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.brp .ctd \ .hbb .fif EXPRESS - Full Screen Editor (c)1985 C. & L. Stump .fin .hbe .fbb \\%pageno%\\ .fbe .inl 12 .inr 4 .spb 4 .alc .fif COMMAND MODE ------------ .fin .all .spb 4 Command Mode is entered from edit mode by pressing the <ESC> key (^[), (____). When you do this, the screen will be cleared and some information will be printed at the top of the screen, like this: EXPRESS 1.0 Full Screen Editor Purchaser: Joe Schmoe (c) 1984 Cecil & Laine Stump Terminal: Snipe-13 A0:Editing B7:JUNK.TXT - More of File Still on Disk - >_ The number on the top line is the version number of this copy of EXPRESS and should be noted in any correspondence regarding this copy of EXPRESS. The name following 'Purchaser:' is the legal owner of this copy of EXPRESS and the 'Terminal:' is the terminal or computer system that this copy of EXPRESS will run on (the system that it is configured for). The letter and number at the beginning of the third line is the current 'default' drive and user area. This is the drive and user area that will be assumed whenever you type a filename for a command and don't enter a drive name or user area. The file displayed after 'Editing' is the file that is currently being edited. If the file is larger than the available main memory (RAM) in your system and the entire file has not yet passed through the memory buffer, the message 'More of File Still on Disk' will be displayed following the file name. The fourth line is the command input line. It contains the prompt '>' and the cursor is placed immediately after the prompt. This is where all commands will be input. All of the single line editing commands can be used when inputting the command line, including cursor movement, character insertion and deletion, etc. The line immediately below the prompt line is the 'auxiliary input' line (for short yes/no questions) and the line below that is the 'error line'. Any time there is a mistake made in command input (for instance, if a file doesn't exist) the message telling you so will be printed on this line. The rest of the screen following the error line is the 'message area'. This usually contains a menu of commands (this menu can be turned off with the <D>efault Settings section of the CONFIG program, if you desire), but sometimes has a directory of the disk (accomplished with the DIR command) or a display of the current tab stops, margin settings, memory usage, etc. (gotten by setting a new value for one of these parameters, or merely typing TABS). You are now in command mode and have access to a variety of useful functions including: ENDing the editing session, setting the TABS, SEARCHing for a string of characters, TYPEing, RENAMEing, COPYing, and ERAsing files, and many others. .brp .fif COMMANDS -------- .fin The following is a list of commands executable from the command mode of EXPRESS. These commands are executed by typing the command and any arguments that are needed followed by a carriage return, <CR>, which begins execution of the given command. The entire word for a command may be used if you wish, to make it easy to remember, but you are only required to enter the letters that are shown in upper case in the discussion below. You may, however, type the command in upper or lower case. The following descriptions will use these rules of grammer: .inb +8 .unl 4 [ ] - anything enclosed in brackets is an optional part of the command and may be omitted (do not enter the brackets themselves as part of the command line). .unl 4 / - when there is a choice between two or more arguments, they will be separated by a vertical bar. .unl 4 n - any positive number less than 32767 (for most commands the highest number that will be recognized is much smaller than this) .unl 4 ccc - any string of characters .unl 4 du:fid.ext - this is any file on any disk in any user area in the system. Wildcard (ambiguous) filenames are allowed in some conditions and, if so, it will be stated. If the file is on the current 'default' drive and user area then the drive need not be specified. If the file is in the same user area but on a different drive, then the default user area is assumed. However, if you want to specify a file in a different user area then you must also enter the drive, even if it is the default. EXPRESS recognizes 32 user areas (as does CP/M) numbered 0-31. The recognized drives will vary from system to system. .inb -8 The Command Mode commands are logically separated into 6 major groups: .inb +4 .fif Group Functions ------ --------- .fin .inl +11 .unl 11 SEARCH find a specific string, line, or page in the file replace occurences of one string with another string .unl 11 EDITING set parameters that directly affect how text is entered (tabs, margins, word wrap) .unl 11 BLOCK perform operations on large "blocks" of text (move, copy, delete, include from or save to a file) .unl 11 MACRO KEY define macro keys and maintain files of macro key definitions .unl 11 BUFFER change the contents of the edit buffer, end the edit session, switch to a new work file. .unl 11 SYSTEM provide CP/M-like commands without having to exit to CP/M .inl -11 .inb -4 For convenience, the commands are separated into these catagories on the Command Mode menu and in this manual. .brp .fif SEARCH COMMANDS --------------- .fin These commands are used for finding all occurences of a string (represented here as ccc) and optionally replacing them with another string, and also for finding a particular line in the buffer. The search and replace strings can be composed of anything that can be typed in Edit Mode, including control characters and block marker characters. They are entered the same way you would enter them in Edit Mode (precede the control character with ^C, (____) and use the 'Set Block Marker' command ^P^P , (____) to search for a