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Object Windows The C++ Window Class System Version 1.0 January 10, 1991 by Lake View Software Copyright (c) 1991 All Rights Reserved Reference Manual **************************************************************************** Features of Object Windows **************************************************************************** - Powerful windowing system. Allows as many window objects as memory permits. Windows objects can be stacked, tiled, moved, resized, and changed in many other ways. There is a whole assortment of various input and output messages to interact with windows. All window are active and can be written to at any time. - All windows can be virtual. This allows you to create windows larger than the screen. Data entry screens automatically pan around the virtual window as the user moves the cursor. panning can also be software controlled. - Multi-field formatted data entry. You can create data entry forms that consist of one or more input fields. You have full control over user input and can tie validation functions into each input field. - Moving bar menus. You can easily create pop-up, pull-down, and Lotus-style menus, as well as any other custom menu that you can define. - Scrollable pick menus. Allow you to pick one item from a list of items. - Several video output methods. These include direct screen writing, direct screen writing with CGA snow reduction, and video BIOS writing. - Keyboard management routines. Allows you to tie keystrokes to functions, and specify a function to be called while waiting for a keypress. - Soon to come will be a fully interactive screen painter. This will allow for simple creation of windowed screen data entry. **************************************************************************** Registration Information **************************************************************************** Window Objects is distributed as User-Supported software. You are free to copy and distribute this software freely, however, if you find it of use to you, you are encouraged to register your copy. Registering your copy of the software helps the author continue to provide professional- quality software at very reasonable prices. The Basic Registration is $35.00 and includes the remaining memory models: Small, Compact, Medium, Large, and Huge. Royalty-free use of library functions, unlimited technical support, and low-cost upgrades. The fully interactive screen painter will is an added bonus. The Full Registration is $50.00 and includes all memory models plus full library source. The library is completely written in C++ using Borland's Turbo C++ v1.0. All window classes use the same low-level C functions. This allows easy porting to other operating systems. This will also include source to the interactive screen painter. All materials are shipped on 5.25-inch or 3.5-inch floppy diskettes. Please specify when ordering. Non-U.S. orders need to include $5.00 extra to cover additional shipping and handling charges. Checks and money orders must be drawn on a U.S. bank. Please send all payments payable in U.S. Dollars to:. ****************************************** * Lake View Software * * 4321 Harborough Rd. * * Columbus, OH 43220 * ****************************************** All major upgrades will be available for only $15.00. Please report any errors (BUGS) or suggestions to Lake View Software at: GEnie: J.CAPUTO1 CompuServe: 74270,1140 **************************************************************************** Files **************************************************************************** WINOBJ_S.LIB = WinObj library. You must link to this file to use any of the windows object messages. The demo is distributed with the Small model library only. WINOBJ.HPP = WinObj class definitions. Must be #included in your program to link with winobj.lib. This will also include win.h. WINMENU.HPP = WinMenu class definitions. Must be #included in any program using the menuing system. This header file will include winobj.hpp with it. WINPICK.HPP = WinPick class definitions. Will include winobj.hpp with it. WIN.H = Defines low level .C functions used by WinObj.lib. Also defines various window function options and key strokes. This is automatically included with winobj.hpp DEMO.EXE = A demo program written using Object Windows. DEMO.CPP = Demo program using the WinObj library. DEMO.MAK = Make file for demo.cpp. To build demo.exe: MAKE -fDEMO SCR.EXE = An interactive screen painter. This program can greatly aid in designing screen. When finished you can produce the base source code for your applications. The screen painter was written using Object Windows. Registered users will receive complete C++ source to SCR.EXE. SCR was written using the Object Windows Library. SCR.DOC = Interactive Screen Painter documentation. SCRDEMO.SCR = A demo screen for use with the Screen Painter. ***************************************************************************** Declaring a Window Object ***************************************************************************** WinObj <Object> (int v_h=0,int v_w=0) v_h = Virtual height of the window. Default is 0 If declared as the default (0) then the virtual height will be set to the height of the window when it is opened. v_w = Virtual width of the window. Default is 0 If declared as the default (0) then the virtual width will be set to the width of the window when it is opened. The virtual height and width can be changed any time the window is not opened, using the set_virtual message. EXAMPLE: WinObj window_a; main() { WinObj window_b ( 100, 100); ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ } **************************************************************************** WinObj Messages **************************************************************************** center Centers a string in the virtual window, using the current attribute. USAGE: int center (int y, char *str); RETURNS: W_OK,W_NOTOPEN ======================================== change_border Changes the border style for the window object. Optionally changes the border color. USAGE: void change_border (int type, int color = -1); Required arguments. type = new border type. Use any of the types below. W_SPACES W_DOUBLE W_SINGLE W_DOUSIN W_SOLID Optional arguments. color = new border attribute. Default is -1 which will leave border color unchanged. EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); ~~~ a.change_border ( W_DOUSIN, _BLUE|WHITE); ~~ ~ a.close(); } ======================================= close Close the window object. A window object can be opened and closed as often as you like through its life. A window will automatically be closed when it leaves the scope of your application. USAGE: void close(); EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); ~~~ ~~ ~ a.close(); a.open (10,10,15,35,W_SPACES,_BLUE|GREEN); a.close(); } ======================================= clr_eol Clears the window to the end of the current line. The cursor position is not changed. USAGE: void clr_eol(); ======================================= clr_win Clears the window with the current attribute. USAGE: void clr_win(); EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (1,1,12,40); a.bprintf("This is a test string."); a.set_attr(_BLUE|WHITE); a.clr_win(); a.close(); } ======================================= del_line Deletes a line in the window object. All text below the line is pulled up and a blank line is inserted at the end. The cursor position will not be changed. USAGE: void del_line (int y); y = row to be deleted. ======================================= gotoxy Move the cursor inside the window. USAGE: void gotoxy (int y=0, int x=0); Optional arguments. y = New y location. default to origin. x = New x location. default to origin. EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); ~~~ a.gotoxy(5,5); ~ a.close(); } ======================================= hide Hides the window object. Non of the window contents will be changed. USAGE: void hide (); ======================================= ins_line Insert a line in the window object. All text from the line down is pushed down. The last line will be pushed out of the window. A blank line will be inserted. The cursor position will not change. USAGE: void ins_line(int y); y = row number to be inserted. ======================================= move Moves a window on the screen. The window contents are left in tact. The window does not have to be active to move. It will slide under other windows if needed. USAGE: int move (int start_y,int start_x); start = new start coordinates for the upper left of the window object. RETURNS: W_OK, or W_ERROR if your coordinates cause the window to move off the screen. ======================================= open Opens a window object on the screen. USAGE: int open (int sr,int sc,int er,int ec, int btype=W_DOUBLE,int wattr=_BLACK|LGREY, int battr=_BLACK|LGREY) RETURNS: 0 if successful. Required arguments. sr = Start row for the window. sc = Start column for the window. er = End row for the window. ec = End column for the window. Optional arguments. btype = Border type. default is W_DOUBLE. W_NOBORDER W_SPACES W_DOUBLE W_SINGLE W_DOUSIN W_SOLID wattr = Window attribute. default is _BLACK|LGREY. battr = Border attribute. default is _BLACK|LGREY. EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); ~~~ ~~ ~ } ======================================= pan Adjust the virtual window by delta number of characters. The window automatically adjusts it pan location when you move the cursor. This keeps the cursor always in the window. You can use pan to adjust it manually if you need. USAGE: int pan (int delta_y, int delta_x); delta = the change in the x and/or y coordinate. RETURNS: W_OK, W_NOTOPEN SEE: set_pan() ======================================= printf && bprintf Display a formatted string in the window at the current cursor position. bprintf will print to the window buffer and will not be displayed until a refresh is called. These functions work very much like the printf function in C. Both have an optional xy coordinate. USAGE: void printf (char *,...); void bprintf (char *,...); void bprintf ( int y, int