CP/M

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ CP/M / CPM_CDROM.iso / lambda / soundpot / a / express.lbr / EXPRESS5.DZC / EXPRESS5.DOC

Wrap

Text File | 1993-10-26 | 15.9 KB | 433 lines

.brp .inb -4 .fif EDITING COMMANDS ---------------- .fin .inb +4 .unl 4 Rubout <RUB> <DEL> (____) The cursor is moved left one position and the character in this position is replaced with a space (' '). If you are at the beginning of the line It remains there and replaces that character with a space. Rubout works slightly different when in insert mode. The cursor is moved back one space and the character is deleted, but then the rest of the line is adjusted one position to the left to close up the space left by the deletion. If you are at the beginning of the line in insert mode, rubout will append the current line on the line above, effectively deleting the carrige return/linefeed at the end of that line. (note that this can be changed with ECONFIG so that RUB cannot delete return/linefeed) .unl 4 Delete Character ^D (____) Removes the character that the cursor is currently on and adjusts the remainder of the line one position to the left. The cursor remains in the same position on the screen. Since tab stops are stored as single characters, you may delete a tab with the Delete Character command. This is helpful when restructuring a computer program in Pascal, C, or some other structured language, because it allows you to 'undent' a whole section of code quickly by simply typing ^D^M (_______) several times (once for each line). .unl 4 Insert Single Space ^E (____) Opens up space for one character at the current cursor position. This is useful for minor alterations, such as misspelled words, when it is inconvenient to toggle insert mode, type the character, and then toggle insert mode again. It is also helpful when you wish to move a line to the right on the screen by inserting spaces at the beginning of the line, but do not want the cursor to move from its present position. .unl 4 Partial Insert Mode ^Q (______) Temporarily turns on insert mode (as described in the section on 'Toggle Insert Mode'). Each character you type after this command will be 'inserted' into the line instead of typing over what is already there. Typing any control command except 'Rubout', <DEL> (____), 'Tab', ^I (____), 'Insert Control Character', ^C (____), or, of course, this command itself, will return you to the 'replacing mode' of text entry. This command is useful for many of the same reasons as 'Insert Single Space' and 'Full Insert Mode', and which of these commands you usually use is a matter of personal taste; they were all included so that you can pick the way you want to do it. The commands you don't use can be filed away in the back of your mind so that if you ever need them you will remember they exist, but probably you will never need, or want, to remember and use all of the commands available. If you are currently in full insert mode, this command will place you in partial insert mode. .unl 4 Toggle Full Insert Mode ^U^Q (____) This key changes the state of insert mode; if it is on, it is turned off and if it is off, it is turned on. This new setting remains in effect until the command is issued again or until the editing session is terminated. Another command similar to this is 'Partial Insert Mode', ^Q (______), described above. This command 'temporarily' enters insert mode until another editing command is given. When insert mode is on, everything that is typed is 'inserted' at the cursor location, that is, it does not type over the character that the cursor is on. It is functionally equivalent to typing an 'Insert Space' command, ^E (____), before typing each character. When insert mode is off, any character that is typed simply replaces the character that the cursor was on before the new character was typed. .unl 4 Delete Word ^V (____) Deletes from the current cursor position to the beginning of the next word and adjusts the line to close up the space. This command has three distinct uses which vary slightly. The first is, of course, to delete an entire word; this is done by placing the cursor on the first character of the word (usually with the 'next' or 'previous word' command) and executing the command. The second use is to delete the end of a word. This is done by placing the cursor on the first character that you wish to be deleted and entering the command. You may also delete a large group of spaces by placing the cursor on the first space to be deleted and executing the command; all spaces up to the beginning of the next word will be deleted. .unl 4 UNdelete Word ^U^V (______) Any time a deletion of more than a single character is performed, the deleted text is placed temporarily in a buffer in case the deletion was not wanted, or possibly if you want to put the deleted text somewhere else in the file. When you perform the UNdelete Word command, enough space is provided at the current cursor location for the previously deleted text and it is inserted there. Note that it is possible (and often desirable) to delete a line with ^Z (____) and then UNdelete it as a word or partial line with ^U^V or ^U^Y. The opposite operation is also possible. The delete buffer is left intact following this