The California Collection/TheCaliforniaCollection.cdr/his070/orig19.lzh/ORIG19.TXT

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ORG:The abandonment of the belief in the flood

   The apostle Peter predicted the abandonment of the belief in the
worldwide flood in 2 Peter 3:3 when he said

   "Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days
scoffers, walking after their own lusts, And saying, Where is the
promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things
continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. For this they
willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of
old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby
the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: But the
heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in
store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of
ungodly men." 2 Peter 3:3-7

   The Scientific Case for Creation and the case for the Worldwide
Flood being the cause of the fossil record.

   EVOLUTION HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED!

   1. Spontaneous generation (the emergence of life from inorganic
materials) has never been observed.

   2. Mendel's laws of genetics explain almost all of the physical
variations that are observed within life categories such as the dog
family. A logical consequence of these laws and their modern day
refinements is that there are limits to such variation.

   3. Acquired characteristics cannot be inherited.

   4. Natural selection cannot produce new genes; it only selects among
preexisting characteristics.

   5. Mutations are the only proposed mechanism by which new genetic
material becomes available for evolution.

   6. Almost all observable mutations are harmful; many are lethal.

   7. No known mutation has ever produced a form of life having both
greater complexity and greater viability than its ancestors.

   8. Over seventy years of fruit-fly experiments, equivalent to 2700
human generations, give no basis for believing that any natural or
artificial process can cause an increase in either complexity or
viability. No clear genetic improvement has been observed despite the
many unnatural efforts to increase mutation rates.

   9. There is no reason to believe that mutations could ever produce
any new organs such as the eye, the ear, or the brain.

   10. No verified forms of extraterrestrial life of any kind have ever
been observed.

   11. If languages evolved, the earliest languages should be the
simplest. On the contrary, as one studies languages that are
increasingly ancient, such as Latin (200 B.C.), Greek (800 B.C.), and
Vedic Sanskrit (1500 B.C.), they become increasingly complex with
respect to syntax, cases, genders, moods, voices, tenses, and verb
forms. The best evidence indicates that languages DEvolve.

   12. The many similarities between different species do not
necessarily imply a genealogical relationship; they may imply a common
Designer.

   13. The existence of human organs whose function is unknown does not
imply that they are vestiges of organs from our evolutionary ancestors.
In fact, as medical knowledge has increased, the functions of almost
all of these organs have been discovered.

   14. As an embryo develops, it does not pass through the adult stages
of its alleged evolutionary ancestors. Embryologists no longer consider
the superficial similarity that exists between a few embryos and the
adult forms of simpler animals as evidence of evolution.

   15. Stories claiming that primitive, ape-like men have been found
are overstated. Piltdown man was an acknowledged hoax. The fragmentary
evidence that constituted Nebraska man was a pig's tooth. The
discoverer of Java man later acknowledged that it was a large gibbon
and that he had withheld evidence to that effect. The evidence
concerning Peking man has disappeared. Louis and Mary Leakey, the
discoverers of Zinjanthropus (previously referred to by some as
Australopithecus), later admitted that they were probably apes.
Ramapithecus consists merely of a handful of teeth and jaw fragments;
his teeth are very similar to those of the gelada baboon living today.
For about 100 years the world was led to believe that Neanderthal man
was stooped and ape-like. Recent studies show that this individual was
crippled with arthritis and probably had rickets. Neanderthal man,
Heidelberg man, and Cro-Magnon man are similar to humans living today.
Artists' depictions, especially of the fleshy portions of the body, are
quite imaginative and are not supported by evidence. Furthermore, the
dating techniques are questionable.

   16. Many of the world's fossils show, by the details of their soft
fleshy portions, that they were buried before they could decay. This,
together with the occurrence of polystrate fossils (fossils that
traverse two or more strata of sedimentary rock) in Carboniferous,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic formations, is unmistakable evidence that this
sedimentary material was deposited rapidly -- not over hundreds of
millions of years.

   17. Many fossils of modern looking humans have been found deep in
rock formations that are supposedly many millions of years older than
evolutionary theory would predict. These remains are ignored by
evolutionists.

