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+-----------------------------------------------------+ | The following glossary has been extracted from the | | Forth-79 Standard. It gives the description and | | operation of words required in a Forth-79 Standard | | System. Though all care has been taken, it is | | possible that errors may have resulted during | | transcription. Full copies of the Forth-79 Standard | | may be obtained from the Forth Interest Group, P.O. | | Box 8231, San Jose, CA 95155 USA. | +-----------------------------------------------------+ FORTH-79 STANDARD A PUBLICATION OF THE FORTH STANDARDS TEAM OCTOBER 1980 The existence of a FORTH Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether the individual has approved this Standard or not, from implementing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standard. FORTH Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. 0. FOREWORD The computer language FORTH was created by Mr. Charles Moore as an extensible, multi-level environment containing elements of an operating system, a machine monitor, and facilities for program development and testing. This Standard is a direct descendant of FORTH-77, a work of the FORTH Users Group (Europe). 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this FORTH Standard is to allow transportability of standard FORTH programs in source form among standard FORTH systems. A standard program shall execute equivalently on all standard FORTH systems. 2. SCOPE This standard shall apply to any Standard FORTH program executing on any Standard FORTH system, providing sufficient computer resources (memory, mass storage) are available. 9. GLOSSARY NOTATION Order The Glossary definitions are listed in ASCII alphabetical order. Stack Notation The first line of each entry describes the execution of the definition: i.e., before -- after In this notation, the top of the stack is to the right. Words may also be shown in context when appropriate. Attributes Capitalized symbols indicate attributes of the defined words: C The word may only be used during compilation of a colon definition. I Indicates that the word is IMMEDIATE and will execute during compilation, unless special action is taken. U A user variable. Capitalization Word names as used within the dictionary are conveniently written in upper case characters. Within this Standard lower case will be used when reference is made to the run-time machine code, not directly accessible. Pronunciation The natural language pronunciation of word names is given in double quotes ("). Stack Parameters Unless otherwise stated, all reference to numbers apply to 16- bit signed integers. The implied range of values is shown as {from..to}. The content of an address is shown by double curly brackets, particularly for the contents of variables, i.e., BASE {{2..70}}. addr {0..65,535} A value representing the address of a byte, within the FORTH standard memory space. This addressed byte may represent the first byte of a larger data field in memory. byte {0..255} A value representing an 8 bit byte. When in a larger field, the higher bits are zero. char {0..127} A value representing a 7 bit ASCII character code. When in a larger field, the higher bits are zero. d {-2,147,483,648..2,147,483,647} 32 bit signed 'double' number. The most significant 16-bits, with sign, is most accessible on the stack. flag A numerical value with two logical states; 0 = false, non- zero = true. n {-32,768..32,767} 16 bit signed integer number. Any other symbol refers to an arbitrary signed 16-bit integer in the range {-32,768..32,767}, unless otherwise noted. Input Text <name> An arbitrary FORTH word accepted from the input stream. This notation refers to text from the input stream, not to values on the data stack. If the input stream is exhausted before encountering <name>, an error condition exists. 10. REQUIRED WORD SET The words of the Required Word Set are grouped to show like characteristics. No implementation requirements should be inferred from this grouping. Nucleus Words ! * */ */MOD + +! +loop - / /MOD 0< 0= 0> 1+ 1- 2+ 2- < = > >R ?DUP @ ABS AND begin C! C@ colon CMOVE constant create D+ D< DEPTH DNEGATE do does> DROP DUP else EXECUTE EXIT FILL I if J LEAVE literal loop MAX MIN MOD MOVE NEGATE NOT OR OVER PICK R> R@ repeat ROLL ROT semicolon SWAP then U* U/ until variable while XOR (note that lower case entries refer to just the run-time code corresponding to a compiling word.) Interpreter Words # #> #S ' ( -TRAILING . 