block marker). The search string begins immediately after the delimiter character following the 'SEARCH' command on the command line and ends at the next occurence of the delimiter. So, if you want to search for the string 'this is it' you could type se/this is it/ s'this is it' sea?this is it? or any other similar entry. The only limitation is that the delimiter character cannot be an alphabetic character('a'-'z' or 'A'-'Z'). For instance, if you are searching for the single word 'single', you can even use a space as the delimiter: search single The rules are the same for the replace string, except that the beginning of the replace string is the first character after the second delimiter on the line. rep/this/that/ ^ the replace string begins here .inb +4 .unl 4 Search/ccc/ This command finds the first occurence of the string 'ccc' following the current cursor location in the edit buffer. The string to be searched for can be any length from 1 to 40 characters (0 character search requests are ignored). If the string is found, you are placed in edit mode with the cursor on the top line of the screen, directly over the first character of the matching string. If no occurences of the string are found, you are told so and remain in command mode. If this happens, the entire command line that you entered is left on the command line. Since all the standard editing commands can be used on the command input line, You may change the search string and try again without having to retype the entire command. This is particularly useful if, for example, you have just entered the command: se FOO: (search for the word 'FOO:') and when 'FOO:' was not found, decided to search for 'FOO' (without a colon); you can merely use the end of line editing command, ^U^L (____), type a RUBOUT (____) and press the carriage return. Once the first occurence of a string is found and you are in edit mode, you may use the 'continue search' key, ^S (____) to find all other occurences of the string. .unl 4 Replace/this/that/[N] This command attempts to find the string between the first two delimiters and, if the string is found, replaces it with the string between the second and third delimiters. If you follow the command with 'N' (No-verify) all occurences of the search string after the current cursor location in the buffer will be immediately replaced with the replace string. As the strings are being replaced, a running count will be printed on the screen, letting you know how many have been replaced so far. Remember that if you really make a big mistake while doing a global replace, you can still use the QUIT command (or QNEW) to keep from ruining past work (you can even INCLUDE the current version of the file from disk and delete the redundant parts). Selective Replace If you do not follow the command with 'N' you will be able to selectively replace some of the occurences of the string and bypass others. In selective replace mode, if the specified string is found anywhere following the current cursor location in the edit buffer, the cursor is moved to the first character of the string, just as when you are searching. At this time you are in edit mode and may begin editing normally, except that 4 keys temporarily have different actions: .inb +4 .unl 4 1. Type ^] (____) to place the line the string was found on in the middle of the screen. This allows you to see the context that the string was found in before replacing it. The other three options are still valid after you have done this. .unl 4 2. type ^S (____) to find the next occurence of the string without replacing this one. When the next occurence is found, all of the options, including this one, are still valid. If there are no more occurences, you will hear a beep and be returned to edit mode. .unl 4 3. Type <CR> (^M) to replace this occurence of the string and immediately find the next occurence. .unl 4 4. Type a cursor down or linefeed (^J) (____) to replace this occurence and remain here to do more editing. .inb -4 After any key (except ^], (____) ) has been typed, these four keys regain their original meaning and you are completely in Edit Mode. If you begin editing here or choose option 4, you may still continue the selective replace operation at any time by pressing ^S (____). This allows you to do things such as replacing a string and putting a comment about the replacement at the end of the line before going on to replace the next occurence. Once you return to command mode (by typing <ESC>, (_______) ), replace mode is turned off and you will have to execute the command again to replace any more occurences. The first time you return to command mode after starting a 'selective' replace, a message will be printed below the command line telling how many occurences of the string were replaced. Both types of replacing have their uses. 'Global' replacing is useful if you have misspelled a word the same way many times or if you are changing the name of a variable in a computer program, for instance. 