   18. The vertical sequencing of fossils is frequently not in the
assumed evolutionary order.

   19. Nowhere on the earth can one find the so-called "geologic
column." Even at the Grand Canyon, only a small fraction of this
imaginary column is found.

   20. If evolution had occurred, the fossil record should show
continuous and gradual changes from the bottom to the top layers and
between all forms of life. Just the opposite is found. Many complex
species appear suddenly in the lowest layers, and innumerable gaps and
discontinuities appear throughout.

   21. The vast majority of the sediments, which encase practically all
fossils, were laid down though Water.

   22. The worldwide fossil record is evidence of the rapid death and
burial of animal and plant life by a flood; it is not evidence of slow
change.

   RESEARCH SHOWS THAT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE ARE SO COMPLEX THAT
CHANCE AND EVEN BILLIONS OF YEARS CANNOT EXPLAIN IT.

   23. If the earth, early in its alleged evolution, had oxygen in its
atmosphere, the chemicals needed for life would have been removed by
oxidation. But if there had been no oxygen, then there would have been
no ozone, and without ozone all life would be quickly destroyed by the
sun's ultraviolet radiation.

   24. There have been many imaginative but unsuccessful attempts to
explain how just one single protein could form from any of the assumed
atmospheres of the early earth. The necessary chemical reactions all
tend to move in the opposite direction from that required. Furthermore,
each possible energy source, whether the earth's heat, electrical
discharges, or the sun's radiation, would destroy the protein products
millions of times faster than they could be formed.

   25. If, despite the virtually impossible odds, proteins arose by
chance processes, there is not the remotest reason to believe that they
could ever form a self-reproducing, membrane- encased, living cell.
There is no evidence that there are any stable states between the
assumed naturalistic formation of proteins and the formation of the
first living cells. No scientist has ever advanced a testable procedure
whereby this fantastic jump in complexity could have occurred -- even
if the universe were completely filled with proteins.

   26. If life is ultimately the result of random chance, then so is
thought. Your thoughts -- such as what you are now thinking - - would
in the final analysis be a consequence of accident only and therefore
would have no validity.

   27. Computer-generated comparisons have been made of the sequences
of amino acids that comprise a protein which is common to 47 forms of
animal and plant life. The results of this study seriously contradict
the predictions of the theory of evolution.

   28. The genetic information contained in each cell of the human body
is roughly equivalent to a library of 4000 volumes. For chance
mutations and natural selection to produce this amount of information,
assuming that matter and life somehow got started, is analogous to
continuing the following procedure until 4000 volumes have been
produced:

   (a) Start with a meaningful phrase.

   (b) Retype the phrase but make some errors and insert some
additional letters.

   (c) Examine the new phrase to see if it is meaningful.

   (d) If it is, replace the original phrase with it.

   (e) Return to step (b).

   To accumulate 4000 volumes that are meaningful, this procedure would
have to produce the equivalent of far more than 10^3000 (10 to the
3000th power) animal offspring. (To just begin to understand how large
10^3000 is, realize that the visible universe has less than 10^80 atoms
in it.)

   29. Based on present day observations, DNA can only be replicated or
reproduced with the help of certain enzymes. But these enzymes can only
be produced at the direction of DNA. Since each requires the other, a
satisfactory explanation for the origin of one must simultaneously
explain the origin of the other. No evidence exists for any such
naturalistic explanation.

   30. Amino acids, when found in nonliving matter, come in two forms
that are chemically equivalent; about half can be described as
"right-handed" and half "left-handed" (a structural description -- one
is the mirror image of the other). However, the protein molecules found
in all forms of life, including plants, animals, bacteria, molds, and
even viruses, have only the left-handed variety. The mathematical
probability that chance processes could produce just one tiny protein
molecule with only left-handed amino acids is virtually zero.

   31. The simplest form of life consists of 600 different protein
molecules. The mathematical probability that just one molecule could
form by the chance arrangement of the proper amino acids is far less
than 1 in 10^527 (10 to the 527th power). (The magnitude of the number
10^527 can begin to be appreciated by realizing that the visible
universe is about 10^28 inches in diameter.)

   32. There are many instances where quite different forms of life are
completely dependent upon each other. Examples include: fig trees and
the fig gall wasp, the yucca plant and the pronuba moth, many parasites
and their hosts, pollen- bearing plants and the honey-bee family
consisting of the queen, workers, and drones. If one member of each
interdependent group evolved first (such as the plant before the
animal), the other members could not have survived. Since all members
of the group obviously have survived, they must have come into
existence at essentially the same time.

   33. Detailed studies of various animals have revealed certain
physical equipment and capabilities that cannot be duplicated by the
world's best designers using the most sophisticated technologies. A few
examples include: the miniature and reliable sonar systems of the
dolphins, porpoises, and whales; the frequency modulated radar and
discrimination system of the bat; the efficiency and aerodynamic
capabilities of the hummingbird; the control systems, internal
ballistics, and combustion chambers of the bombardier beetle; and the
precise and redundant navigational systems of many birds and fish. The
many components of these complex systems could not have evolved in
stages without placing a selective disadvantage on the animal. All
evidence points to a Designer.

   34. If sexual reproduction in plants, animals, and humans is a
result of evolution, an absolutely unbelievable series of chance events
would have had to occur. First, the amazingly complex and completely
different reproductive systems of the male must have completely and
independently evolved at about the same time and place as those of the
female. A slight incompleteness in just one of the two would make both
systems useless, and natural selection would oppose their survival.
Second, the physical and emotional systems of the male and female would
also need to be compatible. Third, the complex products of the male
reproductive system (pollen or sperm) would have to have an affinity
for and a mechanical and chemical compatibility with the eggs from the
female reproductive system. Fourth, the intricate and numerous
processes occurring at the molecular level inside the fertilized egg
would have to work with fantastic precision the very first time it
happened -- processes which scientists can only describe in an
aggregate sense. And final, the environment of the fertilized egg, from
conception until it also reproduces with another sexually capable
"brother or sister," would have to be controlled to an unbelievable
degree. Either this series of incredible events occurred by random
processes, or else an Intelligent Designer created sexual reproduction.

   THE UNIVERSE, THE SOLAR SYSTEM, THE EARTH, AND LIFE WERE RECENTLY
CREATED.

   Naturalistic explanations for the evolution of the solar system and
universe are unscientific and hopelessly inadequate.

   According to ALL theories on the evolution of the solar system:

   35. The planets should all rotate on their axes in the same
direction; Venus and Uranus rotate backwards.

   36. All 42 moons of the various planets should revolve in the same
direction; at least 11 revolve backwards.

   37. The orbits of these 42 moons should all lie in the equatorial
plane of the planet they orbit; many, including the earth's moon, are
highly inclined.

   38. The material of the earth (and Mars, Venus, and Mercury) should
almost all be hydrogen and helium -- similar to that of the sun and the
rest of the visible universe; actually much less than 1% of the earth's
mass is hydrogen or helium.

   39. The sun should have 700 times more angular momentum than the
planets; the planets have 50 times more angular momentum than the sun.

   40. Detailed analyses indicate that stars could not have formed from
interstellar gas clouds. To do so, either by first forming dust
particles or by a direct gravitational collapse of the gas, would
require vastly more time than the alleged age of the universe. The ONLY
alternative is that stars must have been created.

   41. The sun's tidal forces are so strong that dust clouds or gas
clouds lying within the orbit of Jupiter could never condense to form
planets.

   42. Saturn's rings could not have formed from the disintegration of
a former satellite or from the capture of external material; its
particles are too small and too evenly distributed throughout an orbit
that is too circular. Therefore, the rings appear to be remnants of its
creation.

   43. The moon was not torn from the earth, nor did it congeal from
the same material as the earth since the relative abundances of its
elements are too dissimilar from those of the earth. If the moon formed
from particles orbiting the earth, other particles should be easily
visible inside the moon's orbit; none are. The moon's circular, highly
inclined orbit is strong evidence that it was never captured by the
earth. If the moon was not pulled from the earth, was not built up from
smaller particles near its present orbit, and was not captured from
outside its present orbit, only one possibility remains. The moon must
have been created in its present orbit.

