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┌──────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ TAKE OFF! │
│ │
│ March 1992 Edition │
│ Volume 1 │
│ │
└──────────────────────────┘
« A monthly newsletter for PC Armchair Pilots. »
Editor: Chang G. Chae
Assistant Editor: Lorna Anton
Notes from the editor
---------------------
Welcome to the first issue of TAKE OFF! This newsletter is exclusively
dedicated to the PC Armchair pilots who love to fly the world of computer
flight simulators. It is designed to provide up-to-date information in the
flight simulator field with accurate, helpful, and informative reviews of
both commercial and shareware flight sims.
I understand that there are many computer game magazines, but none of them
exclusively deals with flight simulators; most of them review almost all
kinds of computer entertainment software, as their names reflect. Before I
go into detail about how I got started writing this newsletter, I must
confess that I'm not quite sure whether there are any magazines or
newsletters which deal with flight simulators only. Therefore, if any
of you think that I have made a wrong claim, please understand my faults.
I decided to write this newsletter because of the fact that I LOVE to fly
flight simulators on my PC, but besides that, I wanted to provide reviews
of many 'buried' scenery files created by many other users. In fact, there
are so many of these files, that it's very hard for other people to find good
scenery files. Of course, this newsletter is not for only Microsoft Flight
Simulator; it is for all the flight simulators around, and Armchair pilots out
there who love to fly using their computers.
Since this is the first issue, I believe that readers might find typos,
errors, or inaccurate information being presented. If you find such
errors, please let me know, so that I can correct the problems in future
issues. Also not all the information in this newsletter is from my
brain; much of it is from other users, books, etc. If I print anything
that is not written by me, I will give the credits.
Lastly, this newsletter is for YOU, the PC pilots!! If you have any comments
or complaints, send mail to the address on the last page, or send me an e-mail
care of the addresses on the last page, as well. I hope you will enjoy reading
this newsletter as much as I did writing it.
Chang G. Chae
Page 1.
Review
------
In this section I am going to review the scenery files for MS Flight
Simulator 4.0. I will try to review the new scenery files, but as there
are many other good scenery files already created, I will do my best to keep
up with these files.
The files in this section are ONLY for Microsoft Flight Simulator 4.0 and
its companion, Aircraft and Scenery Designer, also by Microsoft Co.
----------------
Van Nuys Scenery
----------------
Author : David Bartholomew
Scenery Disk required: No
Things Required : MS FS4 and Aircraft & Scenery Designer
Rating : 8.2 (10 points is the best, 0 is the worst)
If you live in or near Los Angeles County, you will probably want to add
this to your scenery collection. It includes most of the areas in the San
Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, California, where the author lives.
He even added his house in the scenery, and some nice touches, such as the
golf course which is located south of Van Nuys, the Lockheed plant, and
Burbank Airport. The main scenery centers around Van Nuys Airport. The author
has put a lot of effort into making this scenery as accurate as possible.
According to the author, he used the FAA Los Angeles TCA map to create this
scenery. There is a minor problem with the scenery, however. It does not
represent the scenery very accurately; instead the author made some slight
changes to the scenery where needed, and some buildings are left out.
The runways are detailed, with control tower, hangars, vehicles, and some
other planes. All these elements make the airport area look busy, keeping it
alive! However, be aware that all these elements can slow down your computer,
but it's not too much to worry about if you have at least a 386DX-25 as there
aren't many buildings in the area.
It doesn't have detailed streets, nor does it have any moving traffic on the
freeway, but it makes things much more smoother than other scenery files
packed with detailed streets, or buildings. If you know the area well,
you would be pleased to fly this scenery.
All in all, this is an impressive scenery. The author has done a nice job.
Page 2.
Commercial Flight Simulators
----------------------------
In this section, I will review one of the commercial flight simulators
available right now. I will try to be as accurate as possible, and cover
most features in the game being reviewed.
------------
Gunship 2000
------------
Publisher : MicroProse
Programmer : Darrell Dennies & Detmar Peterke
Graphics : EGA & VGA
Memory : 640 KB
Hard Disk Req : Yes
SoundBoard : Tandy, Roland & Adlib
Retail Price : $ 69.95
Rating : 8.9
Gunship 2000 by Micro Prose is a remarkable software, and the only
multi-helicopter combat simulator available on the market today. Gunship
2000 is a sequel to the original Gunship published in 1988 by Micro Prose.
At first glance, you might not be impressed by its graphics, but as time
goes you will start to like it! GS2000 has very detailed low altitude level
graphics, which is an essential ingredient for helicopter simulators. You
might have to sacrifice frame rates for the details, or vice versa.
