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- Ocean Sediments Analyzed
-
- Let us now examine the evidence as far as the ocean sediments
- are concerned. In 1949 Maurice Ewing wrote in the National
- Geographic Magazine concerning the exploration of the floor of the
- Atlantic Ocean. His comments are as follows:
- In more than 3,000 places over vast areas of the Atlantic
- we have now measured with sound echoes the depth of the
- sediment on top of the bed-rock of the ocean floor.
- These measurements clearly indicate thousands of feet of
- sediments on the foothills of the Ridge. Surprisingly,
- however, we have found that in the great flat basins on
- each side of the Ridge this sediment appears to be less
- than 100 feet thick, a fact so startling that it needs
- further checking.(15)
- Much of the Pacific floor, too, is covered by sediments under
- 100 meters in depth,(16) with some areas as thin as 20 meters.(17)
- The following statement relates to investigation of the East
- Pacific Rise:
- A deep-towed magnetometer profile made across the East
- Pacific Rise crest shows sediment accumulation increases
- from less than 2 meters at the rise crest axis to about
- 20 meters at the western end and 10 meters at the eastern
- end of the profile.(18)
- Evidence from the oceans, it seems, may not be used
- automatically to support the view of a very old earth. In fact,
- the opposite conclusion seems to be better supported. Patrick M.
- Hurley wrote in the Scientific American:
- The topography of the ocean floors has been rapidly
- revealed in the past two decades by the depth recorder...
- It became a great puzzle how in the total span of earth's
- history only a thin veneer of sediment had been laid
- down. The deposition rate measured today would extend
- the process of sedimentation back to the Cretaceous
- times, or 100 to 200 million years, compared with a
- continental and oceanic history that goes back at least
- 3,000 million years. How could three-quarters of the
- earth's surface be wiped clean of sediment in the last 5
- per cent of terrestrial time? Furthermore, why were all
- the oceanic islands and submerged volcanoes so young?(19)
- Kuenen wrote:
- Two great problems challenge earth sciences in this
- domain. The huge wedge of terrace sediment underlying
- the shelf off the east coast of the United States has
- been built up in little more than 10^8 years, that is in
- less than 2 or 3 per cent of geological time. What has
- happened to the terraces that must have been produced
- earlier? Have they subsided into the mantle and been
- absorbed; have they been pushed under the continents; or
- have they been incorporated into mountain chains? The
- second problem is the discrepancy between the estimated
- thickness on the deep sea floor, and the values actually
- found. Various suggestions have been offered? (1) the
- layers below the unconsolidated sediment are mainly
- consolidated deposits; (2) the rate of sedimentation has
- been much slower than in recent times, especially in
- pre-tertiary times; (3) creep of the sea floor under the
- continental blocks under the influence of convection
- currents in the mantle; (4) the ocean floor is relatively
- young; (5) the sedimentary carpet has been invaded from
- below and metamorphosed so completely as to become basic
- rock.(20)
- Here, then, is a great enigma. If the oceans are only
- hundreds of millions of years old, sediments averaging 600 or more
- meters (2,000 ft.) should be found all over the ocean floor.
- Instead, sediments are found normally to be far less than this,
- and in many cases the ocean floor is almost bare of sediment. No
- idea, other than that of a very young ocean, has thus far been set
- forth that seems as plausible or direct; and if the age of the
- earth were billions of years, then the puzzle of the missing ocean
- sediments is increased enormously.
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