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Programming Notes on the 256TC Thesσ note≤ havσ beeε compileΣ froφ variou≤ source≤ anΣ havσ ì beeε designeΣ t∩ aiΣ thσ develope≥ t∩ producσ softwarσ whicΦ wil∞ ì ruε efficientl∙ oε Microbee'≤ ne≈ 256T├ mode∞ microcomputer« I⌠ ì als∩ aim≤ t∩ givσ hiφ hel≡ iε maintaininτ compatibilit∙ witΦ ì olde≥ mode∞ Microbees« Thσ note≤ arσ iε threσ section≤ - thσ ì firs⌠ deal≤ witΦ thσ ne≈ keyboard¼ thσ seconΣ witΦ colou≥ anΣ ì graphic≤ anΣ thσ thirΣ deal≤ witΦ ho≈ t∩ usσ ZBASIC¼ ß versioε oµ ì MicroWorlΣ BASI├ v6.22σ whicΦ i≤ compatiblσ witΦ mos⌠ operatinτ ì systems. Thesσ note≤ havσ beeε issueΣ witΦ aε accompanyinτ disδ whicΦ ì contain≤ program≤ anΣ routine≤ whicΦ ma∙ als∩ bσ oµ somσ usσ t∩ ì developers« Al∞ routine≤ giveε iε thesσ programminτ note≤ caε bσ ì founΣ oε thσ accompanyinτ disδ eithe≥ iε thσ filσ ROUTINES.PA╦ iµ ì the∙ arσ assembl∙ language¼ o≥ a≤ separatσ .MW┬ file≤ iµ the∙ arσ ì BASIC« Al∞ assembl∙ languagσ routine≤ havσ beeε designeΣ t∩ bσ ì assembleΣ b∙ thσ MACRO-8░ assembler« Somσ modificatioε ma∙ bσ ì necessar∙ fo≥ othe≥ assemblers. INDEX Section Page I The 256TC Keyboard 2 II Colour & Graphics 18 III Using ZBASIC 32 .paèSECTION I : The Keyboard Introduction Thσ 256T├ Microbeσ use≤ ß ne≈ keyboard« Thi≤ ne≈ keyboarΣ ì represent≤ ß significan⌠ improvemen⌠ ove≥ thσ previou≤ design¼ ì no⌠ onl∙ iε it≤ improveΣ looδ anΣ feel¼ easσ oµ usσ anΣ increaseΣ ì numbe≥ oµ keys¼ bu⌠ als∩ iε it≤ simplicit∙ t∩ implemen⌠ iε ì programming« However¼ i⌠ present≤ ß majo≥ probleφ wheε tryinτ t∩ ì maintaiε compatibilit∙ witΦ olde≥ microbees« Thσ proliferatioε ì oµ differen⌠ operatinτ system≤ anΣ shell≤ iε recen⌠ year≤ ha≤ ì madσ thσ probleφ eveε harder¼ bu⌠ thσ probleφ i≤ no⌠ ì insurmountable« Thesσ note≤ includσ tip≤ anΣ technique≤ t∩ hel≡ ì thσ programme≥ ge⌠ thσ maximuφ benefit≤ ou⌠ oµ thi≤ ne≈ keyboard. Implementation in Microworld BASIC WitΦ eacΦ Microbeσ solΣ t∩ date¼ ß versioε oµ BASI├ ha≤ beeε ì issueΣ o≥ made availablσ whicΦ ha≤ beeε designeΣ t∩ ruε witΦ tha⌠ ì mode∞ oµ Microbeσ anΣ witΦ it≤ particula≥ shel∞ anΣ operatinτ ì system« Onσ oµ thσ problem≤ faceΣ b∙ developer≤ i≤ tha⌠ wheε ì the∙ havσ writteε ß prograφ iε BASI├ oε thei≥ machinσ anΣ havσ ì theε useΣ thσ disδ oε o≥ distributeΣ ß cop∙ oµ thσ disδ t∩ ì anothe≥ mode∞ oµ Microbee¼ i⌠ n∩ longe≥ works« Thi≤ i≤ becausσ ì onσ oµ threσ thing≤ i≤ incompatiblσ witΦ thσ othe≥ Microbee: * the operating system or shell * the version of BASIC, or * the BASIC program itself Man∙ oµ thσ recen⌠ operatinτ system≤ anΣ shell≤ arσ ver∙ ì finick∙ a≤ t∩ whethe≥ the∙ arσ runninτ oε ß 256T├ o≥ ß 128k¼ o≥ ì oε ß 128δ o≥ ß 64k¼ etc« Also¼ ß versioε oµ BASI├ runninτ unde≥ ì ß Shel∞ i⌠ wa≤ no⌠ designeΣ fo≥ ma∙ als∩ creatσ problems« Fo≥ ì instance¼ thσ lates⌠ version≤ oµ BASI├ (version≤ 6.│ anΣ later⌐ ì wil∞ no⌠ worδ oε ß 64δ compute≥ a⌠ al∞ a≤ thσ BASI├ i≤ simpl∙ t∩ ì biτ t∩ fi⌠ iε memory« Iµ thσ probleφ i≤ eithe≥ thσ operatinτ ì system¼ shel∞ o≥ thσ versioε oµ BASIC¼ tw∩ possiblσ solution≤ are i distributσ thσ program≤ oε disk≤ withou⌠ thσ operatinτ ì ááááásysteφ o≥ shel∞ anΣ withou⌠ ß versioε oµ BASIC¼ insteaΣ ì áááááleavinτ thσ enΣ use≥ t∩ suppl∙ hi≤ owε versioε oµ CP/═ anΣ ì áááááBASIC¼ or ii distributσ thσ program≤ witΦ ZBASI├ anΣ thσ CCP┌ operatinτ ì ááááásystem (see details of ZBASIC and CCPZ below). Iµ thσ probleφ i≤ witΦ thσ BASI├ prograφ itselµ theε thσ ì followinτ note≤ oε maintaininτ compatibilit∙ wil∞ bσ useful. Al∞ keyboarΣ command≤ iε BASI├ (eg« INPUT¼ KEY$⌐ wil∞ worδ ì identicall∙ fo≥ olΣ anΣ ne≈ keyboards« Therefore¼ al∞ program≤ ì usinτ thesσ command≤ shoulΣ encounte≥ n∩ problem≤ iµ yo⌡ arσ ìèusinτ thσ correc⌠ versioε oµ BASI├ fo≥ you≥ machinσ (ie« thσ ì versioε oµ BASI├ designeΣ t∩ worδ witΦ you≥ system)« However¼ ì machinσ codσ fragment≤ imbeddeΣ withiε BASI├ program≤ ma∙ presen⌠ ì ß probleφ iµ the∙ arσ designeΣ t∩ scaε thσ keyboard« Thesσ ì shoulΣ bσ carefull∙ checkeΣ t∩ seσ tha⌠ the∙ mee⌠ thσ ì compatibilit∙ criteriß se⌠ ou⌠ below. Compatibilit∙ witΦ existinτ BASIC≤ oµ an∙ embeddeΣ machinσ ì codσ fragmen⌠ withiε ß BASI├ prograφ i≤ assureΣ providinτ it≤ ì operatioε relie≤ on * memory location 10╢ (ASCI╔ valuσ oµ las⌠ ke∙ pressed) * keyboarΣ routine a⌠ 800╢ (DGO╙ wai⌠ fo≥ keyboarΣ input) * keyboard routine atá800╣ (DGO╙ scaε keyboard) ¬ keyboarΣ routinσ a⌠ A50┴ (tes⌠ iµ ke∙ i≤ pressed, Is_Closed⌐ * routine a⌠ 803╞ (redirecteΣ input⌐, or ¬ routine at A5C▓ (linσ inpu⌠ oµ text) Iµ method≤ othe≥ thaε thesσ havσ beeε employeΣ t∩ scaε thσ ì keyboarΣ theε compatibilit∙ i≤ no⌠ guaranteeΣ anΣ the∙ neeΣ t∩ bσ ì modifieΣ s∩ tha⌠ the∙ eithe≥ usσ thσ abovσ method≤ o≥ usσ ì additiona∞ method≤ discusseΣ iε thσ sectioε, Implementatioε iε ì Machine Language, below. Notσ tha⌠ thσ routine≤ a⌠ A50┴ anΣ A5C▓ arσ non-standarΣ ì interna∞ routines« BotΦ oµ thesσ routine≤ arσ supporteΣ iε ì existinτ BASICs« However¼ a≤ s∩ man∙ programmer≤ usσ thσ routinσ ì a⌠ A50A¼ i⌠ ha≤ beeε decideΣ tha⌠ thi≤ routinσ wil∞ also bσ retaineΣ ì iε al∞ futurσ version≤ oµ BASI├. Implementation in Machine Language. Thσ ne≈ 256T├ keyboarΣ i≤ fundamentall∙ differen⌠ t∩ thσ olΣ ì standarΣ Microbeσ keyboard« Hence¼ aε entirel∙ ne≈ programminτ ì approacΦ i≤ needeΣ t∩ usσ thσ keyboard« Fortunately¼ thσ newe≥ ì version≤ oµ CP/═ releaseΣ witΦ thσ 256T├ automaticall∙ detec⌠ ì whicΦ keyboarΣ i⌠ i≤ runninτ oε anΣ swap≤ ove≥ it≤ keyboarΣ ì routine≤ accordingly« Thus¼ keyboarΣ inpu⌠ ma∙ bσ carrieΣ ou⌠ ì normall∙ b∙ usinτ thσ standarΣ BDO╙ anΣ BIO╙ routines. XBIOS subset 'C' Iε additioε t∩ thesσ routines¼ extrß keyboarΣ routine≤ havσ ì beeε addeΣ iε thσ currentl∙ existinτ extendeΣ BIO╙ (XBIOS)« ì However¼ i⌠ mus⌠ bσ pointeΣ ou⌠ tha⌠ man∙ version≤ oµ CP/═ ì releaseΣ witΦ olde≥ Microbee≤ d∩ no⌠ suppor⌠ XBIOS¼ s∩ thσ ì application≤ oµ thesσ routine≤ arσ limiteΣ iµ thσ programme≥ ì want≤ compatibilit∙ witΦ al∞ systems« .cp 5è T∩ usσ thesσ extrß routines¼ i⌠ i≤ necessar∙ t∩ determinσ iµ ì thσ BIO╙ you≥ CP/═ applicatioε i≤ runninτ unde≥ i≤ thσ requireΣ ì versioε oµ XBIO╙ (knowε a≤ subse⌠ 'C')« T∩ d∩ this¼ thσ versioε ì numbe≥ oµ thσ BIO╙ i≤ checked« Thσ followinτ routinσ i≤ aε ì examplσ oµ ho≈ thi≤ caε bσ done ;----------------<ROUTINE to CHECK BIOS NUMBER>----------------- biosvct equ 0001h Check_BIOS: ; Check_BIOS checks the BIOS version number to find out whether ; the BIOS supports XBIOS subset 'C'. It uses this logic: ; IF Bios_Type IS ; > 1 and < 17h and <> 6 or ; > 1Dh and < 2Fh or ; > 43h and < BFh ; THEN XBIOS subset 'C' is supported ; ELSE subset 'C' is not supported (see notes below for this case) ; If XBIOS is supported then the Z flag will be set push de push hl lΣ hl,(biosvct⌐ ╗ warφ star⌠ entr∙ (BIO╙ ½ 3) ld de,30h add hl,de ╗ (BIO╙ ½ 33h⌐ ╜ BIOS_TYPE ld e,a ld a,(hl) ld d,0 ; set flag to true cp 2 ; check version numbers jr c,xbfail cp 6 jr z,xbfail cp 17h jr c,use_xb cp 1Eh jr c,xbfail cp 2Fh jr c,use_xb cp 44h jr c,xbfail cp 0BFh jr c,use_xb xbfail║ lΣ d,-▒ ╗ flag=falsσ (incorrec⌠ XBIOS) use_xb: ld a,d or a ; test flag ld a,e pop hl pop de ret .cp 4èNew Calls in XBIOS subset 'C' Thσ followinτ i≤ ß descriptioε oµ thσ │ ne≈ call≤ provideΣ ì iε XBIO╙ subse⌠ ├ - thσ existinτ call≤ wil∞ no⌠ bσ discusseΣ. Iµ yo⌡ havσ no⌠ useΣ XBIO╙ call≤ before¼ the∙ arσ simplσ t∩ ì use« T∩ cal∞ ß giveε functioε, placσ thσ functioε numbe≥ iε thσ ì accumulator¼ loaΣ thσ othe≥ register≤ a≤ specifieΣ fo≥ thσ ì particular function, and do a RST 28h. The new functions are listed below: XBIOS function 15 : kb_test Usage: ld c,key_code ld a,15 rst 28h Thi≤ functioε check≤ t∩ seσ iµ thσ ke∙ whosσ codσ i≤ iε thσ ì ├ registe≥ (seσ belo≈ fo≥ tablσ oµ codes⌐ i≤ currentl∙ dowε oε ì thσ keyboard« Iµ i⌠ i≤ dowε i⌠ return≤ witΦ thσ ┌ flaτ set¼ iµ ì it is up it returns with NZ status. I⌠ shoulΣ bσ noteΣ tha⌠ thσ fac⌠ tha⌠ thi≤ functioε i≤ ì availablσ doe≤ no⌠ necessaril∙ meaε tha⌠ thσ ne≈ 256TC keyboarΣ ì i≤ beinτ used« Therefore¼ onσ shoulΣ bea≥ iε minΣ tha⌠ b∙ ì relyinτ key≤ whicΦ arσ onl∙ availablσ oε thσ 256TC keyboarΣ (eg« ì ALT)¼ thσ prograφ i≤ madσ incompatiblσ witΦ thσ existinτ 'old-ì styleº keyboards« Thi≤ doe≤ no⌠ meaε tha⌠ thesσ key≤ shoulΣ no⌠ ì bσ offereΣ a≤ aε alternativσ fo≥ user≤ witΦ ne≈ keyboards¼ bu⌠ aε ì alternativσ shoulΣ bσ offereΣ fo≥ thσ olde≥ keyboard≤ (eg« thσ ì alternativσ fo≥ up-arro≈ coulΣ bσ control-┼ oε thσ olΣ keyboard)« ì Notσ tha⌠ iµ ß ke∙ whicΦ onl∙ exist≤ oε thσ ne≈ keyboarΣ i≤ ì checkeΣ oε ß machinσ usinτ aε olΣ keyboarΣ thσ key-u≡ (NZ⌐ statu≤ ì will always be returned. Als∩ notσ tha⌠ oε ß systeφ witΦ thσ ne≈ keyboard¼ thσ ì KB_TES╘ routinσ wil∞ als∩ storσ an∙ typeΣ character≤ iε ß queuσ ì witΦ ß minimuφ queuσ lengtΦ oµ 2░ character≤ anΣ thesσ character≤ ì wil∞ bσ returneΣ viß thσ standarΣ BDOS/BIO╙ keyboarΣ routines« ì Hence¼ afte≥ KB_TEST ha≤ beeε useΣ anΣ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ returε t∩ ì norma∞ keyboarΣ usagσ (eτ linσ input)¼ i⌠ i≤ ß gooΣ ideß t∩ clea≥ ì ou⌠ thi≤ queuσ b∙ repeatedl∙ callinτ BDO╙ consolσ iε unti∞ n∩ ì morσ key≤ arσ founΣ beforσ promptinτ thσ use≥ fo≥ input¼ a≤ iε ì this subroutine ;------------------<CLEAR QUEUE after KB_TEST>------------------- bdos equ 0005h ; BDOS jump vector dconio equ 6 ; BDOS direct console in/out clr_queue: ; Clears console queue for normal keyboard use after kb_test ld e,-1 ; signal console inè ld c,dconio call bdos or a jr nz,clr_queue ret Belo≈ i≤ ß lis⌠ oµ thσ key≤ oε thσ differen⌠ keyboard≤ anΣ ì thσ correspondinτ code≤ t∩ pas≤ t∩ KB_TEST iµ the∙ arσ down« Yo⌡ ì wil∞ notσ tha⌠ thσ firs⌠ 6┤ code≤ arσ thσ samσ a≤ thσ matri° ì code≤ fo≥ thσ key≤ oε thσ olΣ keyboarΣ fo≥ obviou≤ reason≤ oµ ì compatibilty. Keycodes Standard KB 256TC KB 0 @ ' " 1 to 26 A to Z A to Z 27 [ { [ { 28 \ | \ | 29 ] } ] } 30 ^ ~ ` ~ 31 DEL DEL * 32 0 0 ) 33 1 ! 1 ! 34 2 " 2 @ 35 3 # 3 # 36 4 $ 4 $ 37 5 % 5 % 38 6 & 6 ^ 39 7 ' 7 & 40 8 ( 8 * 41 9 ) 9 ( 42 : * ; : 43 ; + = + 44 , < , < 45 - = - _ 46 . > . > 47 / ? / ? 48 ESC ESC 49 BACK SPACE CORRECT 50 TAB TAB BACKTAB 51 LINE FEED SQUARE BOX 52 RETURN RETURN 53 LOCK CAPS LOCK 54 BREAK BRK # 55 SPACE SPACE 56 ARROW-UP ARROW-UP 57 CTRL CTRL 58 ARROW-DOWN ARROW-DOWN 59 ARROW-LEFT ARROW-LEFT HOME 60 not used not used 61 not used not used 62 ARROW-RIGHT ARROW-RIGHT END 63 SHIFT SHIFT 64 not used ALT 65 not used F1 66 not used F2è 67 not used F3 68 not used F4 69 not used F5 70 not used F6 71 not used F7 72 not used F8 73 not used F9 74 not used F10 75 not used F11 76 not used F12 77 not used ESC 78 not used UP-ARROW 79 not used INS 80 not used DEL * 81 not used LEFT-ARROW HOME 82 not used DOWN-ARROW 83 not used RIGHT-ARROW END 84 not used BRK # 85 not used 7 (num keypad) 86 not used 8 (num keypad) 87 not used 9 (num keypad) 88 not used DIVIDE 89 not used 4 (num keypad) 90 not used 5 (num keypad) 91 not used 6 (num keypad) 92 not used MULTIPLY 93 not used 1 (num keypad) 94 not used 2 (num keypad) 95 not used 3 (num keypad) 96 not used SUBTRACT 97 not used 0 (num keypad) 98 not used . (num keypad) 99 not used ADD Note║ Thσ codσ fo≥ aε almos⌠ identica∞ routinσ i≤ giveε iε ful∞ ì iε thσ sectioε Replacinτ Is_CloseΣ below. XBIOS function 16 : pkey_set Usage: ld hl,key_table_addr ld a,16 rst 28h (AF, BC, DE and HL are corrupted) Thi≤ functioε copie≤ thσ tablσ a⌠ (HL⌐ t∩ thσ interna∞ ì programmablσ ke∙ buffer« Oε thσ standarΣ Microbeσ keyboarΣ thσ ì functioε key≤ arσ CTR╠ 1-9¼ providinτ ╣ functioε keys« Oε thσ ì 256TC keyboarΣ therσ arσ 1▓ functioε key≤ - F▒ t∩ F12« Thσ datß ì provideΣ t∩ thi≤ routinσ mus⌠ definσ AL╠ 1▓ functioε keys¼ eveε ì if only 9 are actually used. The format for the data table is as follows: key_table_addr:è db length_of_F1_data ; eg. 6 db F1 data-string ; eg. 