operation, so you may UNdelete the same string as many times and in as many places as you wish. If no text has previously been deleted during this edit session, the command takes no action. .unl 4 Delete to End of Line ^Y (____) Deletes, starting at the current cursor location, to the end of the current line on the screen. If the line below is a continuation of the current line, the contents of the continuation line are also deleted, and the continuation line is removed from the screen. The deleted text is saved temporarily in the delete buffer for possible later 'UNdeletion'. .unl 4 UNdelete End of Line ^U^Y (______) This command is functionally identical to UNdelete word. It is provided as a separate sequence merely for consistency and convenience. .unl 4 Delete Line ^Z (____) When typed once, this command takes no action. This is to prevent erroneous deletion of lines. However, every time it is typed after the first time, it deletes one line from the screen. The deleted text is stored temporarily (until the next word or line deletion) in the delete buffer for possible 'UNdeletion' at a later time and place. Typing any other character causes its flag to be reset and you must then type it an extra time to begin deleting lines again. If this command deletes the last line of the edit buffer, it automatically moves the cursor up one line to the new last line. If the deletion causes the screen to be less than half full of actual lines of the file (as shown by the presence of the [EOB] message) then the screen is scrolled down one line (towards the beginning of the edit buffer. If there is only one line in the edit buffer, it will only be cleared, not deleted; if there were no lines in the edit buffer, there would be no place for the cursor to be positioned. .unl 4 UNdelete Line ^U^Z (______) This command is similar to the UNdelete Word command except that a new line is inserted above the line the cursor is currently on for the deleted text to be UNdeleted into. Again, I will point out that it is possible to delete a word or partial line and UNdelete it as a line. If there have been no previous deletions during this editing session, a blank line will be inserted above the line the cursor is currently on. .unl 4 Insert Line ^X (____) Inserts a new line ABOVE the line the cursor is currently on and places the cursor at the beginning of this new line, as specified by the value of INDENT. .unl 4 Toggle Entry Mode ^\ (____) This key changes the state of entry mode; if it is on, it is turned off and if it is off, it is turned on. The new setting remains in effect until the command is issued again, the editing session is ended, or wrap mode is turned on (at which time it is turned off). When entry mode is on, a carriage return command, ^M <CR> (____), causes a new line to be inserted below the current one after which the cursor is placed at the beginning of the new line. When entry mode is off, a carriage return acts normally. Entry mode is useful when adding new sections to the middle of a computer program or other text. It relieves you from the burden of having to type so many Insert Line commands, ^X (____). This is not needed when typing at the end of a file, as new lines are inserted automatically then. ECONFIG's <D>efault setting section allows you to set entry mode either initially on or off. .unl 4 Break Line ^B (____) Breaks the line the cursor is on into two lines, the first from the start of the line to the character preceding the cursor and the second from the cursor position to the end of the line. The cursor is left at the end of the first line. If you are in wrap mode, an attempt will be made to reformat the lower line in with the lines following it. This allows you to use this command to break paragraphs without having to do any manual reformatting. .unl 4 Concatenate Lines ^O (____) Joins the line following the line that the cursor is on with the cursor line. This is the opposite operation of Break Line. When in wrap mode, this command simply attempts to reformat the remainder of the current paragraph to the currently set right margin. If their are no lines below the current line or the line below is already a continuation of the current line, the command is ignored. .brp .inb -4 .fif BLOCK COMMANDS -------------- .fin .inb +4 Block commands allow you to move large 'chunks' of text around the file. These commands are accesible from Command mode as well as edit mode in case you are more accustomed to using them that way. They are explained more fully in the COMMAND MODE section of the manual under Block Commands. The EXPRESS.OVL file must be present in some user area of the current drive or drive A to use the Block Commands. .unl 4 Insert Block Marker ^P^P (____) This inserts, at the beginning of the line the cursor is currently on, a marker for use by the BMOVE, BCOPY, BDELETE, and BSAVE commands. You can enter as many of these as you like, although having anything other than two when you try to execute a block operation will get you an error message. These markers can be SEARCHed for and REPLACEd just like any other character. If you do not like the character currently used for displaying a block marker, you may change it to any other displayable character with the configurator