* timeout handler */ { /* this is actually the data */ int someopen = 0; /* analyzer function. werd. */ unsigned lastsent; int checklowttl = 0; struct portrec *p; printf("* SCANNING IS OVER\n\n"); fflush(stdout); done = 1; for (lastsent = 0;lastsentstate == -1) if (p->ttl > 64) { checklowttl = 1; break; } } /* the above loop checks whether there's need to report low-ttl packets */ for (lastsent = 0;lastsentn); tcpip_send(rawsock,&destaddr, spoof_addr,destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, STCP_PORT,ntohs(destaddr.sin_port), TH_RST, p->seq++, 0, 512, NULL, 0); } /* just RST -everything- sent */ /* this inclued packets a reply */ /* (even RST) was recieved for */ for (lastsent = 0;lastsentstate) { case -1: break; case 1 : printf("# port %d is listening.\n",p->n); someopen++; break; case 2 : printf("# port %d maybe listening (unknown response).\n", p->n); someopen++; break; default: printf("# port %d needs to be rescanned.\n",p->n); } break; case TH_ACK: switch (p->state) { case -1: if (((p->ttl < 65) && checklowttl) || (p->window >0)) { printf("# port %d maybe listening",p->n); if (p->ttl < 65) printf(" (low ttl)"); if (p->window >0) printf(" (big window)"); printf(".\n"); someopen++; } break; case 1: case 2: printf("# port %d has an unexpected response.\n", p->n); break; default: printf("# port %d needs to be rescanned.\n",p->n); } break; case TH_FIN: switch (p->state) { case -1: break; case 0 : printf("# port %d maybe open.\n",p->n); someopen++; break; default: printf("# port %d has an unexpected response.\n",p->n); } } } printf("-----------------------------------------------\n"); printf("# total ports open or maybe open: %d\n\n",someopen); free(ports); exit(0); /* heh. */ } int resolve_one(const char *name, unsigned long *addr, const char *desc) { struct sockaddr_in tempaddr; if (resolve(name, &tempaddr,0) == -1) { printf("error: can't resolve the %s.\n",desc); return -1; } *addr = tempaddr.sin_addr.s_addr; return 0; } void give_info(void) { printf("# response address : %s (%s)\n",spoof_name,inet_ntoa(spoof_addr)); printf("# target address : %s (%s)\n",dest_name,inet_ntoa(dest_addr)); printf("# ports : %s\n",portstr); printf("# (total number of ports) : %d\n",maxports); printf("# delay between sends : %lu microseconds\n",usecdelay); printf("# delay : %u seconds\n",waitdelay); printf("# flood dectection threshold : %d unanswered sends\n",STCP_THRESHOLD); printf("# slow factor : %d\n",slowfactor); printf("# max sends per port : %d\n\n",STCP_SENDS); } int parse_args(int argc, char *argv[]) { if (strrchr(argv[0],'/') != NULL) argv[0] = strrchr(argv[0],'/') + 1; if (argc < 7) { printf("%s: not enough arguments\n",argv[0]); return -1; } switch (atoi(argv[1])) { case 0 : scanflags = TH_SYN; break; case 1 : scanflags = TH_FIN; break; case 2 : scanflags = TH_ACK; break; default : printf("%s: unknown scanning method\n",argv[0]); return -1; } spoof_name = argv[2]; dest_name = argv[3]; portstr = argv[4]; usecdelay = atol(argv[5]); waitdelay = atoi(argv[6]); if (argc > 7) slowfactor = atoi(argv[7]); if ((usecdelay == 0) && (slowfactor > 0)) { printf("%s: adjusting microsecond-delay to 1usec.\n"); usecdelay++; } return 0; } /* MAIN ------------------------------------------------------ */ int build_ports(char *str) /* build the initial port-database */ { int i; int n; struct portrec *p; int sport; char *s; s = str; maxports = 0; n = 0; while (*s != '\0') { switch (*s) { case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': n *= 10; n += (*s - '0'); break; case '-': if (n == 0) return -1; sport = n; n = 0; break; case ',': if (n == 0) return -1; if (sport != 0) { if (sport >= n) return -1; maxports += n-sport; sport = 0; } else maxports++; n = 0; break; } s++; } if (n == 0) return -1; if (sport != 0) { if (sport >= n) return -1; maxports += n-sport; sport = 0; } else maxports++; maxports+=2; if ((ports = (struct portrec *)malloc((maxports)*sizeof(struct portrec))) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr,"\nerror: not enough memory for port database\n\n"); exit(1); } s = str; maxports = 0; n = 0; while (*s != '\0') { switch (*s) { case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': n *= 10; n += (*s - '0'); break; case '-': if (n == 0) return -1; sport = n; n = 0; break; case ',': if (n == 0) return -1; if (sport != 0) { if (sport >= n) return -1; while (sport <= n) { for (i=0;in == sport) break; if (i < maxports-1 ) printf("notice: duplicate port - %d\n",sport); else { (ports+maxports)->n = sport; maxports++; } sport++; } sport = 0; } else { for (i=0;in == n) break; if (i < maxports-1 ) printf("notice: duplicate port - %d\n",n); else { (ports+maxports)->n = n; maxports++; } } n = 0; break; } s++; } if (n == 0) return -1; if (sport != 0) { if (sport >= n) return -1; while (sport <= n) { for (i=0;in == sport) break; if (i < maxports-1 ) printf("notice: duplicate port - %d\n",sport); else { (ports+maxports)->n = sport; maxports++; } sport++; } sport = 0; } else { for (i=0;in == n) break; if (i < maxports-1 ) printf("notice: duplicate port - %d\n",n); else { (ports+maxports)->n = n; maxports++; } } printf("\n"); for (i=0;istate = 0; p->sends = 0; } return 0; } struct portrec *portbynum(int num) { int i = 0; while ( ((ports+i)->n != num) && (istate != 0) || (p->sends == STCP_SENDS)) { doneports++; lastidx++; lastidx %= maxports; } else break; } if (save) lastidx = oldlastidx; else lastidx = (lastidx + 1) % maxports; if (doneports == maxports) return NULL; return p; } inline unsigned long usecdiff(struct timeval *a, struct timeval *b) { unsigned long s; s = b->tv_sec - a->tv_sec; s *= 1000000; s += b->tv_usec - a->tv_usec; return s; /* return the stupid microsecond diff */ } void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int lastsent = 0; char buf[3000]; struct iphdr *ip = (struct iphdr *)(buf); struct tcphdr *tcp = (struct tcphdr *)(buf+sizeof(struct iphdr)); struct sockaddr_in from; int fromlen; struct portrec *readport; fd_set rset, wset; struct timeval waitsend, now, del; unsigned long udiff; int sendthreshold = 0; banner(); if (parse_args(argc,argv)) { usage(argv[0]); return; } if (resolve_one(dest_name, &dest_addr, "destination host")) exit(1); destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = dest_addr; destaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; if (resolve_one(spoof_name, &spoof_addr, "source host")) exit(1); if ( build_ports(portstr) == -1) { printf("\n%s: bad port string\n",argv[0]); usage(argv[0]); return; } give_info(); if ((tcpsock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1) { printf("\nerror: couldn't get TCP raw socket\n\n"); exit(1); } if ((rawsock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW)) == -1) { printf("\nerror: couldn't get raw socket\n\n"); exit(1); } /* well, let's get to it. */ done = 0; printf("* BEGINNING SCAN\n"); fflush(stdout); gettimeofday(&waitsend,NULL); while (!done) { if (nextport(1) == NULL) { alarm(0); /* no more sends, now we just */ signal(SIGALRM,timeout); /* to wait seconds */ alarm(waitdelay); /* before resetting and giving */ } /* results. */ FD_ZERO(&rset); FD_SET(tcpsock,&rset); gettimeofday(&now,NULL); udiff = usecdiff(&waitsend,&now); /* here comes the multiple choice select(). * well, there are 3 states: * 1. already sent all the packets. * 2. didn't send all the packets, but it's not time for another send * 3. didn't send all the packets and it is time for another send. */ if (nextport(1) != NULL) if (udiff > usecdelay) { FD_ZERO(&wset); FD_SET(rawsock,&wset); select(FD_SETSIZE,&rset,&wset,NULL,NULL); } else { del.tv_sec = 0; del.tv_usec = usecdelay; select(FD_SETSIZE,&rset,NULL,NULL,&del); } else select(FD_SETSIZE,&rset,NULL,NULL,NULL); if (FD_ISSET(tcpsock,&rset)) /* process the reply */ { fromlen = sizeof(from); recvfrom(tcpsock,&buf,3000,0, (struct sockaddr *)&from,&fromlen); if (from.sin_addr.s_addr == destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr) if (ntohs(tcp->th_dport) == STCP_PORT) { printf("* got reply"); readport = portbynum(ntohs(tcp->th_sport)); if (readport == NULL) printf(" -- bad port"); else { sendthreshold = 0; if (!readport->state) { readport->ttl = ip->ttl; readport->window = tcp->th_win; if (tcp->th_flags & TH_RST) { readport->state = -1; printf(" (RST)"); if (readport->ttl < 65) printf(" (short ttl)"); if (readport->window > 0) printf(" (big window)"); } else if (tcp->th_flags & (TH_ACK | TH_SYN)) { readport->state = 1; printf(" (SYN+ACK)"); tcpip_send(rawsock,&destaddr, spoof_addr,destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, STCP_PORT,readport->n, TH_RST, readport->seq++, 0, 512, NULL, 0); } else { readport->state = 2; printf(" (UNEXPECTED)"); tcpip_send(rawsock,&destaddr, spoof_addr,destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, STCP_PORT,readport->n, TH_RST, readport->seq++, 0, 512, NULL, 0); } } else printf(" (duplicate)"); } printf("\n"); fflush(stdout); } } if (nextport(1) != NULL) if (FD_ISSET(rawsock,&wset)) /* process the sends */ { readport = nextport(0); destaddr.sin_port = htons(readport->n); printf("* sending to port %d ",ntohs(destaddr.sin_port)); readport->seq = lrand48(); readport->sends++; tcpip_send(rawsock,&destaddr, spoof_addr,destaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, STCP_PORT,ntohs(destaddr.sin_port), scanflags, readport->seq++, lrand48(), 512, NULL, 0); gettimeofday(&waitsend,NULL); FD_ZERO(&wset); printf("\n"); if ((++sendthreshold > STCP_THRESHOLD) && (slowfactor)) { printf("\n\n -- THRESHOLD CROSSED - SLOWING UP SENDS\n\n"); usecdelay *= slowfactor; sendthreshold = 0; } } } } /* * tcp_pkt.c * * routines for creating TCP packets, and sending them into sockets. * * (version 0.3) * * * BUGFIX: - it seems like the TCP pseudo header checksum was * acting up in serveral cases. * ADDED : - HEXDUMP macro. * - packet dump handling */ /* remove inlines for smaller size but lower speed */ #include <netinet/in.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/tcp.h> #define IPHDRSIZE sizeof(struct iphdr) #define TCPHDRSIZE sizeof(struct tcphdr) #define PSEUDOHDRSIZE sizeof(struct pseudohdr) /* ********** RIPPED CODE START ******************************** */ /* * in_cksum -- * Checksum routine for Internet Protocol family headers (C Version) */ unsigned short in_cksum(addr, len) u_short *addr; int len; { register int nleft = len; register u_short *w = addr; register int sum = 0; u_short answer = 0; /* * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits. */ while (nleft > 1) { sum += *w++; nleft -= 2; } /* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */ if (nleft == 1) { *(u_char *)(&answer) = *(u_char *)w ; sum += answer; } /* add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits */ sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xffff); /* add hi 16 to low 16 */ sum += (sum >> 16); /* add carry */ answer = ~sum; /* truncate to 16 bits */ return(answer); } /* ********** RIPPED CODE END ******************************** */ /* * HEXDUMP() * * not too much to explain */ inline void HEXDUMP(unsigned len, unsigned char *data) { unsigned i; for (i=0;isaddr = s_addr; pseudo->daddr = t_addr; pseudo->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; pseudo->tcplength = htons(TCPHDRSIZE+datasize); /* The TCP pseudo-header was created. */ tcp->th_sport = htons(s_port); tcp->th_dport = htons(t_port); tcp->th_off = 5; /* 20 bytes, (no options) */ tcp->th_flags = tcpflags; tcp->th_seq = htonl(seq); tcp->th_ack = htonl(ack); tcp->th_win = htons(win); /* we don't need any bigger, I guess. */ /* The necessary TCP header fields are set. */ tcp->th_sum = in_cksum(pseudo,PSEUDOHDRSIZE+TCPHDRSIZE+datasize); memset(packet,0,IPHDRSIZE); /* The pseudo-header is wiped to clear the IP header fields */ ip->saddr = s_addr; ip->daddr = t_addr; ip->version = 4; ip->ihl = 5; ip->ttl = 255; ip->id = random()%1996; ip->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; /* should be 6 */ ip->tot_len = htons(IPHDRSIZE + TCPHDRSIZE + datasize); ip->check = in_cksum((char *)packet,IPHDRSIZE); /* The IP header is intact. The packet is ready. */ #ifdef TCP_PKT_DEBUG printf("Packet ready. Dump: \n"); #ifdef TCP_PKT_DEBUG_DATA HEXDUMP(IPHDRSIZE+TCPHDRSIZE+datasize,packet); #else HEXDUMP(IPHDRSIZE+TCPHDRSIZE,packet); #endif printf("\n"); #endif return sendto(socket, packet, IPHDRSIZE+TCPHDRSIZE+datasize, 0, (struct sockaddr *)address, sizeof(struct sockaddr)); /* And off into the raw socket it goes. */ } /* * resolve.c * * resolves an internet text address into (struct sockaddr_in). * * CHANGES: 1. added the RESOLVE_QUIET preprocessor conditions. Jan 1996 * 2. added resolve_rns() to always provide both name/ip. March 1996 */ #include <sys/types.h> #include <string.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <netinet/in.h> int resolve( const char *name, struct sockaddr_in *addr, int port ) { struct hostent *host; /* clear everything in case I forget something */ bzero(addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); if (( host = gethostbyname(name) ) == NULL ) { #ifndef RESOLVE_QUIET fprintf(stderr,"unable to resolve host \"%s\" -- ",name); perror(""); #endif return -1; } addr->sin_family = host->h_addrtype; memcpy((caddr_t)&addr->sin_addr,host->h_addr,host->h_length); addr->sin_port = htons(port); return 0; } int resolve_rns( char *name , unsigned long addr ) { struct hostent *host; unsigned long address; address = addr; host = gethostbyaddr((char *)&address,4,AF_INET); if (!host) { #ifndef RESOLVE_QUIET fprintf(stderr,"unable to resolve host \"%s\" -- ",inet_ntoa(addr)); perror(""); #endif return -1; } strcpy(name,host->h_name); return 0; } unsigned long addr_to_ulong(struct sockaddr_in *addr) { return addr->sin_addr.s_addr; }