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- The Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in The U.S.
- (This is an Excerpt of a very EXTENSIVE and well documented report by
- Donald P. Francis, MD, DSc, & James Chin, MD, MPH)
-
- TRANSMISSION OF AIDS
-
- "AIDS is one of the most viruent infectious agents ever encountered.
- This virus, esitmated to kill up to half of those infected, has spread
- to more than 1 million Americans. There is no safe and effective
- treatment. Nor is there a vaccine.
-
- AIDS has been isolated from fluids obtained from a variety of body
- sites, including blood, semem, vaginal fluid, tears and saliva.
- Epidomiologic studies have established that those fluids that provide
- sufficent virus for transmission seem to be limited to blood, semen, and
- vaginal secredtions. Presumably, the presence of lymphocytes in these
- fluids increases the concentration of infectious virus and may be
- important, or even essential, for transmission.
-
- The exact risk of infection for a suspectible person having a single
- sexual encounter with an infected partner is unknown. Yet there are
- those who report having only one sexual encounter and have then
- developed AIDS. In addition, a report from Australia that four of eight
- women developed an infection after they were inseminated with semen from
- an infected sperm donor, and a report of infection of a female
- chimpanzee by intravaginal inoculation, suggest that a single encounter
- with AIDS is sufficient in some situations to infect.
-
- The major determinant of outcome of exposure appears to be the amount
- of virus inoculated. Large inocula given in the form of transfused
- blood almost universally result in infection.
-
- A single episode of possible intrahousehold transmission between two
- brothers has been reported.
-
- Two out-of-hospital instances of AIDS transmission to individuals who
- performed duties similar to hospital nurses.
-
- PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION
-
- At the present time, there are no effective vaccines or
- chemoprophylatic drugs for the prevention of AIDS infections. Likewise,
- no effective treatment exists for AIDS infection once established.
- Since there are no know animal or insect vectors and the virus is not
- transmitted by the respiratory or fecal-oral route, prevention of AIDS
- transmission must be directed at person-to-person spread via sexual,
- blood-borne, and perinatal routes.
-
- THERE IS NO RISK OF SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF AIDS FOR THOSE WHO
- PRACTICE SEXUAL ABSTINENCE. Furthermore, there is no risk of infection
- if neither partner is infected. This would be the case for couples who
- have been mutually monogamous since the introduction of AIDS in the
- United States (presumably in the mid-1970's).
-
- However, as with the use of condoms for pregnancy prevention,
- failures can be expected, espically if the condoms are not used
- consistently and continuously with all sexual partners.
-
- Transmission among homosexual men appears to be due almost
- exclusively to receptive anal intercourse. The prevalence of infection
- in this group today is extermely high in most urban areas. Even with
- profound decreases in the number of sexual partners, the risk of
- infection in this community remains high because of the present high
- chance that any single sexual partner is infectious.
-
- Controversy has surrounded the issue of homosexual bathhouses. Any
- setting that encourages unsafe sexual practices between individuals will
- increase the transmission of AIDS. As such, those bathhouses that
- encourage such practices adversly affect AIDS prevention.
-
- The current risk of infection of a given heterosexual contact in the
- United States is low, but infections and AIDS cases art certainly being
- acquired by heterosexual contact. Logic would dictate that those
- outside of mutually monogamous relationships who wish to minimize their
- risk should limit their total number of partners and practice protective
- sex all the the time.
-
- Infection with this virus has potentially dire consequences;
- therefore, sexual partners should carefully weigh the risks of
- unprotected sexual encounters outside of mutually monogamous
- relationships.
-
- Prostitutes are a major source of infection in central Africa and
- probably in some European countires.
-
- INTRAVENOUS TRANSMISSION
-
- The message for AIDS prevention is obvious: stop the use of IV drugs,
- or, at a minimum, eliminate sharing of unsterilized injection
- paraphernalia.
-
- Intravenous drug abusers, if AIDS transmission persists, will likely
- serve as a major entree of the virus into a segment of the heterosexual
- community, most prominently in the urban poor communities.
-
- The use of drugs in association with sexual practices is prevalent in
- many communities, including the homosexual community.
-
- OTHER DATA
-
- Of surveys conducted 1985-1986, 72% of Homosexual men in STD clinics
- in San Francisco are reported as having AIDS. 49% of Homosexual men in
- San Francisco had AIDS, 59% of IV drug users surveyed in New York and
- 40% of the homosexuasls.
-
- (For the sake of easier reading, AIDS was subsitiuted in-place of Human
- immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and inserted sub-headings)
-
-