   44. No scientific theory exists to explain the origin of matter,
space, or time. Since each is intimately related or even defined in
terms of the other, a satisfactory explanation for the origin of one
must also explain the origin of the others. Naturalistic explanations
have completely failed.

   45. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the energy of our
universe is constant, or conserved. Countless experiments have shown
that regardless of the energy conversion process, the total amount of
energy (or its mass equivalent) remains constant. A corollary of the
First Law is the no energy can be created. Since the universe obviously
has energy, that energy must have been created in the past when The
First Law was not operating. Since the energy of the universe could not
have created itself, Something external; must have created it.

   46. A consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is that the
universe could not have always existed; it must have had a beginning. A
further consequence of the Second Law is that when the universe began,
it was in a more organized state than it is today -- not in a highly
disorganized state as assumed by evolutionists and proponents of the
Big Bang Theory.

   47. We have seen stars die; we have NOT seen stars being born. Only
downhill processes are observed, NEVER uphill or evolutionary
processes. There is NO evidence that stars evolve.

   48. Stellar evolution is ASSUMED in estimation the age of stars.
These age estimates are then used to establish a framework for stellar
evolution. This is CIRCULAR reasoning.

   49. There is NO evidence that galaxies evolved.

   TECHNIQUES THAT ARGUE FOR AN OLD EARTH ARE EITHER ILLOGICAL OR ARE
BASED ON UNPROVEN ASSUMPTIONS!

   50. Any estimated date prior to the beginning of written records
must necessarily assume that the dating clock has operated at a known
rate, that the initial setting of the clock is known, and that the
clock has not been disturbed. These assumptions are almost always
unstated or overlooked.

   51. A major assumption that underlies all radioactive dating
techniques is that the rates of decay, which have been essentially
constant over the past 70 years, have also been constant over the past
4,600,000,000 years. This bold, critical, and untestable assumption is
made even though no one knows what causes radioactive decay.

   52. The public has been greatly misled concerning the reliability
and trustworthiness of radiometric dating techniques (the
Potassium-Argon method, the Rubidium-Strontium method, and the
Uranium-Thorium method). Many of the published dates can be checked by
comparisons with the assumed ages for the fossils that sometimes
bracket radiometrically dated rock. In over 300 (or almost half) of
these PUBLISHED checks, the radiometrically determined ages were at
least one geologic age in error -- indicating major errors in
methodology. An unanswered question is, "How many other dating checks
were not published because they too were in error?"

   53. Pleochroic halos, tiny spheres of discoloration produced by the
radioactive decay of particles that are encased in various crystals,
show that the earth's crust was NEVER in a molten state. Furthermore,
these halos suggest that the rate of radioactive decay was NOT
constant, and in fact, varied by MANY orders of magnitude from that
observed today.

   54. Geological formations are almost always dated by their fossil
content, especially by certain INDEX FOSSILS of extinct animals. The
age of the fossil is derived from the ASSUMED evolutionary sequence,
but the evolutionary sequence is based on the fossil record. This
reasoning is CIRCULAR! Furthermore, this procedure has produced many
contradictory results.

   55. Human footprints are found alongside dinosaur footprints in the
rock formations of the Paluxy riverbed in Texas. This obviously shows
that man and dinosaurs lived at the same time and the same place. But
evolutionists claim that dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million
years before man supposedly began to evolve.

   56. Many different people have found at different times and places
man-made artifacts encased in coal! Examples include an 8-carat gold
chain, a spoon, a thimble, an iron pot, a bell, and other objects of
obvious human manufacture. Many other "out-of-place artifacts" such as
a metallic vase, a screw, nails, a strange coin, and a doll have been
found buried deeply in solid rock. By evolutionary dating techniques,
these objects would be hundreds of millions of years old; but man
supposedly didn't begin to evolve until 2-4 million years ago.
Something is wrong.