79-STANDARD <# >IN ? ABORT BASE BLK CONTEXT CONVERT COUNT CR CURRENT DECIMAL EMIT EXPECT FIND FORTH HERE HOLD KEY PAD QUERY QUIT SIGN SPACE SPACES TYPE U. WORD Compiler Words +LOOP , ." : ; ALLOT BEGIN COMPILE CONSTANT CREATE DEFINITIONS DO DOES> ELSE FORGET IF IMMEDIATE LITERAL LOOP REPEAT STATE THEN UNTIL VARIABLE VOCABULARY WHILE [ [COMPILE] ] Device Words BLOCK BUFFER EMPTY-BUFFERS LIST LOAD SAVE-BUFFERS SCR UPDATE ! n addr -- 112 "store" Store n at addr. # ud1 -- ud2 158 "sharp" Generate from an unsigned double number d1, the next ASCII character which is placed in an output string. Result d2 is the quotient after division by BASE is maintained for further processing. Used between <# and #> . #> d -- addr n 190 "sharp-greater" End pictured numeric output conversion. Drop d, leaving the text address, and character count, suitable for TYPE. #S ud -- 0 0 209 "sharp-s" Convert all digits of an unsigned 32-bit number ud, adding each to the pictured numeric output text, until remainder is zero. A single zero is added to the output string if the number was initially zero. Use only between <# and #>. ' -- addr I,171 "tick" Used in the form: ' <name> If executing, leave the parameter field address of the next word accepted from the input stream. If compiling, compile this address as a literal; later execution will place this value on the stack. An error condition exists if not found after a search of the CONTEXT and FORTH vocabularies. Within a colon-definition ' <name> is identical to [ ' <name> ] LITERAL. ( -- I,122 "paren" Used in the form: ( ccc) Accept and ignore comment characters from the input stream, until the next right parenthesis. As a word, the left parenthesis must be followed by one blank. It may freely be used while executing or compiling. An error condition exists if the input stream is exhausted before the right parenthesis. * n1 n2 -- n3 138 "times" Leave the arithmetic product of n1 times n2. */ n1 n2 n3 -- n4 220 "times-divide" Multiply n1 by n2, divide the result by n3 and leave the quotient n4. n4 is rounded toward zero. The product of n1 times n2 is maintained as an intermediate 32-bit value for greater precision than the otherwise equivalent sequence: n1 n2 * n3 / */MOD n1 n2 n3 -- n4 n5 192 "times-divide-mod" Multiply n1 by n2, divide the result by n3 and leave the remainder n4 and quotient n5. A 32-bit intermediate product is used as for */ . The remainder has the same sign as n1. + n1 n2 -- n3 121 "plus" Leave the arithmetic sum of n1 plus n2. +! n addr -- 157 "plus-store" Add n to the 16-bit value at the address, by the convention given for + . +LOOP n -- I,C,141 "plus-loop" Add the signed increment n to the loop index using the convention for +, and compare the total to the limit. Return execution to the corresponding DO until the new index is equal to or greater than the limit (n>0), or until the new index is less than the limit (n<0). Upon the exiting from the loop, discard the loop control parameters, continuing execution ahead. Index and limit are signed integers in the range {-32,768..32,767}. (Comment: It is a historical precedent that the limit for n<0 is irregular. Further consideration of the characteristic is unlikely.) , n -- 143 "comma" Allot two bytes in the dictionary, storing n there. - n1 n2 -- n3 134 "minus" Subtract n2 from n1 and leave the difference n3. -TRAILING addr n1 -- addr n2 148 "dash-trailing" Adjust the character count n1 of a text string beginning at addr to exclude trailing blanks, i.e., the characters at addr+n2 to addr+n1-1 are blanks. An error condition exists if n1 is negative. . n -- 193 "dot" Display n converted according to BASE in a free field format with one trailing blank. Display only a negative sign. ." I,133 "dot-quote" Interpreted or used in a colon definition in the form: ." ccc" Accept the following text from the input stream, terminated by " (double-quote). If executing, transmit this text to the selected output device. If compiling, compile so that later execution will transmit the text to the selected output device. At least 127 characters are allowed in the text. If the input stream is exhausted before the terminating double- quote, an error condition exists. / n1 n2 -- n3 178 "divide" Divide n1 by n2 and leave the quotient n3. n3 is rounded toward zero. /MOD n1 n2 -- n3 n4 198 "divide-mod" Divide n1 by n2 and leave the remainder n3 and quotient n4. n3 has the same sign as n1. 0< n -- flag 144 "zero-less" True if n is less than zero (negative) 0= n -- flag 180 "zero-equals" True if n is zero. 0> n -- flag 118 "zero-greater" True if n is greater than zero. 1+ n -- n+1 107 "one-plus" Increment n by one, according to the operation of + . 1- n -- n-1 105 "one-minus" Decrement n by one, according to the operation of - . 2+ n -- n+2 135 "two-plus" Increment n by two, according to the operation of + . 2- n -- n-1 129 "two-minus" Decrement n by two, according to the operation of - . 