x, char *,...); void printf ( int y, int x, char *,...); EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; int i = 2; a.open (12,12,20,50); a.gotoxy(5,5); a.bprintf("( 2 + 2 = %d )",i+2); a.gotoxy(); a.bprintf("This is the window origin."); a.update(); ~ a.close(); } ======================================= set_active Brings a window to the surface. This will also unhide a function. Set_active is called each time you input a keystroke from a window. USAGE: void set_active(); ======================================= set_attr Sets a new default attribute for the window object. USAGE: int set_attr (int new_attr); RETURNS: previous attribute. Required arguments. new_attr = New attribute for window. Can be any legal color Mono screens will be remapped to use only black on white or white on black. EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); ~~~ a.new_attr (_RED|YELLOW); // All characters from this point will // be displayed as yellow on red. ~~~ ~~ ~ a.close(); } ======================================= set_attr changes the attribute for a region in a window. USAGE: void set_attr (int new_attr,int y,int x,int cnt=1); new_attr = new attribute for the region. y,x = start y,x coordinates. cnt = number of characters to change. default is 1. ======================================= set_fill Set the window fill character. Default is spaces. USAGE: void set_fill (char ch); ======================================= set_virtual Changes the virtual height and width of a window. This can only be done when the window is closed. USAGE: int set_virtual (int vh, int vw); vh = new virtual height. vw = new virtual width. Setting the vh and/or vw to zero causes them to be automatically set when open is called. RETURNS: W_OK or W_OPENED ======================================= size Set a new size for the displayed window object. The virtual height and width are left unchanged. This means you can not make a window larger than its virtual sizes. USAGE: int size (int new_height,int new_width); RETURNS: W_OK, or W_ERROR if your new size is less than 1. ======================================= title Add, change or remove a window title. The window title will have the same attribute as the window border. USAGE: void title(char *str,int position=W_CENTER); Required arguments. str = Title string to display. If NULL then the window title will be removed. Optional arguments. position = Position of the title. default is Center. W_CENTER W_LEFT W_RIGHT EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (12,12,20,50); a.title ("[ Window 1 ]", W_LEFT); ~~~ ~ a.close(); } ======================================= unhide Unhide a hidden window object. USAGE: void unhide (); ======================================= update Update the window object. This will display all buffered output. The window does not have to be the active window to be updated. USAGE: void update(); EXAMPLE: see printf ***************************************************************************** Window Input Routines ***************************************************************************** get_key Get a key from the keyboard at the current window location. A refresh will be automatically called if needed. USAGE: int get_key (int echo=W_NOECHO); Optional arguments. echo = Determine weather or not to echo the keystroke to the window. default = no echo. W_ECHO W_NOECHO Returns. Ascii and key scan code from win.h. key & 0x00ff = Ascii character returned key >>8 = Scan code. EXAMPLE: main() { WinObj a; a.open (1,1,12,40); a.bprintf("This is a test string."); a.bprintf(2,0,"Press Escape to exit."); while (a.get_key() != ESC); a.close(); } ======================================= get Get a variable from a screen window. Will display each get with the current get_attr attribute. USAGE: int get (int y,int x,long int i, int len=5); int get (int y,int x, double d, int len=10, int dec=2); int get (int y,int x, char *str, char *picture=NULL); int get (int y,int x, char *str, char style); Valid Picture characters. x = Allow any character. X = Allow any character. Letters will be converted to upper case. a = Allow letters and spaces only. A = Allow letters and spaces only. Letters will be converted to upper case. 9 = Allow numbers and spaces only. Any other characters in a picture clause will be forced into the output string. ie ( , - and even spaces. Valid Style characters L convert field to 'L'owercase. U convert field to 'U'ppercase. F convert 'F'irst character to uppercase. D MM/DD/YY date field. S 999-99-9999 Social Security number field P (999) 999-9999 phone number. Z 99999-9999 zip code. Warning: If a NO picture is used the len of the string (str) will be used and any characters will be allowed. This is the default. Be sure you have a NULL terminated string. The length of the picture clause will override the len of the string. If a style is used be sure the char * has enough space to accomidate the style type. EXAMPLES: char state[] = " "; long i=0; double d; char phone[16]=""; char name[16]="", ss[12]=""; get (10,10,state,'U'); // state forced to upper case. get (12,10,i,3); // get a 3 digit