There are 8 types of gunships you can choose from, but 3 of them, AH-66A
Commanche Gunship, AH-66A Commanche Scout, and AH-64B Longbow Apache Gunship,
are not available until you become a 1st Lt. The others are: AH-64A Apache,
Oh-58D Kiowa Warrior, AH-1W Cobra, UH-60K/L Blackhawk, and MD530G Defender.
You will also have a co-pilot, who can be disabled by turning the option
switch off. I suggest you use the co-pilot until you are used to the control
of helicopters.
It supports digitized speech as well (Co-pilot, and you must have a sound
board), and there are two war theatres to choose from: Persian Gulf, and
Central Europe. The flight characteristics of each helicopter are not very
realistic even if you choose realistic flight option, but nonetheless, it's
not easy to fly! For instance you can make 60 degrees bank turns without
crashing the helicopter, and your wingmen will fly faster than you do, no
matter how you fly, or if you and your wingmen are flying along different
flight paths. Despite the criticisms I have made, Gunship 2000 is certainly
the best if not the only multi-helicopter simulator available. Micro Prose
has done another remarkable job. Highly recommended.
Page 3.
Hints or tips
-------------
This section is for tips or hints which would be helpful for playing a
flight simulator, and since I have reviewed Gunship 2000, I will write some
tips for this particular sim in this issue.
In this game, you start as a Warrant Officer 1, and are then promoted
after some successful missions. Until you reach the rank of 1st Lt, you have
to fly alone, but don't be rushy about promotion, as you will have to learn
how to fly and attack effectively through the training missions.
Real fun starts when you get promoted to 1st Lt, or higher. You receive
4 other pilots who will be your wingmen, fresh from training school (yeah,
they are rookies!). For the first few missions, you should avoid sending
them in separate ways. At least 2 of them should fly closely, so that they
can help each other when one of them is in trouble. You also have to think
of a good strategy before you set off. Read your mission assignments sheet
carefuly, and load your helicopter and your wingmen's with appropriate weapons
for that mission. Don't start the mission with 16 Hellfires, and nothing else
loaded, when the intelligence report says there is heavy activity of enemy
aircraft! You will at least need a couple of Stingers, or Sidewinders!
As for the advanced captains, you don't really have to send out a scout
before starting off. If the primary and secondly targets are to be destroyed,
give your wingmen the best gunships available, and load them with Hellfires,
and a couple of anti-aircraft missiles. When the mission starts, send each
of them in separate ways to the target, to elminate all the potential threats,
and to clear up the way back home! If any of your wingmen's tail rotors is
damaged, or they are out of weapons, send them back to the base immediately
by the safest route. Do not send them into the battlefield if they are
seriously damaged! You have to take care of experienced pilots if you don't
want to go thorough the trouble of training rookies!
I will write more tips in the next issue, so keep watching! Fly low, and
keep your eye on the fuel gauge!
Page 4.
Beginner's Corner
-----------------
This section is devoted to the beginners who are new to the world of
computer flight simulators. Much of the information in this section is from
the Information Manual, and Flight Handbook by Microsoft Co.
If you are a beginner or have a question write me at the address on
the last page of this issue. Once again, if you find anything that is
inaccurate or wrong, please let me know.
Terms explained:
Flight Simulator: It generally refers to the simulators made for training
pilots before actually letting them to fly the real
airplane. These simulators use computer generated landscapes
on big screens, or computer monitors, to simulate real
world situations, such as storm, air combat, or any
difficult or easy situations.
In the PC (personal computer) world, it generally means the
commercial flight simulators, for entertainment, which does
not require expensive equipment. To list some of them,
Microsoft Flight Simulator 4.0, Falcon 3.0, Gunship 2000,
and Chuck Yeager's Air Combat.
FAA: Stands for Federal Aviation Administration. This agency,
under the direction of the Department of Transportation, is
responsible for maintaining safe and efficient use of the
nation's airspace by military and civil aviators, for
fostering civil aeronautics and air commerce in the U.S. and
abroad, and for supporting the requirements of national
defense.
ATC: Air Traffic Control. The ground-based radio network con-
sisting of Ground control (controls taxiing to and from the
active runway), Tower (controls the runway itself, giving
permission to land and take off), Departure (controls air-
craft departing from a specific airfield), Center (controls
the airspace at higher altitudes), and Approach (controls
those aircraft arriving into the airspace immediately
surrounding the airfield).
Page 5.
How the airplane actually flies:
--------------------------------
There are four components that must be balanced when flying an airplane:
lift, drag, thrust, and weight. This four-force relationship is more complex
than it first appears because the forces interact under the pilot's control.
Lift: Lift is influenced by two things: how fast you go, and your angle of
attack to the oncoming air-generally how far you pitch up and raise the
aircraft's nose.
Flying faster will produce more lift, and if you have greater angle of
attack, it will also produce more lift.
