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|00000000| 17 00 00 00 a0 05 00 00 | a0 05 00 00 a0 05 00 00 |........|........|
|00000010| a0 05 00 00 c5 41 00 00 | 82 2e 00 00 00 00 ae 01 |.....A..|........|
|00000020| 01 00 0e 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 c9 07 00 00 |........|........|
|00000030| 4d 61 72 73 20 2f 20 49 | 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 |Mars / I|ntroduct|
|00000040| 69 6f 6e 0a 20 0a 4f 75 | 72 20 6e 65 78 74 20 6e |ion. .Ou|r next n|
|00000050| 65 69 67 68 62 6f 72 20 | 69 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 |eighbor |is actua|
|00000060| 6c 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 6c 61 6e 65 74 20 69 |lly the |planet i|
|00000070| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 6f | 6c 61 72 20 53 79 73 74 |n the So|lar Syst|
|00000080| 65 6d 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 |em most |similar |
|00000090| 74 6f 20 6f 75 72 20 6f | 77 6e 2e 20 4d 61 72 73 |to our o|wn. Mars|
|000000a0| 20 69 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 | 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 | is name|d after |
|000000b0| 74 68 65 20 52 6f 6d 61 | 6e 20 67 6f 64 20 6f 66 |the Roma|n god of|
|000000c0| 20 77 61 72 20 28 41 72 | 65 73 20 69 6e 20 47 72 | war (Ar|es in Gr|
|000000d0| 65 65 6b 29 2e 0a 0a 54 | 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 20 66 |eek)...T|he men f|
|000000e0| 72 6f 6d 20 4d 61 72 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 63 |rom Mars| that sc|
|000000f0| 69 65 6e 63 65 2d 66 69 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 75 |ience-fi|ction au|
|00000100| 74 68 6f 72 73 20 6c 69 | 6b 65 20 74 6f 20 74 65 |thors li|ke to te|
|00000110| 6c 6c 20 75 73 20 61 62 | 6f 75 74 20 61 72 65 20 |ll us ab|out are |
|00000120| 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 61 6e | 20 65 71 75 61 6c 6c 79 |often an| equally|
|00000130| 20 61 67 67 72 65 73 73 | 69 76 65 20 6c 6f 74 20 | aggress|ive lot |
|00000140| 61 73 20 74 68 69 73 20 | 52 6f 6d 61 6e 20 67 6f |as this |Roman go|
|00000150| 64 20 61 6e 64 20 68 69 | 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e |d and hi|s compan|
|00000160| 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 | 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 |ions. Th|ere are |
|00000170| 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d | 70 6c 65 20 69 6e 6e 75 |for exam|ple innu|
|00000180| 6d 65 72 61 62 6c 65 20 | 73 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 |merable |stories |
|00000190| 6f 66 20 4d 61 72 74 69 | 61 6e 73 20 69 6e 76 61 |of Marti|ans inva|
|000001a0| 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 | 20 64 65 73 74 72 6f 79 |ding and| destroy|
|000001b0| 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | 65 61 72 74 68 2e 0a 0a |ing the |earth...|
|000001c0| 43 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 68 | 65 72 65 20 61 63 74 75 |Could th|ere actu|
|000001d0| 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 20 | 6c 69 66 65 20 6f 6e 20 |ally be |life on |
|000001e0| 4d 61 72 73 3f 20 54 68 | 65 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 |Mars? Th|e Americ|
|000001f0| 61 6e 20 50 2e 20 4c 6f | 77 65 6c 6c 20 77 61 73 |an P. Lo|well was|
|00000200| 20 63 6f 6e 76 69 6e 63 | 65 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | convinc|ed of th|
|00000210| 69 73 20 61 6e 64 20 69 | 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 |is and i|nterpret|
|00000220| 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 | 68 61 6e 6e 65 6c 73 20 |ed the c|hannels |
|00000230| 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 6c 61 6e 65 74 92 73 | on the |planet.s|
|00000240| 20 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 | 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 | surface|, which |
|00000250| 77 65 72 65 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 20 64 69 73 63 6f |were fir|st disco|
|00000260| 76 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 | 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 74 |vered by| the ast|
|00000270| 72 6f 6e 6f 6d 65 72 20 | 53 63 68 69 61 70 61 72 |ronomer |Schiapar|
|00000280| 65 6c 6c 69 20 69 6e 20 | 31 38 37 37 2c 20 61 73 |elli in |1877, as|
|00000290| 20 70 61 72 74 73 20 6f | 66 20 61 6e 20 61 72 74 | parts o|f an art|
|000002a0| 69 66 69 63 69 61 6c 20 | 69 72 72 69 67 61 74 69 |ificial |irrigati|
|000002b0| 6f 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 | 6d 2e 0a 0a 49 6e 20 31 |on syste|m...In 1|
|000002c0| 39 37 36 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 56 69 6b 69 6e 67 20 |976, the| Viking |
|000002d0| 73 70 61 63 65 63 72 61 | 66 74 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 |spacecra|ft confi|
|000002e0| 72 6d 65 64 2c 20 68 6f | 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 |rmed, ho|wever, t|
|000002f0| 68 61 74 20 4d 61 72 73 | 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f |hat Mars| does no|
|00000300| 74 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 | 66 6f 72 20 68 69 67 68 |t allow |for high|
|00000310| 6c 79 20 64 65 76 65 6c | 6f 70 65 64 20 6c 69 66 |ly devel|oped lif|
|00000320| 65 2e 20 49 74 20 65 76 | 65 6e 20 61 70 70 65 61 |e. It ev|en appea|
|00000330| 72 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 |red that| the cha|