'Selective' replace is safer if you aren't sure that every occurence should be replaced. .unl 4 LITeral [On/OFf/True/False] This command is used for switching between two modes of searching. If literal mode is on, you will only find occurences of exactly what you typed, (e.g 'se/ONE/' will find 'ONE', but it will not find 'One' or 'one'); if literal mode is off then the same command will find all three strings, assuming that they occur. Basically, if literal mode is off, SEARCH and REPLACE does not distinguish between upper and lower case letters; if literal mode is on then they do distinguish between upper and lower case. It is usually better to use literal mode when Replacing since the REPLACE command doesn't necessarily replace an uppercased string with another uppercased string. If you wish to replace occurences of a string that could be uppercase, lowercase, or capitalized, it is best to turn on literal search mode and then replace each 'version' of the word separately. It should also be pointed out that, when in non-literal mode, a single space (or tab) in a search string can be matched by any number of spaces (or tabs, or a combination of tabs and spaces). This means that if you search for 'I am', you will also find 'I am' and 'I<tab>am', etc. If no argument is given after the LITERAL command, it turns literal mode on. .unl 4 Line n Looks for line number n in the buffer and, if it is there, the edit mode cursor is positioned to the first column of the desired line. You will remain in command mode, but next time you go to edit mode ( by typing <ESC>, (______) ), the cursor will be positioned at the new location. This command is extremely important when working with computer programs. If a Fortran, or other, compiler says that there is an 'Error on line xxx' then it is imperative to find line xxx quickly (before the error spreads), without having to wade through pages and pages of text. If the specified line is not currently in the buffer, the message 'Not in Buffer' is displayed and the edit mode cursor remains in its original position. If this happens, the line may either be in an as yet unread portion of the file, or you may have typed in a line number such as '-1' or '0' (Lines are numbered 1-n). If no line is specified, the LINE command simply displays the current line number, along with the tab stops, etc. .unl 4 Page n Looks for the nth screenful of lines in the buffer and, if there are that many 'pages' in the buffer, the edit mode cursor is placed at the beginning of the desired page. The next time you enter edit mode, you will be positioned at the new location. This command is similar to the LINE command except that it only counts the lines currently in the buffer; it does not keep track of absolute position in the entire file. It is useful for moving quickly to the approximate location in the file that you wish to be. If the specified page is not in the buffer, the message 'Not in Buffer' is printed and the edit mode cursor remains in its original position. (For reference - page 1 is the beginning of the buffer (BOB), page two starts at BOB + (number of lines in display), etc.) .brp .inb -4 .fif EDITING COMMANDS ---------------- .fin These commands are used to set certain parameters that affect the way text is entered and displayed. Commands are included for setting tab stops, left and right margins, and word wrap mode. All values of n in these commands should be in the range 1-(no. of columns on the screen). .inb +4 .unl 4 Wrap [n]/[On/OFf/True/False] Switches between the two modes of entering and editing text. When wrap mode is on, the editor will perform automatic word wrap (without right justification). If any word is overflowing the current right margin, it will be moved to the beginning of the following line. When Wrap mode is off, all lines are left as they are and no attention is paid to the right margin. Some examples of the WRAP command are: wrap on ;turn word wrap on wrap ;same wrap f ;turn word wrap off (False) wrap76 ;turn word wrap on and set right margin to col 76 When in wrap mode, everything will be wrapped down to the end of the current paragraph and if a new line is needed at the end of the paragraph, one will be inserted. Conversely, if words are 'unwrapped' following a deletion and a line at the end of the paragraph is no longer needed, it will be deleted. This is all done in real time, as you are typing, so if you use the same margin settings with your formatting program, the lines will always be displayed with exactly the words that will be on them when the file is printed, even though the text is not right justified. For the purposes of word wrapping, a new paragraph is signalled by a blank line, a line with a space in the column that the INDENT is set to, or a line that begins with the user specified formatter command character, (.) (____) set in the <D>efault settings section of CONFIG. .unl 4 Indent [n] Sets the left margin, or amount of indent, to the specified value. This margin is respected in wrap mode and in standard mode. The amount of indent may be changed from within the edit mode by using the indent, ^U^W (______), and undent, ^U^A (______), commands. Refer to the Edit Mode section for more information on these. If no value for n is given then the number 1 (the extreme left of the screen, i.e. no indent) is assumed. .unl 4 Tabs [i]/[n1,n2,n3,...][,i]/[ON/OFf] This command sets the tab stops and allows turning the tabs 'on' (actual tab characters are inserted) and 'off' (tabs are expanded as spaces). Tabs are used for columnarizing data and indenting sections of a computer program, among other things. Tabs are actually special characters stored in the file; when a tab character is reached, the remainder of the current line is moved out to the column of the next tab stop. You will notice that if you move the cursor over a tab character it will 'jump' from one end of the tab to the other; this indicates to you that it is really a single character and not merely a group of spaces. You can set the tabs at a certain interval by giving a single number on the command line: TABS 8 t8 sets tabs at 9,17,25,33,41,49,57,65,73... up to the width of the screen or twenty stops, whichever is less. It is also possible to set the tabs at individual locations such as: ta 6,12,20,22,28,46,51,70 which set tabs at exactly the locations specified and no others. You can combine these two methods if you like, simply by making the last number you enter smaller than the one preceding it: T 4 9 22 5 This sets tabs at columns 4, 9, and 22, and every 5 columns afterward. If you want tabs to be expanded with spaces instead of using actual tab characters (which is much more compact