   57. In rock formations in Utah, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and
Kentucky, human footprints that are supposedly 150-600 million years
old have been found and examined by many different authorities.
Obviously, there is a major error in chronology.

   58. The fact that there is no worldwide unconformity in the earth's
sedimentary strata implies that this entire geologic record must have
been deposited rapidly. (An "unconformity" is an erosional surface
between two adjacent rock formations representing a time break of
unknown duration. "Conformities" imply a continuous and rapid
deposition. Since one can always trace a continuous path from the
bottom to the top of the geologic record that avoids these
unconformities, the sediments along that path must have been deposited
continuously.)

   59. Radiocarbon dating, which has been accurately calibrated by
counting the rings of living trees that are up to 3,500 years old, is
unable to extend this accuracy and date organic remains that are more
ancient. A few people have claimed that ancient wood exists which will
permit this calibration to be extended even further back in time, but
these people have not let outside scientists examine their data. On the
other hand, measurements made at hundreds of sites worldwide indicate
that the concentration of radiocarbon in the atmosphere rose quite
rapidly at some time prior to 3,500 years ago. If this happened, a
radiocarbon age of 40,000 years could easily correspond to a true age
of 5,000 years!


   MOST DATING TECHNIQUES SHOW THE EARTH AND SOLAR SYSTEM TO BE YOUNG.

   60. Direct measurements of the earth's magnetic field over the past
140 years show a steady and rapid decline in its strength. This decay
pattern is consistent with the theoretical view that there is an
electrical current inside the earth which produces the magnetic field.
If this view is correct, then 25,000 years ago the electrical current
would have been so vast that the earth's structure could not have
survived the heat produced. This would imply that the earth could not
be older than 25,000 years.

   61. Atomic clocks, which have for the last 22 years measured the
earth's spin rate to the nearest billionth of a second, have
consistently found that the earth is slowing down at the rate of almost
one second a year. If the earth were billions of years old, its initial
spin rate would have been fantastically rapid-so rapid that major
distortions in the shape of the earth would have occurred.

   62. Over twenty-seven billion tons of sediments, primarily from our
rivers, are entering the oceans each year. Obviously, this rate of
sediment transport has not been constant and has probably been
decreasing as the looser top soil has been removed. But even if it has
been constant, the sediments which are now on the ocean floor would
have accumulated in only 30 million years. Therefore, the continents
and oceans cannot be one billion years old.

   63. The atmosphere has less than 40,000 years worth of helium, based
on just the production of helium from the decay of uranium and thorium.
There is no known means by which large amounts of helium can escape
from the atmosphere. The atmosphere appears to be young.

   64. The rate at which elements such as copper, gold, tin, lead,
silicon, mercury, uranium and nickel are entering the oceans is very
rapid when compared with the small quantities of these elements already
in the oceans. Therefore, the oceans must be very much younger than a
million years.

   65. Evolutionists believe that the continents have existed for at
least 1 billion years. However, the continents are being eroded at a
rate that would level them in a relatively short 14 million years.

   66. The occurrence of abnormally high gas and oil pressures within
relatively permeable rock implies that these fluids were formed or
encased less than 10,000 years ago. If these hydrocarbons had been
trapped over 10,000 years ago, there would have been leakage which
would have dropped the pressure to a level far below what it is today.

   67. There have been no authenticated reports of the discovery of
meteorites in sedimentary material. If the sediments, which have an
average depth of 1 1/2 miles, were laid down over hundreds of millions
of years, many of these steadily falling meteorites should have been
discovered. Therefore, the sediments appear to have been deposited
rapidly;furthermore, since there have been no reports of meteorites
beneath the sediments, they appear to have been deposited recently.

   68. The rate at which meteoritic dust is accumulating on the earth
is such that after 5 billion years, the equivalent of 182 feet of this
dust should have accumulated. Because this dust is high in nickel,
there should be an exceedingly large amount of nickel in the crustal
rocks of the earth. No such concentration has been found- on land or in
the oceans. Consequently, the earth appears to be young.

