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- This is a copy of the Toll House Kitchens Success Guide to Baking.
-
- BAKING TECHNIQUES:
-
- SEPARATING EGGS: Tap the side of the egg on theedge of a bowl or cup
- to crack the shell. Pass the yold from shell to shell, dropping the white
- into a cup before adding it to the other whites called for in the recipe. If
- a little yolk gets into the whites, scoop it out with part of the shell. The
- presence of any yolk in the whites can ruin them.
-
- BEATING EGG WHITES: Egg whites may be beaten with an electric mixer,
- rotary egg beater or ballon style whisk. Bowl and beater must be clean and
- dry because even a small amount of grease or oil can prevent the whites from
- whipping properly. Beat the whites slowly, gradually increasing the speed as
- they begin to foam. Beat only until they hold shape or point. CAUTION: Do
- not beat egg whites ahead of time. They should be folded in Immediately after
- they are beaten.
-
- WHIPPING CREAM: Cream may be whipped with electric mixer, rotary
- eggbeater, or ballon style whisk. Cream, bowl and beaters should be very cold
- for best results. To avoid spattering, beat slowly, gradually increasing
- speed as cream thickens. CAUTION: Be careful not to overbeat as you will end
- up with butter and buttermilk. It is best not to whip cream too far ahead of
- time or it will separate slightly, if this happens, mix briefly with a wire
- whisk.
-
- FOLDING INGREDIENTS: Many recipes call for folding beatn egg whites
- or whipped cream into another mixture. Both egg whites and whipped cream
- contain air in the form of many small bubbles. Folding rather than mixing is
- done to retain the air in the mixture. Start with a large bow containing the
- heavier mixture. Using a circular motion with a rubber spatula, cut down
- through center of mixture across bottom of bowl, lifting up and over. After
- each fold, rotate the bowl slightly in order ot imcorporate the ingredients as
- evenly as possible. Fold in remaining egg whites or whipped until uniformly
- but lightly combined.
-
- MEASURING DRY INGREDIENTS: Use the standard graded sets of four: 1/4
- cup, 1/3 cup, 1/2 cup, and 1 cup. Spoon dry ingredients into measure and
- level off with a metal spatula.
-
-
- MEASURING LIQUID INGREDIENTS: Use a glass or plastic measureing cup
- with a pour spout. With the cup sitting on a flat surface, read it at eye
- level. Fill to exactly to line indicated.
-
-
-
- WORDS TO BAKE BY:
-
-
- BEAT: to thoroughly combine ingredients and incoporate air with a
- rapid regular motion. This may be done with a wire shisk, rotary eggbeater or
- and electric mixer.
-
- BLEND: To thoroughly combine two or more ingredients.
-
- CHILL: To refrigerate until cold.
-
- CREAM: To combine two or more ingredients by beating until the
- mixture is light and well blended.
-
- CUT IN: To combine solid fat with dry ingredients by using a pastry
- blender or two knives in a scissor motion until particles are of the desired
- size.
-
- DRIZZLE: To sprinkle drops of glaze or icing over food in a random
- manner from tines of a fork or the end of a spoon.
-
- FULL ROLLING BOIL: To cook a mixture until it appears to rise in the
- pan. The surface billows rather than just bubbles.
-
- GLAZE: To coat with a liquid, a thin icing or a jelly either before
- or after food is cooked.
-
- MIXING JUST UNTIL MOISTENED: Combining dry ingredients with liquid
- ingredients until dry ingredients are thoroughly moistened but mixture is
- still lumpy.
-
- PACKED BROWN SUGAR: Brown sugar pressed into measuring cup with a
- spoon. Sugar will hold its shape when cup is inverted.
-
- SIMMER: To cook in liquid just below the boiling point. Bubbles form
- slowly just below the surface.
-
- SOFT PEAKS: Egg whites or cream beaten to the stage where mixture
- forms soft rounded peaks when beaters are removed.
-
- STIFF PEAKS: Egg whites or cream beaten to the stage where mixture
- holds stiff pointed peaks when beaters are removed.
-
-
-
- CHOCOLATE: ITS CARE & HANDLING
-
-
-
- It's no surprise that chocolate is America's favorite flavor.
- However, as a natural product made principally from cocoa beans, chocolate
- does have certain characteristis that affect the way it should be stored and
- used for best results.
-
- STORING CHOCOLATE: The key words are COOL, DRY, AND LOW HUMIDITY!
- Storage temperature should be between 60 degrees and 78 degrees F. with
- relative humidity at less than 50 %. It is all right to refrigerate
- chocolate, but wrap it tightly so that it won't absorb odors. Airtight
- wrapping will also prevent moisture from condensing on the chocolate when it
- is removed from the refrigerator. Chocolate becomes hard and brittle when
- cold, so allow it to come to room temperature before using.
-
- A TIP ABOUT MILK CHOCOLATE CHIPS: Don't use milk chocolate chips in
- desserts that do not call for melting the chips before blending them in. The
- milk content causes them to become hard when they are baked. You may
- substitute milk chocolate chips for semi-sweet chips in recipes such as
- frostings or sauces that call for melting the chips.