79-STANDARD 119 Execute assuring that a FORTH-79 Standard system is available, otherwise an error condition exists. : 116 "colon" A defining word executed in the form: : <name> ... ; Select the CONTEXT vocabulary to be identical to CURRENT. Create a dictionary entry for <name> in CURRENT, and set compile mode. Words thus defined are called 'colon- definitions'. The compilation addresses of subsequent words from the input stream which are not immediate words are stored in the dictionary to be executed when <name> is later executed. IMMEDIATE words are executed as encountered. If a word is not found after a search of the CONTEXT and FORTH vocabularies, conversion and compilation of a literal number is attempted, with regard to the current BASE; that failing, an error condition exists . ; I,C,196 "semi-colon" Terminate a colon definition and stop compilation. If compiling from mass storage and the input stream is exhausted before encountering ; an error condition exists. < n1 n2 -- flag 139 "less-than" True if n1 is less than n2. -32768 32767 < must return true. -32768 0 < must be distinguished. <# 169 "less-sharp" Initialize pictured numeric output. The words: # #> #S <# HOLD SIGN can be used to specify the conversion of a double-precision number into an ASCII character string stored in right-to-left order. = n1 n2 -- flag 173 "equals" True if n1 is equal to n2. > n1 n2 -- flag 102 "greater-than" True if n1 is greater than n2. >IN -- addr U,201 "to-in" Leave the address of a variable which contains the present character offset within the input stream {{0..1023}} See: WORD ( ." FIND >R n -- C,200 "to-r" Transfer n to the return stack. Every >R must be balanced by a R> in the same control structure nesting level of a colon- definition. ? addr -- 194 "question-mark" Display the number at address, using the format of "." . ?DUP n -- n ( n ) 184 "query-dupe" Duplicate n if it is non-zero. @ addr -- n 199 "fetch" Leave on the stack the number contained at addr. ABORT 101 Clear the data and return stacks, setting execution mode. Return control to the terminal. ABS n1 -- n1 108 "absolute" Leave the absolute value of a number. ALLOT n -- 154 Add n bytes to the parameter field of the most recently defined word. AND n1 n2 -- n3 183 Leave the bitwise logical 'and' of n1 and n2. BASE -- addr U,115 Leave the address of a variable containing the current input- output numeric conversion base. {{2..70}} BEGIN I,C,147 Used in a colon-definition in the form: BEGIN ... flag UNTIL or BEGIN ... flag WHILE ... REPEAT BEGIN marks the start of a word sequence for repetitive execution. A BEGIN-UNTIL loop will be repeated until flag is true. A BEGIN-WHILE-REPEAT loop will be repeated until flag is false. The words after UNTIL or REPEAT will be executed when either loop is finished. flag is always dropped after being tested. BLK -- addr U,132 "b-l-k" Leave the address of a variable containing the number of the mass storage block being interpreted as the input stream. If the content is zero, the input stream is taken from the terminal. BLOCK n -- addr 191 Leave the address of the first byte in block n. If the block is not already in memory, it is transferred from mass storage into whichever memory buffer has been least recently accessed. If the block occupying that buffer has been UPDATEd (i.e. modified), it is rewritten onto mass storage before block n is read into the buffer. n is an unsigned number. If correct mass storage read or write is not possible, an error condition exists. Only data within the latest block referenced by BLOCK is valid by byte address, due to sharing of the block buffers. BUFFER n -- addr 130 Obtain the next block buffer, assigning it to block n. The block is not read from mass storage. If the previous contents of the buffer has been marked as UPDATEd, it is written to mass storage. If correct writing to mass storage is not possible, an error condition exists. The address left is the first byte within the buffer for data storage. n is an unsigned number. C! n addr -- 219 "c-store" Store the least significant 8-bits of n at addr. C@ addr -- byte 156 "c-fetch" Leave on the stack the contents of the byte at addr (with higher bits zero, in a 16-bit field). CMOVE addr1 addr2 n -- 153 "c-move" Move n bytes beginning at address addr1 to addr2. The contents of addr1 is moved first proceeding toward high memory. If n is zero nothing is moved. COMPILE C,146 When a word containing COMPILE executes, the 16-bit value following the compilation address of COMPILE is copied (compiled) into the dictionary. i.e., COMPILE DUP will copy the compilation address of DUP. COMPILE [ 0 , ] will copy zero. CONSTANT n -- 185 A defining word used in the form: n CONSTANT <name> to create a dictionary entry for <name>, leaving n in its parameter field. When <name> is later executed, n will be left on the stack. CONTEXT -- addr U,151 Leave the address of a variable specifying the vocabulary in which dictionary searches are to be made, during interpretation of the input stream. CONVERT d1 addr1 -- d2 addr2 195 Convert to the equivalent stack number the text beginning at addr1+1 with regard to BASE. The new value is accumulated into double number d1, being left as d2. addr2 is the address of the first non-convertible character. COUNT addr -- addr+1 n 159 Leave the address addr+1 and the character count of text beginning at addr. The first byte at addr must contain the character count n. Range of n is {0..255}. CR 160 "c-r" Cause a carriage-return and line-feed to occur at the current output device. CREATE 239 A defining word used in the form: CREATE <name> to create a dictionary entry for <name>, without allocating any parameter field memory. When <name> is subsequently executed, the address of the first byte of <name>'s parameter field is left on the stack. CURRENT -- addr U,137 Leave the address of a variable specifying the vocabulary into which new word definitions are to be entered. D+ d1 d2 --- d3 241 "d-plus" Leave the arithmetic sum of d1 plus d2. D< d1 d2 -- flag 244 "d-less-than" True if d1 is less than d2. DECIMAL 197 Set the input-output numeric conversion base to ten. DEFINITIONS 155 Set CURRENT to the CONTEXT vocabulary so that subsequent definitions will be created in the vocabulary previously selected as CONTEXT. DEPTH -- n 238 Leave the number of the quantity of 16-bit values contained in the data stack, before n added. DNEGATE d -- -d 245 "d-negate" Leave the two's complement of a double number. DO n1 n2 -- I,C,142 Used in a colon-definition: DO ... LOOP or DO ... +LOOP Begin a loop which will terminate based on control parameters. The loop index begins at n2, and terminates based on the limit n1. At LOOP or +LOOP, the index is modified by a positive or negative value. The range of a DO-LOOP is determined by the terminating word. DO-LOOP may be nested. Capacity for three levels of nesting is specified as a minimum for standard systems. DOES> I,C,168 "does" Define the run-time action of a word created by a high-level defining word. Used in the form: : <name> ... CREATE ... DOES> ... ; and then <namex> <name> Marks the termination of the defining part of the defining word <name> and begins the defining of the run-time action for words that will later be defined by <name>. On execution of <namex> the sequence of words between DOES> and ; are executed, with the address of <namex>'s parameter field on the stack. DROP n -- 233 Drop the top number from the stack. DUP n -- n n 205 "dupe" Leave a copy of the top stack number. ELSE -- I,C,167 Used in a colon-definition in the form: IF ... ELSE ... THEN ELSE executes after the true part following IF. ELSE forces execution to skip till just after THEN. It has no effect on the stack. (see IF) EMIT char -- 207 Transmit character to the current output device. EMPTY-BUFFERS 145 Mark all block buffers as empty, without necessarily affecting their actual contents. UPDATEd blocks are not written to mass storage. EXIT C,117 When compiled within a colon-definition, terminate execution of that definition, at that point. May not be used within a DO...LOOP. EXPECT addr n -- 189 Transfer characters from the terminal beginning at addr, upward, until a "return" or the count of n has been received. Take no action for n less than or equal to zero. One or two nulls are added at the end of text. FILL addr n byte -- 234 Fill memory beginning at address with a sequence of n copies of byte. If the quantity n is less than or equal to zero, take no action. FIND -- addr 203 Leave the compilation address of the next word name, which is accepted from the input stream. If that word cannot be found in the dictionary after a search of CONTEXT and FORTH leave zero. FORGET 186 Execute in the form: FORGET <name> Delete from the dictionary <name> (which is in the CURRENT vocabulary) and all words added to the dictionary after <name>, regardless of their vocabulary. Failure to find <name> in CURRENT or FORTH is an error condition. FORTH I,187 The name of the primary vocabulary. Execution makes FORTH the CONTEXT vocabulary. New definitions become a part of the FORTH until a differing CURRENT vocabulary is established. User vocabularies conclude by 'chaining' to FORTH, so it should be considered that FORTH is 'contained' within each user's vocabulary. HERE -- addr 188 Return the address of the next available dictionary location. HOLD char -- 175 Insert char into a pictured numeric output string. May only