'BASIC',0Dh db length_of_F2_data ; eg. 6 db F2 data-string ; eg. 'TURBO',0Dh ... ... db length_of_F12_data ; last entry, eg. 3 db F12 data-string ; eg. 'WP',0Dh XBIOS function 17 : pkey_read Usage: ld hl,func_table_buffer ld a,17 rst 28h (AF, BC, DE and HL corrupted) Thi≤ functioε copie≤ thσ interna∞ programmablσ ke∙ buffe≥ t∩ ì thσ user'≤ buffe≥ a⌠ (HL)« Thσ prograφ shoulΣ providσ a⌠ leas⌠ ì 102┤ (400h⌐ byte≤ a⌠ (HL⌐ a≤ thσ interna∞ ke∙ buffe≥ bσ les≤ thaε ì o≥ equa∞ t∩ thi≤ size¼ bu⌠ neve≥ larger« PKEY_REA─ als∩ return≤ ì thσ maximuφ buffe≥ sizσ iε H╠ - thi≤ functioε shoulΣ bσ calleΣ ì beforσ attemptinτ t∩ se⌠ u≡ ne≈ functioε key≤ witΦ PKEY_SET t∩ ì ensurσ thσ ne≈ ke∙ datß i≤ no⌠ to∩ lonτ (ie« longe≥ thaε thσ ì value returned in HL). Using the 256TC Keyboard Independent of Operating Systems Somσ application≤ requirσ tha⌠ thσ softwarσ bσ independen⌠ ì oµ thσ operatinτ systeφ (fo≥ instance¼ mos⌠ machinσ languagσ ì games)« Also¼ application≤ oµ thσ specia∞ XBIO╙ routine≤ arσ ì limiteΣ a≤ somσ system≤ wil∞ no⌠ havσ thσ XBIO╙ implemented« Iµ ì thesσ routine≤ arσ vita∞ t∩ thσ operatioε oµ you≥ program¼ theε ì compatibilit∙ betweeε system≤ i≤ limited« Thσ neeΣ thereforσ ì arise≤ fo≥ keyboarΣ routine≤ independen⌠ oµ thσ operatinτ systeφ ì fo≥ truσ compatibility« Independencσ froφ thσ operatinτ systeφ ì i≤ thσ areß tha⌠ wil∞ bσ discusseΣ here. ThrougΦ machinσ languagσ test≤ (eg« througΦ checkinτ somσ ì por⌠ o≥ othe≥ fo≥ ß signal)¼ i⌠ i≤ impossiblσ t∩ determinσ whicΦ ì versioε oµ thσ keyboarΣ i≤ beinτ used« Fo≥ thi≤ reason¼ i⌠ ha≤ ì beeε decideΣ tha⌠ al∞ model≤ whicΦ suppor⌠ thσ 256TC keyboarΣ ì wil∞ havσ thσ number≤ '256º iε thσ las⌠ threσ byte≤ beforσ thσ ì screeε RA═ (ie« EFFDΦ t∩ EFFFh)« However¼ iε thσ 256TC thi≤ areß ì i≤ no⌠ RO═ bu⌠ merel∙ ß RO═ imagσ (iε RAM⌐ anΣ hence¼ caε bσ ì erased« S∩ thσ '256º ma∙ no⌠ bσ present« Nevertheless¼ i⌠ ì almos⌠ certainl∙ wil∞ bσ therσ (a≤ thi≤ areß als∩ contain≤ ì importan⌠ systeφ routines⌐ and¼ iε an∙ case¼ i⌠ i≤ restoreΣ afte≥ ì ever∙ reset« Thσ exceptioε t∩ thi≤ i≤ wheε you≥ prograφ i≤ operatinτ ì unde≥ ß shell« Somσ version≤ oµ thσ shel∞ overwritσ thi≤ areß ìècompletel∙ anΣ thσ '256º wil∞ neve≥ bσ present« Iε thi≤ case¼ ì though¼ thσ XBIO╙ routine≤ wil∞ bσ availablσ anΣ thesσ mus⌠ bσ ì useΣ instead¼ a≤ therσ i≤ n∩ wa∙ oµ automaticall∙ determininτ ì keyboarΣ i≤ beinτ used« Wheε thσ routine≤ supplieΣ b∙ XBIO╙ arσ ì inadequate¼ ß solutioε i≤ t∩ usσ thσ CCP┌ versioε oµ CP/═ a≤ thσ ì operatinτ system¼ anΣ iµ you≥ prograφ i≤ t∩ bσ generall∙ ì distributed¼ t∩ distributσ thσ disδ witΦ CCP┌ installed. Thσ followinτ codσ i≤ aε example¼ then¼ oµ ho≈ t∩ ì tes⌠ fo≥ thσ ne≈ 256TC keyboard in a non-shell environment ;-----------------------<CHECK if 256TC>------------------------ rom_end equ 0EFFFh is_256TC: ; Routine to test which keyboard is being used. ; Z indicates new keyboard, NZ indicates the old. ; Corrupts AF. push hl ld hl,rom_end-2 ld a,'2' cp (hl) jr nz,not256 inc hl ld a,'5' cp (hl) jr nz,not256 inc hl ld a,'6' cp (hl) not256: pop hl ret No≈ tha⌠ i⌠ ha≤ beeε determineΣ whicΦ keyboarΣ i≤ beinτ ì used¼ i⌠ i≤ no≈ possiblσ t∩ writσ routine≤ t∩ actuall∙ scaε thσ ì two keyboards. Thσ ne≈ keyboarΣ caε bσ useΣ iε onσ oµ ways« Firstly¼ i⌠ ì caε bσ programmeΣ t∩ generatσ interrupt≤ wheε ß ke∙ i≤ presseΣ ì or¼ secondly¼ i⌠ caε bσ polleΣ anΣ reaΣ wheε required. Thσ ne≈ keyboarΣ use≤ tw∩ softwarσ ports¼ por⌠ ▓ bi⌠ ▒ anΣ ì por⌠ 18h¼ ╕ paralle∞ bits. Wheε ß ke∙ i≤ presseΣ o≥ released¼ bi⌠ ▒ oµ por⌠ ▓ wil∞ ì remaiε se⌠ unti∞ ß reaΣ froφ por⌠ 18Φ i≤ made« Wheε bi⌠ ▒ goe≤ ì high¼ anΣ bi⌠ ▒ i≤ programmeΣ t∩ generatσ aε interrupt¼ theε thσ ì keyboarΣ caε bσ reaΣ b∙ thσ interrup⌠ routine« Iε thσ polleΣ ì modσ yo⌡ wai⌠ fo≥ bi⌠ ▒ por⌠ ▓ t∩ g∩ higΦ theε d∩ aε I╬ routinσ ì froφ por⌠ 18Φ t∩ ge⌠ thσ data« Iε thi≤ way¼ i⌠ differ≤ froφ thσ ì olΣ keyboard¼ iε tha⌠ thσ ne≈ keyboarΣ report≤ onl∙ ß changσ iε ì keyboarΣ statu≤ (ie« tha⌠ ß ke∙ ha≤ beeε presseΣ o≥ released⌐ ì wherea≤ thσ olΣ keyboarΣ report≤ onl∙ whethe≥ ß specifieΣ ke∙ i≤ ì dowε o≥ not.è Aε examplσ oµ codσ t∩ ge⌠ raw datß froφ thσ keyboarΣ i≤ giveε ì below ;------------------------<Get KEY DATA>-------------------------- key_data: ╗ Thi≤ routinσ return≤ ßn ┌ flaτ iµ n∩ changσ iε keyboarΣ statu≤ ; or an NZ flag and appropriate data in the accumlator otherwise. ; Note: this routine is only suitable for 256TC keyboards. in a,(2) ; check for change in status bit 1,a ret z in a,(18h) ; get data ret Thσ datß returneΣ b∙ thi≤ routinσ i≤ specifiπ t∩ thσ 256TC ì keyboard« Thσ lo≈ orde≥ ╖ bit≤ (bit≤ ░ t∩ 6⌐ oµ thi≤ datß ì represen⌠ whicΦ ke∙ ha≤ beeε presseΣ o≥ released« Thσ higΦ bi⌠ ì (bi⌠ 7⌐ describe≤ whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ thσ ke∙ ha≤ beeε presseΣ o≥ ì releaseΣ - iµ thσ bi⌠ i≤ se⌠ theε thσ ke∙ ha≤ beeε presseΣ anΣ iµ ì i⌠ i≤ no⌠ se⌠ theε thσ ke∙ ha≤ beeε released« Thσ lo≈ orde≥ 7-ì bit code for these keys is given below. + | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | 8 9 A B C D E F ---+----------------------------------------- 00 | F1 ESC TAB BRK [0] [.] SPACE | F2 1 Q A CAPS BOX INS 10 | F3 2 W S [½] [2] [3] Z | F4 3 E D [¡] [5] [6] X 20 | F5 4 R F [¬] [8] [9] C | F6 5 T G [7] [1] [4] V 30 | F7 6 Y H [»] [V] [>] B | F8 7 U J [<] N 40 | F9 8 I K [^] M | F10 9 O L COR RET , 50 | F11 0 P ; DEL ` \ . | F12 - [ ' = ] / 60 | SHFT | CTRL 70 | ALT | Notes: * Blanδ entrie≤ iε thσ tablσ arσ no⌠ useΣ anΣ shoulΣ neve≥ bσ ì áááááencountered. * Entrie≤ iε squarσ bracket≤ (eg« [1]⌐ represen⌠ key≤ oε thσ ì ááááánumerica∞ keypaΣ. * [^]¼ [V]¼ [>]¼ [<]¼ CO╥ represen⌠ u≡ arrow¼ dowε arrow¼ ì áááááright arrow, left arrow and correct respectively. Wheε switchinτ t∩ you≥ owε keyboarΣ routine≤ froφ thσ ì system's¼ keyboarΣ datß i≤ occasionall∙ lef⌠ iε thσ ke∙ buffer« ì Onσ oµ thσ mos⌠ commoε occurrence≤ oµ thi≤ i≤ wheε transferrinτ ìèfroφ thσ CP/═ commanΣ linσ t∩ you≥ program¼ thσ Carriagσ Returε ì U≡ codσ (4Eh⌐ i≤ no⌠ reaΣ b∙ CP/═ anΣ i≤ lef⌠ iε thσ buffe≥ t∩ bσ ì reaΣ b∙ you≥ prograφ later« Iµ thi≤ present≤ ß probleφ t∩ thσ ì smootΦ runninτ oµ you≥ program¼ theε i⌠ i≤ wisσ t∩ clea≥ thσ ì keyboarΣ buffe≥ jus⌠ beforσ thσ firs⌠ scaε oµ thσ keyboarΣ (or¼ ì wheε usinτ interrupts¼ jus⌠ beforσ reprogramminτ thσ PI╧ - seσ ì belo≈ fo≥ details)« Thσ followinτ routinσ doe≤ this: ;----------------------<CLEAR KEY BUFFER>------------------------ clr_kbuf: ; Clear the keyboard buffer of all data. ; Corrupts AF. in a,(2) and 2 ret z in a,(18h) jr clr_kbuf Replacing Is_Closed Onσ oµ thσ mos⌠ popula≥ form≤ oµ scanninτ thσ olΣ keyboarΣ ì wa≤ t∩ usσ ß routinσ popularl∙ knowε a≤ Is_CloseΣ (o≥ ISCLSD)« ì Thi≤ i≤ als∩ onσ oµ thσ routinσs useΣ iε BASI├ anΣ reside≤ a⌠ ì A50Ah« Thσ routinσ i≤ repeateΣ here: ;--------------------------<IS_CLOSED>--------------------------- isclsd: ; This routine checks if the key whose code is given in the ; accumulator is being pressed. An NZ flag is returned if it ; is down and a Z flag if it is not. The codes used in this ; routine are identical to those given for the XBIOS function ; kb_test (details above). ; Note:- this routine works only on the old keyboard. push bc ld c,a ld b,a close1: ld a,12h out (0Ch),a ld a,b rrca rrca rrca rrca and 3 out (0Dh),a ld a,13h out (0Ch),a ld a,b rlcaè rlca rlca rlca out (0Dh),a ld a,1 out (0Bh),a ld a,10h out (0Ch),a in a,(0Dh) la52f: ld a,1Fh out (0Ch),a out (0Dh),a la535: in a,(0Ch) bit 7,a jr z,la535 in a,(0Ch) cpl bit 6,a ld a,0 out (0Bh),a ld a,c pop bc ret T∩ emulatσ thi≤ routinσ oε thσ 256TC keyboarΣ ß lonτ anΣ ì cumbersomσ routinσ mus⌠ bσ written¼ sincσ thσ naturσ oµ thσ tw∩ ì keyboard≤ i≤ fundamentall∙ differen⌠ (ie« thσ olΣ keyboarΣ ì report≤ oε aε individua∞ key≤ statu≤ wherea≤ thσ ne≈ keyboarΣ ì report≤ oε change≤ iε thσ statu≤ oµ key≤ a≤ the∙ occur)« ì However¼ sucΦ ß codσ ha≤ beeε writteε anΣ i≤ giveε herσ a≤ aε ì example« Thi≤ particula≥ emulatioε i≤ adapted froφ thσ Autoboo⌠ ì BASIC. ;---------------------<IS_CLOSED for 256TC>---------------------- isclsd: ; Routine to emulate isclsd on old keyboards. ; Note that this routine works only for 256TC keyboards. ; Also provided is case, which contains the status of the ; SHIFT, ALT and CTRL keys in bits 2, 1 and 0 respectively ; at the time of the last call to isclsd. push bc push de push hl ld b,a call key_3 ; * (these lines removed in in- ld a,b ; * terrupt version, see below) cp 3Fh ; SHIFT? jr z,tishift cp 39h ; CTRL? jr z,tisctrl cp 40h ; ALT? jr z,tisalt cp 64h jr nc,tistbigè cp 20h jr c,tnorm cp 30h jr nc,tnorm sub 20h add a,a ; check exceptions table ld hl,itt_ex ld e,a ld d,0 add hl,de ld a,(hl) inc a jr z,isret call ischck jr nz,isret inc hl jr chk2nd tnorm║ lΣ hl,ittab∞ ╗ conver⌠ t∩ natura∞ 256T├ codes ld e,a ld d,0 add hl,de chk2nd: ld a,(hl) inc a jr z,isret call ischck jr isret tistbig:xor a jr isret tishift:ld a,(case) and 4 jr isret tisalt: ld a,(case) and 2 jr isret tisctrl:ld a,(case) and 1 isret: ld a,b pop hl pop de push af pop bc ld a,c and 0feh ; scf, ccf xor 40h ; toggle z flag ld c,a push bc pop af pop bc ret èischck: push hl dec a ld hl,isctbl ld e,a ld d,0 add hl,de ld a,(hl) and 80h pop hl ret key_3: xor a out (0Bh),a in a,(2) ;check port 2, bit 1 for key and 2 ret z in a,(18h) ;read port 18h for key code ld d,a ld hl,case ;check for SHIFT, CTRL, and ALT res 7,a cp 67h ;check SHIFT jr nz,ctrl bit 7,d ;is SHIFT up or down? res 2,(hl) ret z set 2,(hl) ret ctrl: cp 6Fh ;check CTRL jr nz,alt bit 7,d ;is CTRL up or down? res 0,(hl) ret z set 0,(hl) ret alt: cp 77h ;check ALT ld a,d ;signal no special key jr nz,setist ; and return with key code, if not ALT bit 7,d ;is ALT up or down? set 1,(hl) ret nz res 1,(hl) ret setist: ld hl,isctbl ;signal key up/down on isctbl and 7Fh push bc ld c,a ld b,0 add hl,bc pop bc ld a,d and 80h res 7,(hl)è ret z set 7,(hl) ret case║ dΓ ░ ╗ inf∩ oε CTRL¼ AL╘ anΣ SHIFT isctbl: ds 60h,0 ; table of keys down ; table of code conversions from isclsd codes to natural codes ; for the 256TC keyboard (-1 means code not used) ittabl║ dΓ 5Bh,0Bh,37h,27h,1Bh,1Ah,23h,2Bh db 33h,42h,3Bh,43h,4Bh,47h,3Fh,4Ah db 52h,0Ah,22h,13h,2Ah,3Ah,2Fh,12h db 1Fh,32h,17h,5Ah,56h,5Eh,55h,54h db -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 db -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1 db 1,4Dh,2,0Eh,4Eh,0Dh,3,7 db 46h,-1,35h,3Dh,-1,-1,36h,-1 db -1,0,8,10h,18h,20h,28h,30h db 38h,40h,48h,50h,58h,1,46h,0Fh db 54h,3Dh,35h,36h,3,2Ch,25h,26h db 34h,2Eh,1Dh,1Eh,24h,2Dh,15h,16h db 1Ch,5,6,14h ; exception table for ittable, for those isclsd codes which ; correspond to two keys on the new keyboard (eg. the code 20h ; corresponds to the 1 key, of which there are two, and whose ; codes are 51h and 5) itt_ex: db 51h,5,9,2Dh,11h,15h,19h,16h,21h,2Eh db 29h,1Dh,31h,1Eh,39h,2Ch,41h,25h,49h,26h db 59h,24h,53h,14h,4Fh,-1,5Dh,1Ch,57h,6 db 5Fh,34h Often¼ ß morσ effectivσ wa∙ t∩ usσ thσ keyboarΣ i≤ t∩ havσ ì thσ keyboarΣ drivinτ aε interrupt« Thi≤ i≤ becausσ n∩ keystroke≤ ì caε bσ los⌠ wheε usinτ thi≤ method¼ a≤ caε happeε occasionall∙ ì wheε pollinτ thσ keyboarΣ (eg« wheε ß lo⌠ oµ worδ mus⌠ bσ donσ iε ì betweeε checkinτ thσ keyboard¼ a≤ wheε readinτ froφ o≥ writinτ t∩ ì disk)« Iε orde≥ t∩ havσ thσ keyboarΣ drivσ aε interrupt¼ wσ mus⌠ ì reprograφ thσ PI╧ s∩ tha⌠ bi⌠ ▒ oµ por⌠ ▓ trigger≤ aε interrupt« ì Also¼ wσ mus⌠ se⌠ u≡ tw∩ interrup⌠ vector≤ a⌠ ß convenien⌠ ì locatioε iε memor∙ t∩ handlσ thσ interrupt≤ wheε the∙ occur« Thσ ì followinτ piecσ oµ codσ doe≤ this ;--------------------<SET INTERRUPT VECTORS>--------------------- ; The interrupt vectors below have been chosen arbitrarily. Any ; convenient memory location will do. Note, however, that both ; interrupt vectors must be contained in the same page of memory, ; ie. the same 100h block. vect_a equ 4000h ; interrupt vector for PIO port A vect_b equ vect_a+2 ; interrupt vector for PIO port B set_int: ; This routine sets up the PIO so that the keyboard drives anè; interrupt. ; Note: this routine works only with the 256TC keyboard. push af push bc push de push hl ld hl,eireti ; see new version of key_3, below ld (vect_a),hl ld hl,key_3 ld (vect_b),hl di ╗ disablσ interrupt≤ ld hl,iotabl do_pio: ld a,(hl) or a jr z,enabli ld b,a inc hl ld c,(hl) inc hl otir jr do_pio enabli: im 2 ; set interrupt mode 2 ld a,HIGH vect_a ╗ or 40h iµ HIG╚ i≤ supporteΣ ld i,a ei ; reenable interrupts pop hl pop de pop bc pop af ret ; If LOW is not supported on your assembler, substitute ; 0 for LOW vect_a and 2 for LOW vect_b ; Note: HIGH and LOW mean high order and low order 8 bits, ; respectively. iotabl: db 5,1,LOW vect_a,0CFh,-1,97h,-1 db 5,3,LOW vect_b,-1,9Bh,0B7h,0EDh db 0 No≈ tha⌠ thσ PI╧ ha≤ beeε reprogrammeΣ t∩ generatσ aε ì interrup⌠ wheneve≥ ß ke∙ i≤ presseΣ o≥ released¼ somσ change≤ t∩ ì thσ isclsΣ routinσ mus⌠ bσ madσ t∩ accomodatσ thσ interrupts« ì Firstly¼ thσ tw∩ line≤ witΦ asterisk≤ iε thei≥ commen⌠ field≤ ì mus⌠ bσ removeΣ (ie« cal∞ key_│ anΣ lΣ a,b)« Secondly¼ thσ key_│ ì routinσ mus⌠ bσ slightl∙ altered« Thσ ne≈ versioε oµ thσ key_│ ì routine is given below ;------------------<KEY_3: INTERRUPT VERSION>-------------------- key_3: push af push bc push de push hl in a,(2) ;check port 2, bit 1 for keyè and 2 jr z,retk3 in a,(18h) ;read port 18h for key code ld d,a ld hl,case ;check for SHIFT, CTRL, and ALT res 7,a cp 67h ;check SHIFT jr nz,ctrl bit 7,d ;is SHIFT up or down? res 2,(hl) jr z,retk3 set 2,(hl) jr retk3 ctrl: cp 6Fh ;check CTRL jr nz,alt bit 7,d ;is CTRL up or down? res 0,(hl) jr z,retk3 set 0,(hl) jr retk3 alt: cp 77h ;check ALT ld a,d ;signal no special key jr nz,setist ; and return with key code, if not ALT bit 7,d ;is ALT up or down? set 1,(hl) jr nz,retk3 res 1,(hl) jr retk3 setist: ld hl,isctbl ;signal key up/down on isctbl and 7Fh push bc ld c,a ld b,0 add hl,bc pop bc ld a,d and 80h res 7,(hl) jr z,retk3 set 7,(hl) retk3: pop hl pop de pop bc pop af eireti: ei reti .paèSECTION II: Colour and Graphics Introduction Thσ 256T├ ha≤ improveΣ vastl∙ ove≥ thσ origina∞ Microbee≤ iε ì thσ areß oµ graphic≤ capabilities« Thσ 256T├ no≈ support≤ full∙ ì do⌠ addressablσ unlimiteΣ graphic≤ witΦ ß resolutioε oµ 51▓ b∙ ì 25╢ whils⌠ maintaininτ compatibilit∙ witΦ earlie≥ Microbees« ì Thi≤ wa≤ firs⌠ introduceΣ iε thσ Premiuφ mode∞ Microbees¼ bu⌠ thσ ì 256TC has added the capability of hardware flashing and inverse. Thσ sectioε oε Implementatioε iε BASI├, below, i≤ takeε almos⌠ ì directly from the BASIC manual. Implementation in MicroWorld BASIC Previously¼ wσ learneΣ abou⌠ HIRE╙ graphics« Thσ onσ ì disadvantagσ witΦ thi≤ modσ oµ graphic≤ i≤ tha⌠ wσ eventuall∙ raε ì ou⌠ oµ graphics« S∩ tha⌠ yo⌡ won'⌠ ruε ou⌠ oµ graphics¼ therσ i≤ ì ß seconΣ modσ oµ HIRE╙ graphic≤ - HIRES2« Tr∙ thσ prograφ belo≈ ì (thi≤ prograφ caε bσ founΣ oε thσ accompanyinτ disδ a≤ ì "PATTERN.MWB"). 00100 REM A program that will plot lines all over the screen. 00110 HIRES 00120 FOR X=0 TO 511 : REM Initialise X co-ordinates 00130 PLOTI X,255 TO 511-X,0 00140 NEXT X 00150 END Thi≤ program¼ usinτ thσ standarΣ HIRE╙ command¼ wil∞ begiε ì PLOTtinτ diagona∞ line≤ froφ thσ to≡ left-hanΣ corner« Bu⌠ yo⌡ ì wil∞ seσ tha⌠ wheε yo⌡ ruε thσ program¼ ß graphic≤ erro≥ wil∞ ì occu≥ afte≥ ß shor⌠ time« Yo⌡ havσ ruε ou⌠ oµ graphics« Thσ ì solution to this is the HIRES2 command. B∙ usinτ thσ HIRES▓ command¼ iε placσ oµ thσ HIRE╙ command¼ ì yo⌡ wil∞ neve≥ ruε ou⌠ oµ graphics« Yo⌡ wil∞ als∩ discove≥ tha⌠ ì thσ HIRES▓ commanΣ wil∞ givσ yo⌡ ß faste≥ modσ oµ graphic≤ thaε ì HIRES. Let's change line 110 of our program above to 00110 HIRES2 .cp 7è A≤ yo⌡ caε see¼ thσ entirσ screeε ha≤ beeε filleΣ witΦ ì graphic≤ (thσ patterε i≤ ß resul⌠ oµ usinτ thσ PLOT╔ statemen⌠ ì insteaΣ oµ ß PLOT)« Al∞ graphic≤ relateΣ function≤ ma∙ bσ useΣ ì unde≥ HIRES▓ withou⌠ affectinτ thei≥ operation« Thσ onl∙ poin⌠ ì t∩ notσ i≤ tha⌠ iµ yo⌡ usσ HIRES2¼ you≥ program≤ ma∙ no⌠ ruε (a≤ ì ß resul⌠ oµ lacδ oµ graphics⌐ oε standarΣ non-Premiuφ serie≤ ì Microbees. Hardware changes for the Premium series and 256TC. EacΦ Premiuφ serie≤ anΣ 256T├ Microbeσ ha≤ eigh⌠ 2δ bank≤ oµ ì PC╟ ram¼ onσ 2δ banδ oµ characte≥ ram¼ onσ 2δ banδ oµ colou≥ raφ ì anΣ onσ 2δ banδ oµ attributσ ram (you≥ Microbeσ ha≤ thσ potentia∞ ì fo≥ 32δ oµ PC╟ ram¼ anΣ 8δ eacΦ oµ colour¼ cahracte≥ anΣ ì attributσ ram¼ al∞ iε 2δ banks). Thi≤ mean≤ tha⌠ eacΦ Premiuφ serie≤ anΣ 256T├ Microbeσ ha≤ ß ì tota∞ oµ 22δ oµ screen¼ PC╟ anΣ colou≥ ram« However¼ al∞ oµ thi≤ ì raφ lie≤ betweeε F000Φ anΣ FFFFh¼ whicΦ mean≤ onl∙ 4δ i≤ ì addressablσ a⌠ once« S∩ ho≈ d∩ yo⌡ fi⌠ 22δ oµ memor∙ int∩ ß 4δ ì memor∙ space┐ You≥ Microbeσ use≤ ß methoΣ oµ banδ switchinτ t∩ ì switcΦ betweeε eacΦ oµ thσ 2δ bank≤ int∩ memor∙ a≤ i⌠ i≤ needed« ì Thus, we can select pages of memory as needed. The Video Memory Latch Thσ VM╠ (Vide∩ Memor∙ Latch⌐ act≤ a≤ ß 'traffiπ copº fo≥ thσ ì vide∩ ram« I⌠ i≤ responsiblσ fo≥ determininτ whicΦ banδ oµ raφ ì i≤ currentl∙ 'latchedº int∩ memory« B∙ settinτ thσ appropriatσ ì bi⌠ oµ thσ VM╠ (usinτ aε OU╘ statement)¼ wσ arσ ablσ t∩ selec⌠ ì thσ PC╟ banδ t∩ bσ programmed¼ selec⌠ thσ attributσ raφ o≥ selec⌠ ì thσ colou≥ ram« Thσ latcΦ i≤ selecteΣ b∙ usinτ aε OU╘ 28,X+12╕ ì statement¼ wherσ ╪ i≤ ß decima∞ value¼ selectinτ eithe≥ ß PCG¼ ì attribute¼ colou≥ o≥ characte≥ bank« Yo⌡ mus⌠ als∩ adΣ 12╕ t∩ ì thσ banδ numbe≥ oµ thσ VM╠ t∩ enablσ thσ additiona∞ bank≤ t∩ bσ ì selected. The Attribute RAM Apar⌠ froφ thσ VML¼ thσ attributσ raφ i≤ thσ mos⌠ importan⌠ ì sectioε oµ thσ vide∩ circuitr∙ oε thσ Premiuφ series« I⌠ i≤ ì latcheΣ int∩ memory¼ betweeε location≤ F000h-F7FFh¼ usinτ aε OU╘ ì 28,144« Thi≤ statemen⌠ wil∞ als∩ se⌠ bi⌠ ╖ oµ thσ VM╠ (banδ ì select mode) high. .cp 6è EacΦ bytσ oµ thσ attributσ raφ determine≤ whicΦ banδ oµ PC╟ ì raφ i≤ selecteΣ fo≥ thσ correspondinτ positioε oε thσ screen« ì Fo≥ example¼ let'≤ supposσ tha⌠ wσ havσ programmeΣ thσ characte≥ ì 'Rº witΦ PC╟ characte≥ iε banδ ╢ oµ thσ PC╟ ram« Iµ wσ wan⌠ t∩ ì prin⌠ tha⌠ characte≥ a⌠ curso≥ positioε 1¼ wσ wil∞ neeΣ t∩ latcΦ ì thσ attributσ raφ anΣ POK┼ thσ valuσ ╢ int∩ locatioε F000Φ (thσ ì firs⌠ positioε oε thσ screen)« Wheε wσ attemp⌠ t∩ PRIN╘ thi≤ ì character¼ BASI├ reset≤ thσ attributσ raφ t∩ banδ 0¼ s∩ wσ wil∞ ì havσ t∩ POK┼ thσ attributσ raφ afte≥ thσ PRIN╘ statement« Thσ ì following program is an example ("GREEK.MWB" on the disk). 00100 REM A demonstration of PCG programming with the 00110 REM Premium series and 256TC Microbees. 00120 REM This program will print three different Greek 00130 REM alphabetic characters onto the screen, 00140 REM utilising banks 0-2 of the PCG ram. 00150 IN#0 OFF : REM Turn the keyboard off. 00160 REM GOSUB to poke the PCG data into ram. 00170 GOSUB 380 00200 REM Beginning of main program 00210 CLS 00220 REM Enter PCG mode & print characters on screen. 00230 PCG 00240 PRINT "A" 00250 PRINT "A" 00260 PRINT "A" 00270 OUT 28,144 : REM Latch attribute ram via VML. 00280 POKE 61440,0 : REM Set screen pos 1 for bank #0 00290 POKE 61504,1 : REM Set screen pos 2 for bank #1 00300 POKE 61568,2 : REM Set screen pos 3 for bank #2 00310 NORMAL 00320 IN#0 ON : REM Turn keyboard on. 00330 END 00340 REM Subroutine to program PCG 00350 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,7,42,68,68,42,17,0,0,0,0,0 00360 DATA 0,0,73,73,73,42,28,8,8,28,0,0,0,0,0,0 00370 DATA 255,65,34,16,8,4,2,1,1,2,4,8,16,34,65,255 00380 FOR J=0 TO 2 00390 OUT 28,J+128 : REM Latch bank #J 00400 FOR I=64528 TO 64543 00410 READ D 00420 POKE I,D 00430 NEXT I 00440 NEXT J 00450 RETURN Let'≤ spli⌠ thi≤ prograφ dowε int∩ sections« Thσ PC╟ ì routinσ i≤ locateΣ betweeε 34░ anΣ 450« Pleasσ notσ tha⌠ wσ arσ ì programminτ thσ characte≥ 'Aº threσ times¼ bu⌠ wσ arσ POKEinτ ì theφ int∩ differen⌠ bank≤ b∙ usinτ thσ OU╘ 28,J+12╕ statement. Thσ firs⌠ statemen⌠ t∩ usσ witΦ an∙ prograφ tha⌠ i≤ usinτ ì thσ extrß PC╟ banks¼ i≤ aε IN#▒ OF╞ (linσ 150⌐ t∩ turε thσ ì keyboarΣ off« BASI├ continuosl∙ scan≤ thσ keyboarΣ t∩ checδ iµ ì thσ BREA╦ ke∙ ha≤ beeε pressed« Wheε ß scaε occur≤ thσ VM╠ i≤ ìèrese⌠ anΣ s∩ an∙ bank≤ tha⌠ yo⌡ havσ latched (othe≥ thaε PC╟ ì banδ 0⌐ wil∞ bσ de-latched« Aε IN#░ OF╞ mus⌠ bσ useΣ t∩ sto≡ ì this happening. Thσ maiε prograφ i≤ locateΣ betweeε line≤ 210-330« Thσ ì importan⌠ poin⌠ herσ i≤ tha⌠ thσ character≤ arσ PRINTeΣ BEFOR┼ ì thσ attributσ raφ i≤ POKEΣ witΦ necessar∙ banδ selec⌠ data« Thσ ì reasoε fo≥ thi≤ i≤ tha⌠ wheε BASI├ use≤ ß PRIN╘ statement¼ i⌠ ì wil∞ rese⌠ thσ attributσ ram¼ anΣ s∩ al∞ attribute≤ wil∞ bσ se⌠ ì t∩ PC╟ banδ 0« Thus¼ thσ character≤ a⌠ location≤ 64528-6454│ ì wil∞ bσ printeΣ first¼ anΣ theε thσ attributσ raφ i≤ theε POKEΣ ì witΦ thσ correc⌠ banδ selec⌠ data« Iµ yo⌡ usσ ß SPEE─ 25╡ ì commanΣ beforσ RUNninτ thσ program¼ yo⌡ wil∞ bσ ablσ t∩ seσ thi≤ ì happening« A⌠ norma∞ speed¼ yo⌡ wil∞ no⌠ bσ ablσ t∩ sensσ thσ ì change in characters. The Colour Commands MicroWorlΣ BASI├ ha≤ ß widσ se⌠ oµ colou≥ commands« Fo≥ thσ ì Premiuφ serie≤ anΣ 256T├ user¼ colou≥ i≤ standard« Eveε iµ yo⌡ ì intenΣ t∩ usσ you≥ program≤ oε Microbee≤ tha⌠ don'⌠ usσ thσ ì colou≥ facility¼ i⌠ i≤ stil∞ allowablσ t∩ havσ colou≥ command≤ iε ì you≥ program« Thσ use≥ ma∙ selec⌠ ß colou≥ fo≥ thσ foregrounΣ o≥ ì thσ background« EacΦ colou≥ ha≤ ß numbe≥ o≥ lette≥ (dependinτ oε ì whethe≥ i⌠ i≤ ß foregrounΣ o≥ backgrounΣ colour⌐ associateΣ witΦ ì it. The basic forms of the colour commands are: .cp 3 COLOUR n (n = 0 to 15) COLOURB n (n = 0 to 15) COLOUR n (n = 0 to 255) COLOU╥ ε wil∞ se⌠ thσ foregrounΣ colour¼ whilσ COLOUR┬ ε ì wil∞ se⌠ thσ backgrounΣ colou≥ (wσ wil∞ seσ ho≈ t∩ usσ thσ thirΣ ì forφ oµ thσ COLOU╥ commanΣ iε ß moment)« S∩ let'≤ experimentí ì Try this simple program ("RONW.MWB"): 00100 COLOUR 1 : COLOURB 15 00110 PRINT " Red on White " 00120 COLOUR 2 : COLOURB 0 A≤ yo⌡ ma∙ havσ guessed¼ thσ strinτ "ReΣ oε Whiteó i≤ ì printeΣ iε reΣ oε ß whitσ background« Thσ usablσ colour≤ anΣ ì their codes are as follows. Colour Decimal Code Black 0 Red 1 Green 2 Brown 3 Blue 4 Magenta 5 Cyan 6è Light Grey 7 Dark Grey 8 Light Red 9 Light Green 10 Yellow 11 Light Blue 12 Light Magenta 13 Light Cyan 14 White 15 T∩ accoun⌠ fo≥ differen⌠ spelling≤ oµ thσ worΣ "colour"¼ ì MicroWorlΣ BASI├ wil∞ accep⌠ thσ word≤ COLOU╥ o≥ COLOR« Iε somσ ì instances¼ i⌠ i≤ desirablσ t∩ usσ thσ COLO╥ keyword¼ a≤ thi≤ ì version of the word is more efficient in terms of memory. I⌠ i≤ onl∙ possiblσ t∩ se⌠ thσ foregrounΣ anΣ backgrounΣ ì colour≤ oε ß characte≥ b∙ characte≥ basis« Wheε usinτ thσ PC╟ ì t∩ producσ graphics¼ i⌠ i≤ ß gooΣ ideß t∩ retaiε thσ samσ ì background colour as selected when the HIRES command was invoked. Thσ followinτ prograφ demonstrate≤ thσ differenc⌠ betweeε ì thσ standarΣ anΣ 'lightº colours« Thσ prograφ wil∞ displa∙ al∞ ì the background colours ("COLOURB.MWB"). 