program. To remove a single block marker, you may use the command ^P^U, (______), or you can simply position the cursor over the block marker and do a ^D, (____) (or any other editing command that deletes). The advantage of the ^P^U, (______) sequence is that it works if you are anywhere on the same line as the block marker; you don't have to place the cursor directly over it. To remove all block markers at once, use the BKILL command in command mode. Block markers are automatically cleared from the file before it is written to disk. .unl 4 Block Copy ^P^C (_____) Places a copy of the currently marked block 'in front of' the line the cursor is currently on. The original block remains untouched and the block markers are not cleared. .unl 4 Block Move ^P^M (_____) Moves the currently marked block to 'in front of' the line the cursor is currently on. The block markers are removed after the operation. .unl 4 Block Delete ^P^D (_____) Deletes the currently marked block of text. Be careful with this command because it does not ask for confirmation (as BDELETE in command mode does) and its deletions are final!!! Block delete in edit mode is faster and more convenient, but dangerous in the hands of a careless person. .unl 4 Kill Block Markers ^P^K (_____) Removes all block markers from the edit buffer. .brp .inb -4 .fif SPECIAL COMMANDS ---------------- .fin .inb +4 Some of these commands are related, but mostly, their reason for being placed here is that they don't fit anywhere else. .unl 4 Continue Search/Replace ^S (____) Finds the next occurence of the last string SEARCHED for. If you are in replace mode, the keys described in the section on selective replace will be in effect after you find the next occurence. If there are no more occurences of the search string following the cursor in the edit buffer, EXPRESS will beep and leave the cursor where it is. .unl 4 Insert Control Character ^C (____) When this command is typed, no attempt will be made to translate the next character into a command. This allows the entry of control characters (and keys that have been redefined as macro keys) directly into the file. Some uses of this are to place printer commands, to do things such as formfeeds and font changes, into a file, or possibly to do things such as clearing the screen of a terminal before printing a file. All control characters are displayed as '^c' where 'c' is the letter corresponding to the control character. It is also possible to enter RUBouts (DEL) into the file in the same manner; they are displayed as '^?'. Once in the file, the control characters can all be SEARCHed for, REPLACEd, and whatever else you might wish to do with them. They are distinguishable from the regular characters, such as the following: '^C', by the fact that you cannot position the cursor directly on the 'C' if it is a control character, but you can if it is just a '^' followed by a 'C'. The only exceptions to the above statements are that the characters ^Z and ^@ cannot be entered into the file. Entry of ^Z was disallowed on purpose, because ^Z is the CP/M End of File character; having it occur in the middle of a file would create results ranging from mildly annoying to catastrophic. The inability to enter ^@ originally stemmed from CP/M's Direct Console I/O function's inability to directly input a character with a value of 0. This fact was taken advantage of and now ^@ is a special character used internal to EXPRESS (along with the characters represented by 0FFh and 0FEh; all other characters from 01h to FDh may be entered, whether your terminal can display them or not). However, I have never heard of ANY computer system, terminal, or printer that used ^@ for anything except a delay character, so this should never be any hindrance. The entry of characters greater than <RUB> (7FH) is also supported by the Insert Control Character command. If you can't display characters with bit 7 set, they will be displayed as '\c' if a printable character with bit 7 set, or '/c' if a control character with bit 7 set (where 'c' is the character) if you can display these characters on your terminal then you can enter them as regular characters by following the instructions in the configuration section under 'Displaying Graphics Characters'. .unl 4 Enter/Leave Command Mode ^[ <ESC> (____) This command clears the screen and places you in command mode. when in command mode, the cursor is placed after a prompt '>' and you may input any of the commands described in the 'Command Mode' section of the manual. All of the single-line edit commands may be used for editing your entry on the command line; you can even delete a word while in edit mode and UNdelete it onto the command line, for instance. If you are currently in command mode, you can enter edit mode by typing this same command; you may think of it as a toggle switch, moving you between the two modes of operation. This key is also used to get you out of various situations that you may find yourself in (similar to ^C in CP/M). For instance, the TYPE command and the BPRINT command use this key to cancel their operation immediately and return, of course, to command mode. For more information on command mode and what to do once you get there, see the 'Command Mode' section of the manual.