be used between <# and #> . I -- n C,136 Copy the loop index onto the data stack. May only be used in the form: DO ... I ... LOOP or DO ... I ... +LOOP IF flag -- I,C,210 Used in a colon-definition in the form: flag IF ... ELSE ... THEN or flag IF ... THEN If flag is true, the words following IF are executed and the words following ELSE are skipped. The ELSE part is optional. If flag is false, words between IF and ELSE, or between IF and THEN (when no ELSE is used), are skipped. IF-ELSE-THEN conditionals may be nested. IMMEDIATE 103 Marks the most recently made dictionary entry as a word which will be executed when encountered during compilation rather than compiled. J -- n C,225 Return the index of the next outer loop. May only be used within a nested DO-LOOP in the form: DO ... DO ... J ... LOOP ... LOOP KEY -- char 100 Leave the ASCII value of the next available character from the current input device. LEAVE C,213 Force termination of a DO-LOOP at the next LOOP or +LOOP by setting the loop limit equal to the current value of the index. The index itself remains unchanged, and execution proceeds normally until the loop terminating word is encountered. LIST n -- 109 List the ASCII symbolic contents of screen n on the current output device, setting SCR to contain n. n is unsigned. LITERAL n -- I,215 If compiling, then compile the stack value n as a 16-bit literal, which when later executed, will leave n on the stack. LOAD n -- 202 Begin interpretation of screen n by making it the input stream; preserve the locators of the present input stream (from >IN and BLK). If interpretation is not terminated explicitly it will be terminated when the input stream is exhausted. Control then returns to the input stream containing LOAD, determined by the input stream locators >IN and BLK. LOOP I,C,124 Increment the DO-LOOP index by one, terminating the loop if the new index is equal to or greater than the limit. The limit and index are signed numbers in the range {-32,768 ..32,767}. MAX n1 n2 -- n3 218 "max" Leave the greater of two numbers. MIN n1 n2 -- n3 127 "min" Leave the lesser of two numbers. MOD n1 n2 -- n3 104 Divide n1 by n2, leaving the remainder n3, with the same sign as n1. MOVE addr1 addr2 n -- 113 Move the specified quantity n of 16-bit memory cells beginning at addr1 into memory at addr2. The contents of addr1 is moved first. If n is negative or zero, nothing is moved. NEGATE n -- -n 177 Leave the two's complement of a number, i.e., the difference of zero less n. NOT flag1 -- flag2 165 Reverse the boolean value of flag1. This is identical to 0=. OR n1 n2 -- n3 223 Leave the bitwise inclusive-or of two numbers. OVER n1 n2 -- n1 n2 n1 170 Leave a copy of the second number on the stack. PAD -- addr 226 The address of a scratch area used to hold character strings for intermediate processing. The minimum capacity of PAD is 64 characters (addr through addr+63). PICK n1 -- n2 240 Return the contents of the n1-th stack value, not counting n1 itself. An error condition results for n less than one. 2 PICK is equivalent to OVER. {1..n} QUERY 235 Accept input of up to 80 characters (or until a 'return') from the operator's terminal, into the terminal input buffer. WORD may be used to accept text from this buffer as the input stream, by setting >IN and BLK to zero. QUIT 211 Clear the return stack, setting execution mode, and return control to the terminal. No message is given. R> -- n C,110 "r-from" Transfer n from the return stack to the data stack. R@ -- n C,228 "r-fetch" Copy the number on top of the return stack to the data stack. REPEAT -- I,C,120 Used in a colon-definition in the form: BEGIN ... WHILE ... REPEAT At run-time, REPEAT returns to just after the corresponding BEGIN. ROLL n -- 236 Extract the n-th stack value to the top of the stack, not counting n itself, moving the remaining values into the vacated position. An error condition results for n less than one. {1..n} 3 ROLL = ROT 1 ROLL = null operation ROT n1 n2 n3 -- n2 n3 n1 212 "rote" Rotate the top three values, bringing the deepest to the top. SAVE-BUFFERS 221 Write all blocks to mass-storage that have been flagged as UPDATEd. An error condition results if mass-storage writing is not completed. SCR -- addr U,217 Leave the address of a variable containing the number of the screen most recently listed. SIGN n -- C,140 Insert the ASCII "-" (minus sign) into the pictured numeric output string, if n is negative. SPACE 232 Transmit an ASCII blank to the current output device. SPACES n -- 231 Transmit n spaces to the current output device. Take no action for n of zero or less. STATE -- addr U,164 Leave the address of the variable containing the compilation state. A non-zero content indicates compilation