but not handled properly by some programs, i.e. Turbo Pascal), you can use the command: TABS OFF The tab key will still move the cursor to the same positions on the line, it will just insert a proper number of spaces instead of a single tab character. When tabs are ON and you change the TABS setting, you will change the way that previously entered tab characters are displayed on the screen. This allows you to look at the same information in several formats without retyping it. The tabs are also expanded to these columns when sending text to the printer with the BPRINT command. This allows you to do things such as narrowing up the tabs before printing to allow wide lines to fit on narrow paper, etc. If no numbers are given after the TABS command the current tab table is printed on the screen along with the INDENT value and the state of wrap and literal mode, etc. .brp .inb -4 .fif BLOCK COMMANDS -------------- .fin These commands all deal with a 'block' of text defined by placing 'block markers' at either end of the desired text with the 'set block marker' control command ^P^P (____), in the edit mode. Only one block may be specified at any time; if there are more (or less) than two block markers, an error message will be printed whenever a block operation is attempted. Many of the Block commands can be executed directly from edit mode. See the Block Commands description in the Edit Mode section of the manual. Block commands are useful for eliminating the entry of repetitive data more than once, restructuring a document or computer program, getting rid of large amounts of undesired text easily, and saving part of one file to disk in preparation for inserting it in another file with the INCLUDE command, among other things. A block of text can be anywhere from a single line to the entire contents of the edit buffer; it can be composed only of complete lines; if you want part of a line in a block, you can break it from the rest of the line with ^B (____) and then put markers around it. To mark a block of text, the first block marker must be on the first line that you wish to be in the block, and the end marker must be on the last line to be included in the block. If the entire block is one line, then put two block markers on it. Block markers are automatically placed at the beginning of the line regardless of where you are when you type the ^P^P (____) command, so you will never have to worry about doing this yourself. To find the beginning of a block, use the search command to search for the block marker with: search ^P^P (actually type ctrl+P, ctrl+P .inb +4 .unl 4 BMove Finds the currently active block of text and moves it from its present location to the area immediately preceding the cursor line in the edit buffer. The cursor is placed on the first line of the block at its new location. The block markers are cleared following this operation. If the cursor is within the block markers or there is not enough workspace in memory to execute the move, an error message is printed and the operation is not allowed to occur. .unl 4 BCopy Finds the currently active block of text and places a copy of it immediately preceding the current cursor line. The cursor is left positioned on the first line of the new text. The block markers are left intact. If the cursor is within the block markers or there is not enough workspace in memory for the copy, an error message is printed and the operation is not allowed to occur. .unl 4 BDelete Deletes the current block from the edit buffer. After this command is issued you will be told how large the block is and asked if you really want to delete the block. Typing a 'Y' or 'y' will allow the operation to continue, any other character causes the command to be ignored. The block markers are cleared following this operation. .unl 4 BKill Clears (kills) ALL block markers from the edit buffer. This operation is automatically executed whenever a SAVE, HEAD, or END command is given. It is also executed after a BMOVE or BDELETE. If no block markers are present, the command is simply ignored. .unl 4 BPrint Sends the current block of text to the CP/M list device, LST:, (usually the printer). Tabs are expanded according to the user's current tab settings. Printing can be cancelled at any time by typing an <ESC>, (____). If you have told ECONFIG that your BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) ListStatus routine works properly, characters are not output until ListStatus says it is ready - this way you will not suffer the 'Oh NO! The printer is disconnected and I just locked up the system' blues. While waiting for the printer to become ready, a check is constantly made for a key ready and if the 'Go to command mode' command, <ESC>, (____) is typed, you will return to command mode, no harm done If your ListStatus does not work properly (or if you are not even sure what ListStatus is), then the BIOS of your version of CP/M is not implementing the LSTST: routine properly so you will have to make sure the printer is ready yourself. .unl 4 BSave du:fid.ext Saves the current block of text to disk in the file du:fid.ext. Notice that you can save the block to any user area (0-31) of any disk on your system. The block of text is NOT deleted from the edit buffer and the block markers remain around the text. If the named file already exists, an error message will be printed and the operation will not be allowed to occur. If you really want to write over the file you can ERASE it first and then do the BSAVE. .unl 4 INClude du:fid.ext Places a copy of the named file in the edit buffer preceding the current cursor line. When you return to edit mode after this command, the cursor will be on the first line of the included file. Again, the included file can be from any user area on any disk. Wildcarded file names are not allowed for this command. .brp