You can only go so far on the angle of attack, however, before the wing
"stalls," and you have no lift at all. This happens at an angle of
attack between 9 and 20 degrees, depending on the wing cross section
(airfoil) design.
Drag: Drag is the resistance that pulls the plane back and balances out the
thrust from the engin. Drag increases as your speed increases,
proportional to the square of the belocity. Basically, if you go twice
as fast, you have four times as much drag.
Thrust: Thrust moves the plane forward through the air. It makes the plane go
faster until drag is equal to thrust, and that's as fast as you can go.
Stability, Weight, and Balance:
Most airplanes have two sets of wings-one set in front and a small set
in back. Two sets of wings, are needed for the stability of the plane.
An airplane must fly straight and smoothly through the air for its wings
to work properly. Tyhis happens because of the weathervane effect- the
tendency to pivot around a pivot point(the center of gravity on an air-
plane) until the airfoils are in back of the pivot point in relation to
the oncoming wind. To make an airplane stable, you must put the wings
begind the plane's center of gravity.
This also makes an aircraft want to nose over. To prevent this, a small
wing can be added to the bakc of the plane to push the tail down and
balance the foreces. This wing is also behind the center of gravity so
that it too, acts in a positive, weathervane way.
There are two points to note here. The interesting point is that the
front wing pushes up, and th rear one pushes down. the important one is
that when you go on a trip, especially a long cross-country one with a
lot of baggage and friends, be careful how you load your aircraft. If
you put too much weight in the rear and get the center of gravity behind
your center of lift, your plane is no longer stable and will not want to
fly.
Condensed from Information Manual, and Flight Handbook by MS Co.
Page 6.
Physics behind:
--------------
The lift on an aircraft wing can also be explained, in part, by the Bernoulli
effect. Airplane wings are designed such that the air speed above the wing is
greater than the air speed below the wing. As a result, the air pressure above
the iwng is less than the air pressure below the wing and there is a net
upward foce on the wing, called the lift. The wing has a slight upward tilt
which causes air molecules striking the bottom to be deflected downward. The
air molecules bouncing off the wing at the bottom produces an upward force on
the wing and a significant lift on the aircraft. Finally, turbulence also
produces an effect. If the wing is tilted too much, the flow of air cross the
upper surface of the wing becomes turbulent, and the pressure difference
across the wing is not as great as that predicted by Bernoulli's equation. In
an extreme case, this turbulence may cause the aircraft to stall.
Fact:
**** Bernoulli's equation.****
1
P + --- pv^2 + pgy = constant
2
Bernoulli's equation says that the sum of the pressure P, the kinetic
energy per unit volume unit( 1/2*pv^2), and potential energy per unit volume
(pgy), has the same value at all points along a streamline.
Written by: Chang G. Chae.
Page 7.
Last words from the editor:
---------------------------
Well, now it's the end of the first issue of Take Off! I hope you enjoyed
reading this newsletter. I have put a lot of time and efforts (well, may be
not a lot, but at least I have spent more than 10 hours to finish this) for
creating this newsletter.
This was one of the hardest work I have ever done, and it certainly makes me
feel good that I have finished something that was very challenging to me. Most
articles in this issue are entirely written by myself, but in future, I will
try to print more articles, and reviews, by many other users. So, if you have
any submissions, you are welcome to send them to me!
I tried to spend more time on flying and testing the programs, I have
reviewed here, but I just have too many other things to do, and that might
have made me to disgrade the quality of this newsletter, which otherwise would
have been better.
If any programmers, authors of scenery files, or flight simulators, want
me to review their programs, may send me the latest version of their softwares
with some descriptions. I will be most glad to review them, so do not hestiate
to send them! By the way, if you think that you can review a software better,
than I can, just send me your submission, I will publish them too! As a
reminder, don't forget that this is for you and by you people, so if you are
willing to help me in anyway, please do so. With your help, I can make the up-
coming newsletters better and better, and many other people will benefit from
them, too.
Oh, I almost forgot to mention that I will run the ad for any BBSs or groups
that mainly support flight simulators, for free. (Anyway, this newsletter is
not created to make money!)
Lastly, my special thanks goes to the assistant editor Lorna, without her
help, this newsletter would have never been able to see the light. If you have
comments, or complaints, write to the address provided on the next page.
See ya all, in a month of time!!!!!
Written by: Chang G. Chae
P.S. The latest issue of Take Off! is available on CompuServe Information
System, Grinder Bulletin Board System (805-583-5833, 1200,2400,9600
USR HST Dual Standard), Nomad Bulletin Board System (805-498-3500, 1200,
2400,9600 v32).
On CIS it's always available in Flight Simulator Forum Library 1.
Page 8.
Address of the editor:
----------------------
Chang G. Chae
59 Memorial Parkway
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
Attn: Take Off!
You can also contact me by E-mail through CIS network.
ID: 70541,2301
Page 10.