integer get (13,10,d); // get a 2 decimal double, 10 chars. long get (15,10,name,"Xxxxxxxxxxxxxx"); get a 15 char. name with the first character forced to upper get (20,10,phone,"(999) 999-9999"); get a phone number using a picture statement. get (21,10,ss,'S'); // get a ss # using a style. RETURNS: W_OK if successful. W_ERROR if invalid x,y. W_NOTOPEN if window not opened. ======================================= valid Assign a valid function to the previous get. USAGE: int valid (int (*func)(void *)); func() will be called each time the user attempts to leave the get field. read will not let the user leave the current get until your valid function returns a non zero value. The read function will let the user exit the read with a press of ESC regardless if the valid function returns true. The valid function will be called with a pointer to the current get object. This can be a long, double or string pointer. RETURNS: 0 if successful. -1 if no previous get. ======================================= clear_gets Clear all gets for a window. This allows you to use the get system to display the data but not read it from the screen. USAGE: void clear_gets() ======================================= read Read all gets from the window object. USAGE: int read(); RETURNS: Key pressed to exit read. User can exit with an Enter on the last field, Escape, or PgDn. **************************************************************************** Information Functions **************************************************************************** do_youown Ask a window object if it owns a coordinate on the screen. If it does then return the character and attribute of that coordinate. Owning a coordinate means the window is the most active in that spot on the screen. It is posible for a window to use a spot on the screen but not be the current owner. A hidden window owns NO spots on the screen. USAGE: int do_youown (int y,int x, char &ch, char &attr); y,x physical screen coordinates. ch will return with the character if owned. attr will return with the attribute if owned RETURNS: 0 if not owned 1 if the window owns the coordinate. SEE: who_owns() ======================================== get_pan get the current virtual starting point for the displayed window. USAGE: int get_pan(int &y, int &x) // return current pan coord When called, get_pan will set y,x to the current start location for the virtual window. RETURNS: W_OK or W_NOTOPEN. ======================================== get_scr get the current screen location of the window USAGE: int get_scr (int &sr,int &sc,int &er,int &ec); When called, get_scr will set sr,sc,er,ec to the current window location on the screen. RETURNS: W_OK or W_NOTOPEN ======================================== is_open report windows open status. USAGE: int is_open(); RETURNS: true if open, 0 if not. ======================================== max_x get maximum x coordinate for window. USAGE: int max_x(); RETURNS: max x coordinate or W_NOTOPEN if window is not opened. ======================================== max_y get maximum y coordinate for window. USAGE: int max_y(); RETURNS: max y coordinate or W_NOTOPEN if window is not opened. ======================================== ret_char retrieve a character from a window objext. USAGE: int ret_attr(int y,int x); RETURNS: The ascii value of the character at the given window coordinates. ======================================= ret_attr retrieve an attribute from a window object. USAGE: int ret_attr (int y,int x); RETURNS: The attribute value of the character at the given window coordinates. ======================================== wherexy get the current cursor location for the window. USAGE: int wherexy(int &y,int &x); When called, wherexy will set y,x to the current cursor coordinates RETURNS: W_OK or W_NOTOPEN. ======================================== who_owns Return a pointer to the window object which owns a coordinate on the screen. USAGE: WinObj *who_owns (int y,int x,char &ch,char &attr); y,x physical screen coordinates. ch will return with the character if owned by anyone. attr will return with the attribute if owned by anyone. RETURNS: A pointer to the window object who owns the spot on the screen. 0 if not owned. **************************************************************************** Menu Objects **************************************************************************** WinMenu <Object> Menu objects are derived from WinObj objects. This means the window messages are also available to the menu objects, with a few additions to aid in the constructions of menus. There are three necessary steps to creating a menu. 1.) Open the menu as you would any other window. This gives it a location and color on the screen. 