is occurring, but the value itself may be installation dependent. SWAP n1 n2 -- n2 n1 230 Exchange the top two stack values. THEN I,C,161 Used in a colon-definition in the form: IF ... ELSE ... THEN or IF ... THEN THEN is the point where execution resumes after ELSE or IF (when no ELSE is present). TYPE addr n -- 222 Transmit n characters beginning at address to the current output device. No action takes place for n less than or equal to zero. U* un1 un2 -- ud3 242 "u-times" Perform an unsigned multiplication of un1 by un2, leaving the double number product ud3. All values are unsigned. U. un -- 106 "u-dot" Display un converted according to BASE as an unsigned number, in a free-field format, with one trailing blank. U/MOD ud1 un2 -- un3 un4 243 "u-divide-mod" Perform the unsigned division of double number ud1 by un2, leaving the remainder un3, and the quotient un4. All values are unsigned. U< un1 un2 -- flag 150 "u-less-than" Leave the flag representing the magnitude comparison of un1 < un2 where un1 and un2 are treated as 16-bit unsigned integers. UNTIL flag -- I,C,,237 Within a colon-definition, mark the end of a BEGIN-UNTIL loop, which will terminate based on flag. If flag is true, the loop is terminated. If flag is false, execution returns to the first word after BEGIN. BEGIN-UNTIL structures may be nested. UPDATE 229 Mark the most recently referenced block as modified. The block will subsequently be automatically transferred to mass storage should its memory buffer be needed for storage of a different block, or upon execution of SAVE-BUFFERS. VARIABLE 227 A defining word executed in the form: VARIABLE <name> to create a dictionary entry for <name> and allot two bytes for storage in the parameter field. The application must initialize the stored value. When <name> is later executed, it will place the storage address on the stack. VOCABULARY 208 A defining word executed in the form: VOCABULARY <name> to create (in the CURRENT vocabulary) a dictionary entry for <name>, which specifies a new ordered list of word definitions. Subsequent execution of <name> will make it the CONTEXT vocabulary. When <name> becomes the CURRENT vocabulary (see DEFINITIONS), new definitions will be created in that list. In lieu of any further specification, new vocabularies 'chain' to FORTH. That is, when a dictionary search through a vocabulary is exhausted, FORTH will be searched. WHILE flag -- I,C,149 Used in the form: BEGIN ... flag WHILE ... REPEAT Select conditional execution based on flag. On a true flag, continue execution through to REPEAT, which then returns back to just after BEGIN. On a false flag, skip execution to just after REPEAT, exiting the structure. WORD char -- addr 181 Receive characters from the input stream until the non-zero delimiting character is encountered or the input stream is exhausted, ignoring leading delimiters. The characters are stored as a packed string with the character count in the first character position. The actual delimiter encountered (char or null) is stored at the end of the text but not included in the count. If the input stream was exhausted as WORD is called, then a zero length will result. The address of the beginning of this packed string is left on the stack. XOR n1 n2 -- n3 174 "x-or" Leave the bitwise exclusive-or of two numbers. [ I,125 "left-bracket" End the compilation mode. The text from the input stream is subsequently executed. See ] [COMPILE] I,C,179 "bracket-compile" Used in a colon-definition in the form: [COMPILE] <name> Forces compilation of the following word. This allows compilation of an IMMEDIATE word when it would otherwise be executed. ] 126 "right-bracket" Sets the compilation mode. The text from the input stream is subsequently compiled. See [ 11. EXTENSION WORD SETS 11.1 DOUBLE NUMBER WORD SET 2! d addr -- "two-store" Store d in 4 consecutive bytes beginning at addr, as for a double number. 2@ addr -- d "two-fetch" Leave on the stack the contents of the four consecutive bytes beginning at addr, as for a double number. 2CONSTANT d -- "two-constant" A defining word used in the form: d 2CONSTANT <name> to create a dictionary entry for <name>, leaving d in its parameter field. When <name> is later executed, d will be left on the stack. 2DROP d -- "two-drop" Drop the top double number on the stack. 2DUP d -- d d "two-dupe" Duplicate the top double number on the stack. 2OVER d1 d2 -- d1 d2 d1 "two-over" Leave a copy of the second double number on the stack. 2ROT d1 d2 d3 -- d2 d3 d1 "two-rote" Rotate the third double number to the top of the stack. 2SWAP d1 d2 -- d2 d1 "two-swap" Exchange the top two double numbers on the stack. 