   69. If the moon were billions of years old, it should have
accumulated extensive layers of space dust- possibly a mile in
thickness. Before instruments were placed on the moon, NASA was very
concerned that our astronauts would sink into a sea of dust. This did
not happen; there is very little space dust on the moon. Conclusion:
the moon is young.

   70. The suns's radiation applies an outward force on small particles
orbiting the sun. Particles less than 100,000th of a centimeter in
diameter should have been "blown out" of the solar system if the solar
system were billions of years old. These particles are still orbiting
the sun. Conclusion: the solar system is young.

   71. Since 1836, over one hundred different observers at the Royal
Greenwich Observatory and U.S. Naval Observatory have made direct
visual measurements which show that the diameter of the sun is
shrinking at a rate of about .1% each century or about 5 feet per hour!
Furthermore, records of solar eclipses indicate that this rapid
shrinkage has been going on for at least the past 400 years. Several
indirect techniques also confirm this gravitational collapse, although
these inferred collapse rates are only about 1/7th as much. Using the
most conservative data, one must conclude that had the sun existed a
million years ago, it would have been so large that it would have
heated the earth so much that life could not have survived. Yet,
evolutionists say that a million years ago all the present forms of
life were essentially as they are now, completed their evolution that
began a thousand million years ago.

   72. Short period comets "boil off" some of their mass each time they
pass the sun. Nothing should remain of these comets after about 10,000
years. There are no known sources for replenishing comets. If comets
came into existence at the same time as the solar system, the solar
system must be less than 10,000 years old.

   73. Jupiter and Saturn are each radiating more than twice the energy
they receive from the sun. Calculations show that it is very unlikely
that this energy comes from radioactive decay or gravitational
contraction. The only other conceivable explanation is that these
planets have not existed long enough to cool off.

   74. The sun's gravitational field acts as a giant vacuum cleaner
which sweeps up about 100,000 tons of micrometeoroids per day. If the
solar system were just 10,000 years old, no micrometeoroids should
remain since there is no significant source of replenishment. A large
disk shaped cloud of these particles is orbiting the sun. Conclusion:
the solar system is less the 10,000 years old.

   75. Stars frequently travel in closely spaced clusters, moving in
the same direction at nearly the same speed. This would not be the case
if they had been traveling for billions of years, because even the
slightest difference in their velocity would cause their dispersal
after such great periods of time.

   All dating techniques, to include the few that suggest an old earth
and an old universe, lean heavily on the assumption that a process
observed today has always proceeded at a known rate. This assumption
may be grossly inaccurate. But in the case of the many dating "clocks"
that show a young earth, a much better understanding usually exists for
the mechanism that drives the clock. Furthermore, the extrapolation
process is over a much shorter time and is therefore more likely to be
correct.

   THE WORLDWIDE FLOOD OF NOAH'S DAY ACTUALLY OCCURRED.

   NOAH'S ARK PROBABLY EXISTS TODAY.

   76. Ancient historians such as Josephus, the Jewish-Roman historian,
and Berosus of the Chaldeans mentioned in their writings that the Ark
existed. Marco Polo also stated that the Ark was reported to be on a
mountain in Greater Armenia.

   77. In about 1856, a team of three skeptical British scientists and
two Armenian guides climbed to Ararat to demonstrate that the Ark did
not exist. The Ark was found, but the British scientists threatened
death to the guides if they reported it. Years later one of the
Armenians (then living if the United States) and one of the scientists
independently reported that they actually located the Ark.

   78. Sir James Bryce, a noted British scholar and traveler of the
mid-nineteenth century, conducted extensive library research concerning
the Ark. He became convinced that the Ark was preserved on Mount
Ararat. Finally, he himself ascended to the summit of the mountain in
1867 and found, at the 13,000 foot level, a large piece of hand-tooled
wood which he believed was from the Ark.

   79. In 1883, according to a series of newspaper articles, a team of
Turkish commissioners, while investigating avalanche conditions on
Mount Ararat, unexpectedly cam upon the Ark projecting out of the
melting ice at the end of an unusually warm summer. They claimed that
they entered a portion of the Ark, but the press reports maintained
only an attitude of scoffing at the account.