2.) Declare your menu selections. (prompt) 3.) Read the menu. This returns the user selection. EXAMPLE: main() { WinMenu m; m.open (4,23,16,53,W_SOLID,_BLUE|WHITE,_BLUE|DGREY); m.title ("[ Demo Menu ]"); m.prompt (1,4,1,"Data entry"); m.prompt (3,4,2,"Moving windows"); m.prompt (5,4,3,"Random windows"); m.prompt (7,4,4,"Menu demo"); m.prompt (9,4,0,"Quit"); int choice = m.read(1); switch (choice) { case 1: ~~~~~~ break; case 2: ~~~~~~ break; ~~~~~~ } } **************************************************************************** Menu Messages **************************************************************************** prompt declares a menu selection. The selection will not be displayed in the window until you call read. USAGE: int prompt(int y,int x,int return_val,char *str,char *message=NULL); y = The start row in the menu window. x = The start column in the menu window. return_val = The value you wish this selection to return. str = The prompt string. message = The message to display in the optional message box when this prompt is pointed to. RETURNS: W_NOMEM if out of memory W_NOTOPEN if the menu has not been opened. W_OK ========================================== read Read the user selection from the menu window. The user can use the arrow keys to move from one selection to the next, then press Enter to make the selection. The user can also press the first letter of the menu selection. The read function will also unhide a previously hidden menu object. USAGE: int read (int start_pos); start_pos = the first selection to point to. The read function will attempt to match start_pos with one of the return_vals used in the prompt function. It will then point to this selection first. RETURNS: W_ERROR if no prompts were activated. W_ESCAPE if escape was used to exit. Otherwise it returns the return_val of the user selected prompt. ================================================== reset This resets a menu object and closes it so you can use it again for a different type of menu. USAGE: void reset(); ================================================== set_barattr This sets the attribute for the menu selection bar. The default is _LGREY|BLACK. USAGE: int set_barattr(int attr); RETURNS: the previous attribute. ================================================== message_line This sets the screen line to display a menu message. The menu read message will open a 1 line window using this entire screen line. Your declared messages will be displayed in this window as the user moves the menu bar. USAGE: int message_line (int new_line_no); new_line_no = the line number to use. if this is less than 0 no message line will be used. The menu object default is -1; RETURNS: the previous line number. EXAMPLE: main() // A lotus style menu. { WinMenu m; m.open (1,0,1,79,W_NOBORDER,_BLUE|WHITE); m.message_line(2); m.prompt (0, 1,1,"Worksheet","Global, Column, Status, Delete"); m.prompt (0,12,2,"Range","Format, Label, Erase, Name, Justify, Prot"); m.prompt (0,19,3,"Copy","Copy a cell or range of cells"); m.prompt (0,25,4,"Move","Move a cell or range of cells"); m.prompt (0,31,5,"File","Retrieve, Save, Combine, Xtract..."); m.prompt (0,37,6,"Print","Print a worksheet to a printer or file"); m.prompt (0,44,0,"Quit","Quit the menu demo"); int choice=1; while (choice != 0) { choice = m.read(choice); switch (choice) { case 1: menu_demo2(); break; case 2: break; } } } =============================================== message_attr Changes the attribute for the message line. The default is _BLACK|WHITE. USAGE: int message_attr(int new_attr); RETURNS: the previous attribute. **************************************************************************** Pick-List Object **************************************************************************** WinPick <Object> Pick-List objects ar derived from WinObj objects. This means the window messages are also available to the pick-list objects, with a few additions to aid in the construction of pick-lists. There are three necessary steps to creating a pick-list. 1.) Open the pick-list window the same as you would open any other window. This gives it a location and color on the screen. 2.) Assign a char * array to the list object. 3.) Read the pick list. This returns the user selection. EXAMPLE: char *list[] = { "January","February", "March","April", "May","June", "July","August", "September","October", "November","December", 0 }; void main() { WinPick pl; pl.open (6,41,11,53,W_DOUSIN,_BLUE|WHITE,_BLUE|BLACK); pl.prompt (list); int choice = pl.read(); WinObj w; w.open (6,23,11,53,W_DOUSIN,_BLUE|WHITE,_BLUE|BLACK); w.printf (1,1,"You picked %s.",list[choice]); w.set_attr(_BLUE|LGREY); w.printf (3,1,"Press any key to continue."); w.get_key(); } **************************************************************************** Pick-List Messages **************************************************************************** prompt assigns an array of characters pointers to the list object. This can be any size list of character strings. The last element of the list must be a NULL pointer, or you must provide a count of items to pick from. USAGE: void prompt(char *list[],int count=-1); list = a pointer to the list of strings. count = the number of elements to pick from. (Optional) if you omit this parameter the WinPick object will search for a NULL to determine the end of the list. ======================================= read Gets the users choice from the pick list. USAGE: int read(); RETURNS: the element number