2VARIABLE "two-variable" A defining word used in the form: 2VARIABLE <name> to create a dictionary entry of <name> and assign four bytes for storage in the parameter field. When <name> is later executed, it will leave the address of the first byte of its parameter field is placed on the stack. D+ d1 d2 -- d3 241 "d-plus" Leave the arithmetic sum of d1 and d2. D- d1 d2 -- d3 129 "d-minus" Subtract d2 from d1 and leave the difference d3. D. d -- 129 "d-dot" Display d converted according to BASE in a free field format, with one trailing blank. Display the sign only if negative. D.R d n -- "d-dot-r" Display d converted according to BASE, right aligned in an c character field. Display the sign only if negative. D0= d -- flag "d-zero-equals" Leave true if d is zero. D< d1 d2 -- flag 244 "d-less" True if d1 is less than d2. D= d1 d2 -- flag "d-equal" True if d1 equals d2. DABS d1 -- d2 "d-absolute" Leave as a positive double number d2, the absolute value of a double number, d1. {0..2,147,483,647} DMAX d1 d2 -- d3 "d-max" Leave the larger of two double numbers. DMIN d1 d2 -- d3 "d-min" Leave the smaller of two double numbers. DNEGATE d -- -d 245 Leave the double number two's complement of a double number, i.e., the difference 0 less d. DU< ud1 ud2 -- flag "d-u-less" True if ud1 is less than ud2. Both numbers are unsigned. 11.2 ASSEMBLER WORD SET ;CODE C,I,206 "semi-colon-code" Used in the form: : <name> ... ;CODE Stop compilation and terminate a defining word <name>. ASSEMBLER becomes the CONTEXT vocabulary. When <name> is executed in the form: <name> <namex> to define the new <namex>, the execution address of <namex> will contain the address of the code sequence following the ;CODE in <name>. Execution of any <namex> will cause this machine code sequence to be executed. ASSEMBLER I,166 Select assembler as the CONTEXT vocabulary. CODE 111 A defining word used in the form: CODE <name> ... END-CODE to create a dictionary entry for <name> to be defined by a following sequence of assembly language words. ASSEMBLER becomes the context vocabulary. END-CODE Terminate a code definition, resetting the CONTEXT vocabulary to the CURRENT vocabulary. If no errors have occurred, the code definition is made available for use. REFERENCE WORD SET This word set is furnished as a reference document. It is a set of formerly standardized words and candidate words for standardization. +-----------------------------------------------------+ | The following words represent only the more common | | of the definitions actually listed in the FORTH-79 | | Standard. | +-----------------------------------------------------+ REFERENCE WORD SET FORTH-79 The Reference Word Set contain both Standard Word Definitions (with serial number identifiers in the range 100 through 999), and uncontrolled word definitions. Uncontrolled definitions are included for public reference of words that have present usage and/or are candidates for future standardization. No restrictions are placed on the definition or usage of uncontrolled words. However, use of these names for procedures differing from the given definitions is discouraged. --> I,131 "next-block" Continue interpretation on the next sequential block. May be used within a colon definition that crosses a block boundary. -MATCH addr1 n1 addr2 n2 -- addr3 f "dash-match" Attempt to find the n2-character string beginning at addr2 somewhere in the n1-character string beginning at addr1. Return the last+1 character address addr3 of the match point and a flag which is zero if a match exists. -TEXT addr1 n1 addr2 -- n2 "dash-text" Compare two strings over the length n1 beginning at addr1 and addr2. Return zero if the strings are equal. If unequal, return n2, the difference between the last characters compared: addr1(i) - addr2(i) .R n1 n2 -- "dot-r" Print n1 right aligned in a field of n2 characters, according to BASE. If n2 is less than 1, no leading blanks are supplied. /LOOP n -- "up-loop" A DO-LOOP terminating word. The loop index is incremented by the unsigned magnitude of n. Until the resultant index exceeds the limit, execution returns to just after the corresponding DO: otherwise, the index and limit are discarded. Magnitude logic is used. 2* n1 -- n2 "two-times" Leave 2*(n1). ;S "semi-s" Stop interpretation of a block. For execution only. <> n1 n2 -- flag "not-equal" Leave true if n1 is not equal to n2. <CMOVE addr1 addr2 n -- "reverse-c-move" Copy n bytes beginning at addr1 to addr2. The move proceeds within the bytes from high memory toward low memory. ABORT" flag -- I,C "abort-quote" Used in a colon-definition in the form: ABORT" stack empty" If the flag is true, print the following text, till ". Then execute ABORT. AGAIN I,C,114 Effect an unconditional jump back to the start of a BEGIN- AGAIN loop. ASCII -- char (executing) -- (compiling) I,C Leave the ASCII character value of the next non-blank character in the input stream. If compiling, compile it as a literal, which will be later left when executed. B/BUF -- 1024 "bytes-per-buffer" A constant leaving 1024, the number of bytes per block buffer. BELL Activate a terminal bell or noise-maker as appropriate to the device in use. BL -- n 176 "b-l" Leave the ASCII character value for space (decimal 32). BLANKS addr n -- 152 Fill an area of memory over n bytes with the value for ASCII blank, starting at addr. If n is less than or equal to zero, take no action. C, n -- "c-comma" Store the low-order 8 bits of n at the next byte in the dictionary, advancing the dictionary pointer. COM n1 -- n2 Leave the one's complement of n1. DPL -- addr "d-p-l" A variable containing the number of places after the fractional point for output conversion. If DPL contains zero, the last character output will be a decimal point. No point is output if DPL contains a negative value. DPL may be set explicitly, or by certain output words, but is unaffected by number input. DUMP addr n -- 123 List the contents of n addresses at addr. Each line of values may be preceded by the address of the first value. EDITOR I,172 The name of the editor vocabulary. When this name is executed, EDITOR is established as the CONTEXT vocabulary. END I,C,224 A synonym for UNTIL. ERASE addr n -- 182 Fill an area of memory over n bytes with zeros, starting at addr. If n is zero or less, take no action. FLD -- addr "f-l-d" A variable pointing to the field length reserved for a number during output conversion. FLUSH A synonym for SAVE-BUFFERS. H. n -- Output n as a hexadecimal integer with one trailing blank. The current base is unchanged. HEX -- 162 Set the numeric input-output conversion base to sixteen. I' -- n C "i-prime" Used within a colon-definition executed only from within a DO- LOOP to return the corresponding loop index. INDEX n1 n2 -- Print the first line of each screen over the range {n1..n2}. This displays the first line of each screen of source text, which conventionally contains a title. INTERPRET Begin interpretation at the character indexed by the contents of >IN relative to the block number contained in BLK, continuing until the input stream is exhausted. If BLK contains zero, interpret characters from the terminal input buffer. K -- n C Within a nested DO-LOOP, return the index of the second outer loop. LAST -- addr A variable containing the address of the beginning of the last dictionary entry made, which may not yet be a complete or valid entry. LINE n -- addr Leave the address of the beginning of line n for the screen whose number is contained in SCR. The range of n is {0..15}. MS n -- Delay for approximately n milliseconds. NUMBER addr -- n Convert the count and character string at addr, to a signed 32-bit integer, using the current base. If numeric conversion is not possible, an error condition exists. The string may contain a preceding negative sign. O. n -- Print n in octal format with one trailing blank. The value in base is unaffected. OCTAL Set the number base to 8. OFFSET -- addr 128 A variable that contains the offset added to the block number on the stack by BLOCK to determine the actual physical block number. The user must add any desired offset when utilizing BUFFER. PAGE Clear the terminal screen or perform an action suitable to the output device currently active. S0 -- addr "s-zero" Returns the address of the bottom of the stack, when empty. SP@ -- addr 214 "s-p-fetch" Return the address of the top of the stack, just before SP@ was executed. TEXT c -- Accept characters from the input stream, as for WORD, into PAD, blank-filling the remainder of PAD to 64 characters. THRU n1 n2 -- Load consecutively the blocks from n1 through n2. U.R un1 n2 -- 216 "u-dot-r" Output un1 as an unsigned number right justified in a field n2 characters wide. If n2 is smaller than the characters required for n1, no leading spaces are given. USER n -- A defining word used in the form: n USER <name> which creates a user variable <name>. n is the cell offset within the user area where the value for <name> is stored. Execution of <name> leaves its absolute user area storage address. VLIST List the word names of the CONTEXT vocabulary starting with the most recent definition. WHERE Output information about the status of FORTH, (e.g., after an error abort). Indicate at least the last word compiled and the last block accessed. \LOOP n -- I,C "down-loop" A DO-LOOP terminating word. The loop index is decremented by n and the loop terminated when the resultant index becomes equal to or less than the limit. Magnitude logic is used, and n must be positive.