   80. In the unusually warm summers of 1902 and 1904, an Armenian boy,
Georgie Hagopian, and his uncle climbed to the Ark which was sticking
out of an ice pack. The boy climbed over the Ark and actually entered
it. A tape recording of his detailed and very credible testimony made
shortly before his death in 1972 has undergone voice analyzer tests
which showed no indication of lying.

   81. A Russian pilot, flying over Ararat in World War 1 (1915)
thought he saw the Ark. The news of his discovery reached the Czar, who
dispatched a large expedition to the site. The soldiers were able to
locate and explore the boat, but before they could report back to the
capitol, the Russian Revolution of 1917 had occurred. The report
disappeared, and the soldiers were scattered. Some of them eventually
reached the United States. Various relatives and friends have since
confirmed this story.

   82. At about the time of the Russian sighting, five Turkish
soldiers, crossing Mount Ararat, claim to have accidentally encountered
the Ark; however, they did not report their story until 30 years later
when they offered to guide an American expedition to the site. The
expedition did not materialize, and their services were never sought
until after their deaths.

   83. During World War II, a group of Russian flyers on at least two
occasions took photographs from the air which showed the Ark protruding
out of the ice. These photos were shown to an American doctor in Berlin
after the war, who subsequently disclosed this story.

   84. An oil geologist, George Greene, in 1953 took a number of
photographs of the Ark from a helicopter. After returning to the United
States, Greene showed his photographs to many people but was unable to
raise financial backing for a ground- based expedition. Finally, he
left for South America, where he was killed. Although no one knows were
the pictures are now, over 30 people have given sworn written testimony
that they saw these photographs which clearly showed the Ark protruding
from the melting ice field at the edge of a precipice.

   There are many other stories in which people claim to have seen the
Ark. Some of these are of questionable validity, and others are
inconsistent with many of the known details. Only the most credible are
cited above.

   MANY OF THE EARTH'S PREVIOUSLY UNEXPLAINED FEATURES CAN BE EXPLAINED
ONLY BY THIS FLOOD.

   The origin of each of the following features of the earth is a
subject of controversy within the earth sciences. Each typically
involves numerous hypotheses and unexplainable aspects. All of these
features can be viewed as a direct consequence of a singular and
unrepeatable event- a flood whose waters burst forth from worldwide,
subterranean, and interconnected chambers with an energy release in
excess of one trillion megatons of TNT. The cause and effect sequence
of the event involved phenomena which are either well understood or are
observable in modern times.

   85. coal formations

   86. mountains

   87. ocean trenches

   88. submarine canyons

   89. mid-oceanic ridge

   90. continental drift

   91. magnetic patterns of the ocean floor

   92. strata

   93. glaciers and the ice age

   94. continental shelves and slopes

   95. submarine volcanoes and guyots

   96. salt domes

   97. metamorphic rock

   THE SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE EVENTS OF THE FLOOD ARE REALLY QUITE
PLAUSIBLE IF EXAMINED CLOSELY.

   98. Every major mountain range on the earth contains fossils of sea
life.

   99. Practically every culture on earth has legends telling of a
traumatic flood in which only a few humans survived in a large boat.

   100. The majority of the earth's mountains were formed after most of
the sediments were deposited. If these mountains were again flattened
out ( while the ocean basins were allowed to rise in compensation for
this downward flow of mass), the oceans would flood the entire earth.
Therefore, there is enough water on the earth to cover the smaller
mountains that existed prior to the flood.

   101. Seeds can still germinate after soaking for a year in salt
water.

   102. A 1,500,000 cubic foot ark and eight human passengers could
support for one year the required number of mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, and birds. Estimates of the total number of animals carried
range from 2,000 to 35,000. The logistic requirements that such a large
vessel could satisfy include: food and water, ventilation, and space
for exercise and waste disposal.

   103. A rectangular barge 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet
high would be quite stable in rough waters and quite capable of being
fully loaded on dry land.