of the users selection. W_ERROR if the list window is not opened. W_ESCAPE if list is exited with an escape ========================================= set_barattr Sets the attribute for the pick-list bar. The default is _LGREY|BLACK USAGE: int set_barattr (int new_attr); RETURNS: the previous attribute. **************************************************************************** Low Level Functions **************************************************************************** ----------------------------Screen functions------------------------------- Win_init Start the low level screen system. This is called automatically by the first window function used. This function will clear the screen the first time it is called. USAGE: void Win_init (int mode); mode: W_MONO = Force mono attributes only. W_BIOS = Force bios screen writes. W_DEFAULT = Auto detect the system configuration. W_SNOW = Force CGA snow checking. Any of these modes can be combined by oring. example: Win_init (W_BIOS | W_MONO); ======================================== Win_clr Clear a section of the screen with an attribute. No testing is done on screen coordinates. USAGE: void Win_clr(int sr,int sc, int er, int ec,int color); =========================================== Win_dispch Display a character on the screen. No coordinate testing is done. USAGE: void Win_dispch (int y, int x, int color, char ch); ============================================ Win_dispst Display a NULL terminated string on the screen. USAGE: void Win_dispst ( int y,int x,int color,char *str,int max ); max = max number of characters to display. ============================================ Win_gotoxy Move the cursor on the screen. USAGE: void Win_gotoxy (int y, int x); ============================================ Win_hidecur Hide the screen cursor. USAGE: void Win_hidecur(); ============================================ Win_showcur Unhide the screen cursor. USAGE: void Win_showcur(); ============================================ Win_beep Beep the speeker. USAGE: void Win_beep(); ============================================ Win_mono Turn black & white color remaping on or off. USAGE: void Win_mono (int on_off); Call with W_ON or W_OFF ============================================ Win_snow Turn snow checking on or off. USAGE: void Win_snow(int on_off); Call with W_ON or W_OFF ============================================ Win_bios Turn bios writes on or off. USAGE: void Win_bios (int on_off); Call with W_ON or W_OFF ---------------------------Key Functions------------------------------------ Win_getkey Get a key stroke from the keyboard. USAGE: int Win_getkey(); RETURNS: scan code + ascii value of key pressed. Scan code = key >> 8 ascii value = key & 0x00ff ============================================ Win_keystuf Stuf a keystroke in the internal buffer. USAGE: int Win_keystuf (int key); key = Scan code + ascii value of key to stuff. Key strokes are stacked not queued. If you wish to display a string you must insert the keystrokes in reverse. Example: char *str = "Keyboard stuf routine"; int i = strlen(str); while (i) Win_keystuf(str[--i]); RETURNS: W_OK or W_ERROR if the buffers is full Buffer is 40 keystrokes. ============================================ Win_lastkey Return the last key gotten by Win_getkey USAGE: int Win_lastkey (); RETURNS: scan code + ascii value of key gotten. ============================================ Win_setonkey Assign a function to a hot key. You may use as may hot keys as you like. You can turn off a hot key by assigning the key to NULL. USAGE: void Win_setonkey (int key,void (* func)(void)); key = scan code/ascii code combination of hot key. Many of the keys are defined in WIN.H func = pointer to the hot key function. If NULL then hot key will be deactivated. ============================================= Win_setbkloop Assign a function to execute while waiting for a keypress. You can only have one function assigned at a time. To turn off this process assign NULL. USAGE: void Win_setbkloop (void (* func)(void)); --------------------------------String Functions--------------------------- str_clear Clears a string to a given number of spaces USAGE: char *str_clear (char *str, int len); str = String to be cleared. len = New length of string. RETURNS: a pointer to str ==================================== str_setsz Sets the size of a char string. USAGE: char *str_setsz (char *str, int len); str = String to be truncated or padded. len = New length of string. RETURNS: pointer to str. ========================================= strfill Return a string filled with a character. USAGE: char *strfill (char ch,int count); ch = character to use. cnt = length of return string. MAX of 149. RETURNS: pointer to a static string buffer or NULL if invalid length. ========================================== strtrim Trims trailing spaces from a string. USAGE: char *strtrim (char *str); RETURNS: pointer to the string which was trimmed. =========================================== is_in Test a string for a given character. USAGE: int is_in (char ch,char *str); RETURNS: 0 if ch is not in str. 1 if ch is in str.