00100 REM A program to demonstrate Microbee colours 00110 FOR A=1 TO 15 : REM loop for background colours 00120 COLOURB A : REM set background colour 00130 CLS : REM fill screen with colour 00140 FOR B=1 TO 1000 : NEXT B : REM A short delay 00150 NEXT A 00160 END Advanced Colour Programming in BASIC MicroworlΣ BASI├ no≈ allow≤ thσ use≥ t∩ se⌠ botΦ foregrounΣ ì AN─ backgrounΣ colour≤ witΦ thσ samσ command« Thi≤ i≤ possiblσ ì b∙ redefininτ thσ decima∞ codσ fo≥ thσ backgrounΣ colou≥ anΣ theε ì addinτ theφ t∩ thσ foregrounΣ colou≥ codes« Thσ redefineΣ ì background colour codes are as follows: Background colour Decimal Code Black 0 Red 16 Green 32 Brown 48 Blue 64 Magenta 80 Cyan 96 Light Grey 112 Dark Grey 128 Light Red 144 Light Green 160è Yellow 176 Light Blue 192 Light Magenta 208 Light Cyan 224 White 240 So, the lines COLOUR 207 <cr> followed by CLS <cr> wil∞ produceΣ whitσ character≤ oε ß ligh⌠ bluσ background« ì Thσ ne≈ codσ fo≥ backrounΣ ligh⌠ bluσ i≤ 192« Thσ foregrounΣ ì white is 15. Thus, if we perform the simple equation: 192 + 15 we arrive at the answer: 207. Yo⌡ ma∙ onl∙ usσ thi≤ forφ oµ thσ colou≥ commanΣ wheε ì settinτ BOT╚ backgrounΣ anΣ foregrounΣ colours« Iµ wσ werσ t∩ ì try to set the background colour to yellow by using the command: COLOURB 176 <cr> the screen colour won't change. However, using COLOUR 176 <cr> wσ caε changσ thσ backgrounΣ colou≥ t∩ yello≈ witΦ ß blacδ ì foregrounΣ (17╢ ½ 0)« Thσ followinτ prograφ wil∞ displa∙ ever∙ ì possiblσ colou≥ combinatioε avaiblσ witΦ thσ Microbeσ ì ("ADVCOL.MWB"). 00100 FOR C=1 TO 255 : REM Ignore black on black 00110 COLOUR C 00120 SPEED 100 : REM Set speed 00130 PRINT " *********** " 00140 NEXT C 00150 COLOUR 2 : REM Reset colour to green on black 00160 SPEED 0 : REM Reset speed 00170 END A≤ yo⌡ ma∙ havσ alread∙ noticed¼ eacΦ colou≥ combinatioε ì wil∞ havσ it'≤ owε uniquσ code« I⌠ i≤ impossiblσ fo≥ tw∩ ì differen⌠ colou≥ combination≤ t∩ havσ thσ samσ code« Iµ ├ wa≤ ì eve≥ t∩ reacΦ thσ valuσ oµ 256¼ i⌠ woulΣ bσ rese⌠ t∩ ░ (blacδ oε ì black). .cp 8èImplementation in Machine Language Implementinτ thσ ne≈ extendeΣ graphic≤ facilitie≤ iε machinσ ì languagσ i≤ ß direc⌠ adaptatioε oµ thσ technique≤ useΣ iε BASIC¼ ì describeΣ above« Thσ Vide∩ Memor∙ LatcΦ (por⌠ 1Ch⌐ i≤ useΣ t∩ ì switcΦ betweeε characte≥ anΣ attributσ raφ anΣ betweeε thσ eigh⌠ ì bank≤ oµ PC╟ ram« Colou≥ i≤ programmeΣ b∙ usinτ por⌠ 8« Settinτ bi⌠ 6 oµ thi≤ ì por⌠ wil∞ causσ thσ colou≥ raφ t∩ switcΦ iε a⌠ F800Φ anΣ ì resettinτ bi⌠ 6 wil∞ causσ i⌠ t∩ switcΦ ou⌠ again« EacΦ bytσ iε ì thσ colou≥ raφ correspond≤ t∩ thσ equivalen⌠ bytσ iε thσ ì characte≥ ram¼ iε thσ samσ wa∙ a≤ thσ attributσ ram« Thus¼ F83FΦ ì iε thσ colou≥ raφ represent≤ thσ colou≥ oµ thσ characte≥ a⌠ ì F03Fh¼ thσ to≡ right-hanΣ corne≥ oµ thσ screen« Thσ colou≥ code≤ ì fo≥ thσ colou≥ raφ arσ thσ samσ a≤ fo≥ thosσ thσ basiπ statemen⌠ ì COLOUR n (n=0 to 255). Oε thσ disδ provided¼ thσ prograφ QUIX.CO═ anΣ it≤ ì associateΣ sourcσ filσ QUIX.MA├ providσ ß usefu∞ examplσ oµ ho≈ ì graphic≤ anΣ colou≥ caε bσ useΣ iε ß 'stand-aloneº machinσ ì languagσ application« Somσ oµ thσ usefu∞ routine≤ adapteΣ froφ ì thi≤ prograφ arσ given below. Firstly¼ ß rougΦ equivalen⌠ oµ thσ HIRES▓ commanΣ iε ì BASI├ wil∞ bσ presented« Bu⌠ beforσ thi≤ wσ havσ t∩ determinσ ì whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ thσ systeφ thσ prograφ i≤ runninτ oε i≤ ß Premiuφ ì or TC256. The following routine determines this ;-----------------------<EXAMINE SYSTEM>------------------------- screen equ 0F000h ; char and att memory grafix equ 0F800h ; PCG and colour memory vmlatch equ 1Ch ; video memory latch port attrib equ 144 ; attribute switch c_port equ 8 ; colour port c_swtch equ 40h ; colour port switch row equ 64 ; no of characters per row examine: ; This routine examines the system to determine whether it ; (i) has colour (if not, colour is set to -1) ; (ii) is a Premium (if not, prmium is set to -1) and ; {iii} is a 256TC (if not, tc256 is set to -1) ╗ Note║ iµ thσ systeφ i≤ ß Premium¼ theε i⌠ i≤ als∩ colour¼ and ; if it is a 256TC, then it is also a Premium and colour, for ; the purposes of this routine. ; Corrupts AF and HL. call is_256TC ; see above for this routine ret z ld a,-1 ld (tc256),a ld hl,screen+32*row-1 ld (hl),0è ld a,attrib out (vmlatch),a ld (hl),-1 ld a,80h out (vmlatch),a ld a,(hl) ld (prmium),a or a ret z ld hl,grafix+32*row-1 ld (hl),0 ld a,c_swtch out (c_port),a ld (hl),7 xor a out (c_port),a ld a,(hl) or a ret z ld a,-1 ld (colour),a ret colour: db 0 ; 0 = colour prmium: db 0 ; 0 = Premium series or later tc256: db 0 ; 0 = 256TC No≈ tha⌠ wσ caε determinσ whethe≥ o≥ no⌠ thσ systeφ i≤ ì Premium series or later, we can now use the HIRES2 routine. ;--------------------<SET SCREEN to HIRES2>---------------------- initcol equ 2 ; green on black set_scn: ; Set up the screen in a rough equivalent to the HIRES2 command ; of MicroWorld BASIC. Clears the screen, sets 64x16 video mode ╗ set≤ thσ screeε colou≥ t∩ initco∞ anΣ fill≤ thσ screeε froφ ; left to right, top to bottom with PCG, starting in the top left ; with character 80h, bank 0, and ending in the bottom right with ; character FFh, bank 7. ; Corrupts all registers. ; Returns c flag if error (ie. not Premium) ld a,(prmium) ; see examine routine above or a scf ret z ld hl,screen ; clear the screen ld (hl),' ' ld de,screen+1 ld bc,32*row-1 ldir call reform ; set 64x16 mode ld bc,0 rfwait: dec bcè ld a,b or c jp nz,rfwait ld b,8 ld a,80h clgrfx: push bc out (vmlatch),a ld hl,grafix ld (hl),0 ld de,grafix+1 ld bc,128*char ldir inc a