-
- THERE'S NO LOVE IN "BLOOM," BUT NO HARM EITHER: Chocolate has a high
- content of cocoa butter. When stored at temperatures that fluctuate from hot
- to cold, chocolate cand evelop "bloom"--a gray film caused by the cocoa butter
- rising to the surface. This dulls the rich brown chcolate color but does not
- affect the flavor. When the chocolate melts, it regains its attractive color.
- Don't hesitate to use it.
-
-
-
- MELTING CHOCOLATE PERFECTLY:
-
-
- IMPORTANT REMINDER: Even the smallest drop of moisture frm a wet
- spoon or steam from a double boiler can cause melted chocolate to become
- lumpy. If this occurs, all is not lost. Stir in 1 T vegetable shortening
- (not butter) for every 3 ounces of chocolate. Butter is not used because it
- contains water. Stir continuously until the consistency is smooth and even.
-
- TOP OF STOVE METHOD: All varieties of chips can be melted using this
- traditional method. Place the amount of chips you want ot melt in the top of
- a clean, dry, double boiler. Place over hot (not boiling) water, stirring
- occasionally until smooth. Note: water in botom pan should be 1 inch below
- top pan for best results.
-
- MICROWAVE METHOD: All varieties of chips can be melted using a
- microwave oven. Simply place the amout of chips you want to melt in a dry
- glass measuring cup twice the size (ie to melt 1 cup of chips, use a 2 cup
- measuring cup). Microwave on HIGH for 1 minute; stir. Microwave on HIGH for
- 30 seconds longer; stir. It is necessary to stir the chips because they
- retain their original shape even in the melted state. Because microwave ovens
- may differ in power levels, consul your "User's Guide" for specific directions
- for you particular model.
-
-
-
- SUBSTITUTIONS:
-
- RECIPE CALLS FOR: YOU MAY USE:
-
- 1 OZ (1 SQUARE) 3 OUNCES (1/2 CUP)
- UNSWEETENED BAKING CHOCOLATE CHIPS.
- CHOCOLATE DECREASE SHORTENING
- 1 T AND SUGAR 1/4 CUP.
-
- 3 OZ (3 SQUARES) 3 OUNCES (1/2 CUP)
- SEMI-SWEET BAKING SEMI-SWEET CHOCOLATE
- CHOCOLATE CHIPS
-
- 1/4 CUP UNSWEETENED 3 OUNCES (1/2 CUP)
- COCOA POWDER SEMI-SWEET CHIPS.
- DECREASE SHORTENING
- 1 T AND SUGAR 1/4 CUP.
-
-
-
- BAKING PAN OPTIONS:
-
- If a recipe calls for a size of baking pan you don't have, chances are
- you can use what you do have on hand. Use the following list for parctical
- substitutions. But remember, changin pan sizes will alter the baking time.
- Smaller pans take less time than loaf pans with higher sides. TIP: Keep a
- record of pan size changes and baking times for future use.
-
-
- RECIPE CALLS FOR: YOU MAY USE:
-
- 9 x 5 x 3-inch two 7 1/2 x 3 3/4 x 2 1/4
- loaf pan inch loaf pans OR three
- 5 1/2 x 3 1/4 x 2 1/4
- inch loaf pans.
-
- 8 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/2 two 5 1/2 x 3 1/4 x 2 1/4
- loaf pan inch loaf pans OR one 1-lb
- coffee can.
-
- 10-inch fluted tube pan one 10 x 4-inch tube pan
- OR one 12 cup ring mold OR
- two 9 x 5 x 3-inch loaf pans.
-
- 13 x 9 x 2-inch baking two 9-inch round pans OR
- pan two 8-inch round pans OR
- two 8-inch square pans.
-
- One 9-inch round pan one 8-inch square pan
-
- two 9-inch rond pans three 8-inch round pans
-
-
-
- SUBSTITUTION MAGIC:
-
- How many times has it happened to you? Your're missing one item the
- recipe calls for and your stuck. Don't despair; just try one of these easy
- sleight-of-hand substitutes.
-
- RECIPE CALLS FOR: YOU MAY USE:
-
- 1 t baking powder 1/4 t baking soda + 1/2
- t cream of tartar
-
- 1/2 cup firmly packed 1/2 cup sugar mixed with
- brown sugar 2 T molasses
-
- 1 cup buttermilk 1 T lemon juice or vinegar
- and milk to make 1 cup
-
- 1/2 cup Corn Syrup 1/2 cup sugar + 2 T liquid
-
- 1 T cornstarch 2 T flour OR 4 T quick-cooking
- tapioca
-
- 1 cup Light Cream 7/8 c milk + 3 T butter
-
- 1 cup Whole Milk 1 c skim milk + 2 T butter Or
- 1/2 c evaporated milk + 1/2
- c Water
-
- 1 t Grated Orange Or 1/2 t dried peel
- lemon rind
- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
- Hope that this helps all of the cooks old and new to solve some of
- their problems that you have all the time in the kitchen.
-
-
-