pop bc djnz clgrfx ld a,c_swtch ; set up initial screen colour out (c_port),a ld hl,grafix ld (hl),initcol ld de,grafix+1 ld bc,16*row-1 ldir xor a out (c_port),a ld b,8 ; set up screen & attributes ld hl,screen ld de,screen+1 ld a,attrib out (vmlatch),a xor a setatt: push bc ld bc,2*row ld (hl),a ldir inc a pop bc djnz setatt ld a,80h out (vmlatch),a ld hl,screen ld c,8 setscn: ld b,2*row ld a,80h setrow: ld (hl),a inc a inc hl djnz setrow dec c jr nz,setscn re⌠ ╗ π flaτ i≤ rese⌠ reform: ld hl,v_64+15 ; routine to set up 64*16 refrm2: push bc push hl ld b,10hèformat: ld a,b dec a out (0ch),a ld a,(hl) out (0dh),a dec hl djnz format ld b,4Bh call leee3 pop hl pop bc ret leee3: push hl ; routine for 64*16 leee4: ld hl,007Ah leee7: dec hl ld a,h or l jr nz,leee7 djnz leee4 pop hl ret v_64: db 6Bh,64,51h,37h,12h,9,16,12h,48h,0Fh,2Fh,0Fh,0,0,0,0 Thσ othe≥ routinσ oµ possiblσ interes⌠ i≤ ß fas⌠ line-ì drawinτ routinσ (line)« Thi≤ i≤ giveε below ;------------------------<LINE DRAWING>-------------------------- line: ; This routine is used in conjunction with hires2 above and ; draws a straight line from (from_x, from_y) to (to_x, to_y). ; Corrupts all registers, including IY and alternative regs. call calcxy ex af,af' ld a,(set) ex af,af' ld hl,(from_x) ld de,(to_x) call subabs ld b,h ld c,l ld hl,pix_lt jp nc,cupok ld hl,pix_rt cupok: ld (vect_1),hl ld hl,(from_y) ld de,(to_y) call subabs ld d,h ld e,l ld hl,pix_up jp nc,crtok ld hl,pix_dnècrtok: ld (vect_2),hl ld h,b ld l,c or a sbc hl,de jp nc,swaphd ld hl,(vect_1) ld iy,(vect_2) ld (vect_2),hl ld (vect_1),iy ld h,b ld l,c ex de,hl ld b,h ld c,l swaphd: push bc push bc ld hl,0 srl b rr c or a sbc hl,bc push hl pop iy dec iy pop bc ld hl,0 or a sbc hl,bc ld b,h ld c,l pop hl ld a,h or l jr z,conend smline: exx call c_plot smmove: call pix_rt exx add iy,de jp nc,endmov add iy,bc exx bgmove: call pix_dn exx endmov: dec hl ld a,h or l jp nz,smline conend: exx call c_plot exx ret vect_1 equ smmove+1èvect_2 equ bgmove+1 calcxy: exx lΣ hl,(from_x⌐ ╗ calculatσ initia∞ datß fo≥ linσ ld a,7 and l ld b,a ld a,80h jr z,noshft shftpx: srl a djnz shftpx noshft: ld c,a ld a,0F8h and l ld l,a add hl,hl ex de,hl ld hl,(from_y) ld a,15 and l ld b,a ld a,0E0h and l rlca rlca rlca ld (bank),a or 80h out (vmlatch),a bit 4,l ld l,b ld h,0 jr z,hlfblk ld h,4 hlfblk: add hl,de ld de,grafix add hl,de exx ret ╗ Thσ nex⌠ tw∩ routine≤ se⌠ anΣ rese⌠ thσ pixe∞ a⌠ thσ curren⌠ ; location c_plot: ex af,af' or a jp z,creset ex af,af' ld a,c or (hl) ld (hl),a ret creset: ex af,af' ld a,c or (hl)è xor c ld (hl),a ret ╗ Thσ followinτ routines¼ pix_lt¼ pix_rt¼ pix_up¼ pix_dn¼ movσ ╗ thσ curren⌠ pixe∞ locatioε left¼ right¼ u≡ anΣ dowε ; respectively pix_lt: sla c ret nc ld c,1 ld de,-char add hl,de ret pix_rt: srl c ret nc ld c,80h ld de,char add hl,de ret pix_up: ld a,b or a jr z,chr_up dec b dec hl ret chr_up: ld de,char-1 ld b,e add hl,de ld a,4 xor h ld h,a bit 2,h ret z ld a,(bank) dec a ld (bank),a or 80h out (vmlatch),a ret pix_dn: ld a,b inc a cp char jr nc,chr_dn ld b,a inc hl ret chr_dn: xor a ld b,a ld de,-char+1è add hl,de ld a,4 xor h ld h,a bit 2,h ret nz ld a,(bank) inc a ld (bank),a or 80h out (vmlatch),a ret subabs: ld a,h ;perform absolute of hl - de cp d jp c,abshls jp nz,absdes ld a,l cp e jp c,abshls absdes: or a sbc hl,de ret abshls: ex de,hl or a sbc hl,de scf ret from_x: dw 0 from_y: dw 0 to_x: dw 0 to_y: dw 0 bank: db 0 set: db 0 Hardware Flashing and Inverse Finally¼ ß notσ oε thσ tw∩ ne≈ feature≤ iε thσ 256TC'≤ ì graphics, hardware flashing and inverse. ┴ characte≥ oε thσ screeε caε bσ madσ t∩ flasΦ b∙ settinτ ì bi⌠ ╖ oµ it≤ correspondinτ bytσ iε thσ attributσ ram« Similarly¼ ì ß characte≥ caε bσ inverteΣ b∙ settinτ bi⌠ ╢ oµ thσ correspondinτ ì byte in the attribute ram. .cp 8è Fo≥ aε examplσ oµ thi≤ iε MicroWorlΣ BASIC¼ wσ wil∞ alte≥ ì thσ abovσ examplσ prograφ whicΦ deal⌠ witΦ demonstratinτ thσ ì attributσ raφ anΣ PC╟ bank≤ ("GREEK.MWB")« Changσ line≤ 280-30░ ì to 00280 POKE 61440,64 : REM Set screen pos 1 to bank 0 + inverse 00290 POKE 61504,129 : REM Set screen pos 2 to bank 1 + flashing 00300 POKE 61568,198 : REM Screen pos 3 to bank 2 + inv + flash Yo⌡ wil∞ noticσ thσ to≡ characte≥ i≤ inverted¼ thσ middlσ ì characte≥ flashes¼ anΣ thσ bottoφ characte≥ i≤ inverteΣ anΣ als∩ ì flashes. .paèSECTION III : Using ZBASIC T∩ bσ founΣ oε thσ accompan∙ disδ i≤ thσ filσ ZBASIC.COM« ì ZBASI├ i≤ ß versioε oµ MicroWorlΣ BASI├ v6.22σ whicΦ wil∞ worδ ì unde≥ an∙ operatinτ systeφ o≥ shel∞ anΣ oε an∙ microbee« I⌠ ì automaticall∙ detect≤ whicΦ compute≥ anΣ operatinτ systeφ i⌠ i≤ ì runninτ oε anΣ change≤ it≤ routine≤ accordingly« I⌠ doe≤ thi≤ a⌠ ì thσ expensσ oµ threσ standarΣ BASI├ commands║ EDIT¼ G╪ anΣ RENUM« ì Sincσ thesσ command≤ ver∙ rarel∙ appea≥ iε BASI├ programs¼ thi≤ ì shoulΣ presen⌠ n∩ problem. ZBASI├ als∩ ha≤ thσ abilit∙ t∩ loaΣ anΣ ruε BASI├ program≤ ì froφ thσ CP/═ commanΣ line« Thi≤ enable≤ thσ programme≥ t∩ usσ ì thσ auto-executσ featurσ oµ CP/═ t∩ automaticall∙ loaΣ u≡ thσ ì BASI├ prograφ hσ want≤ wheε bootinτ (eg« settinτ thσ auto-executσ ì commanΣ usinτ CONFI╟ t∩ ZBASI├ MENU.MW┬ wil∞ loaΣ anΣ ruε thσ ì prograφ "MENU.MWBó ever∙ timσ thσ disδ i≤ booted). Als∩ oε thσ disδ i≤ thσ filσ CCPZGEN.COM« Thi≤ prograφ wil∞ ì generatσ aε imagσ oµ thσ CCP┌ versioε oµ CP/═ ont∩ thσ requireΣ ì disk¼ iε exactl∙ thσ samσ wa∙ a≤ doe≤ SYSGEN« Thσ CCP┌ operatinτ ì systeφ i≤ ß barσ bone≤ versioε oµ CP/═ (withou⌠ shells¼ etc.⌐ bu⌠ ì i⌠ wil∞ worδ oε an∙ existinτ microbee« Hence¼ iµ yo⌡ wisΦ t∩ ì distributσ ß disδ witΦ aε operatinτ systeφ alread∙ installed¼ ì theε CCP┌ shoulΣ bσ thσ systeφ used¼ a≤ i⌠ wil∞ alway≤ worδ (thi≤ ì i≤ technicall∙ illegal¼ however).