|00000340| 6e 6e 65 6c 73 20 77 65 | 72 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 |nnels we|re only |
|00000350| 61 6e 20 6f 70 74 69 63 | 61 6c 20 69 6c 6c 75 73 |an optic|al illus|
|00000360| 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 | 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 |ion. The| possibi|
|00000370| 6c 69 74 79 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 |lity tha|t there |
|00000380| 65 76 65 72 20 77 65 72 | 65 20 6f 72 20 73 74 69 |ever wer|e or sti|
|00000390| 6c 6c 20 61 72 65 20 76 | 65 72 79 20 70 72 69 6d |ll are v|ery prim|
|000003a0| 69 74 69 76 65 20 66 6f | 72 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 6c |itive fo|rms of l|
|000003b0| 69 66 65 20 6f 6e 20 4d | 61 72 73 20 63 61 6e 6e |ife on M|ars cann|
|000003c0| 6f 74 20 62 65 20 66 75 | 6c 6c 79 20 65 78 63 6c |ot be fu|lly excl|
|000003d0| 75 64 65 64 20 62 75 74 | 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 72 |uded but| it is r|
|000003e0| 61 74 68 65 72 20 75 6e | 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 2e 0a |ather un|likely..|
|000003f0| 0a 4d 61 72 73 20 69 73 | 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 68 |.Mars is| about h|
|00000400| 61 6c 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 |alf the |size of |
|00000410| 74 68 65 20 65 61 72 74 | 68 2e 20 41 20 64 61 79 |the eart|h. A day|
|00000420| 20 6f 6e 20 4d 61 72 73 | 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 | on Mars| is only|
|00000430| 20 34 30 20 6d 69 6e 75 | 74 65 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 | 40 minu|tes long|
|00000440| 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 61 20 64 61 79 20 6f 6e |er than |a day on|
|00000450| 20 74 68 65 20 65 61 72 | 74 68 2e 20 54 68 65 72 | the ear|th. Ther|
|00000460| 65 20 61 72 65 20 64 69 | 73 74 69 6e 63 74 20 73 |e are di|stinct s|
|00000470| 65 61 73 6f 6e 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 6c 61 73 74 |easons t|hat last|
|00000480| 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 | 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 20 36 | approxi|mately 6|
|00000490| 20 65 61 72 74 68 20 6d | 6f 6e 74 68 73 20 65 61 | earth m|onths ea|
|000004a0| 63 68 2e 20 54 68 65 20 | 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 |ch. The |maximum |
|000004b0| 64 69 73 74 61 6e 63 65 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |distance| from th|
|000004c0| 65 20 65 61 72 74 68 20 | 69 73 20 61 70 70 72 6f |e earth |is appro|
|000004d0| 78 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 | 20 34 30 30 20 6d 69 6c |ximately| 400 mil|
|000004e0| 6c 69 6f 6e 20 6b 69 6c | 6f 6d 65 74 65 72 73 20 |lion kil|ometers |
|000004f0| 28 32 34 38 2e 35 20 6d | 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 20 6d |(248.5 m|illion m|
|00000500| 69 6c 65 73 29 2e 20 54 | 68 65 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 |iles). T|he close|
|00000510| 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 | 77 6f 20 70 6c 61 6e 65 |st the t|wo plane|
|00000520| 74 73 20 63 61 6e 20 65 | 76 65 72 20 62 65 20 69 |ts can e|ver be i|
|00000530| 73 20 35 35 2e 36 35 20 | 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 20 |s 55.65 |million |
|00000540| 6b 69 6c 6f 6d 65 74 65 | 72 73 20 28 33 34 2e 36 |kilomete|rs (34.6|
|00000550| 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e | 20 6d 69 6c 65 73 29 20 | million| miles) |
|00000560| 61 70 61 72 74 20 66 72 | 6f 6d 20 65 61 63 68 20 |apart fr|om each |
|00000570| 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 0a 0a | 49 74 20 74 61 6b 65 73 |other...|It takes|
|00000580| 20 4d 61 72 73 20 61 70 | 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 | Mars ap|proximat|
|00000590| 65 6c 79 20 32 20 65 61 | 72 74 68 20 79 65 61 72 |ely 2 ea|rth year|
|000005a0| 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d | 70 6c 65 74 65 20 61 20 |s to com|plete a |
|000005b0| 66 75 6c 6c 20 6f 72 62 | 69 74 20 61 72 6f 75 6e |full orb|it aroun|
|000005c0| 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 | 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 |d the su|n. The c|
|000005d0| 6c 69 6d 61 74 65 20 69 | 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 |limate i|s genera|
|000005e0| 6c 6c 79 20 63 6f 6c 64 | 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 |lly cold|er than |
|000005f0| 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 65 61 72 74 |that on |the eart|
|00000600| 68 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 | 6e 20 61 76 65 72 61 67 |h with a|n averag|
|00000610| 65 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 | 61 74 75 72 65 20 6f 66 |e temper|ature of|
|00000620| 20 6d 69 6e 75 73 20 32 | 35 20 b0 43 20 28 37 37 | minus 2|5 .C (77|
|00000630| 20 b0 46 29 20 61 6e 64 | 20 61 20 74 65 6d 70 65 | .F) and| a tempe|
|00000640| 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 72 | 61 6e 67 65 20 66 72 6f |rature r|ange fro|
|00000650| 6d 20 70 6c 75 73 20 32 | 30 20 b0 43 20 28 36 38 |m plus 2|0 .C (68|
|00000660| 20 b0 46 29 20 74 6f 20 | 6d 69 6e 75 73 20 31 32 | .F) to |minus 12|
|00000670| 30 20 b0 43 20 28 32 34 | 38 20 b0 46 29 2e 20 41 |0 .C (24|8 .F). A|
|00000680| 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73 | 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 |s a cons|equence |
|00000690| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 | 65 61 6b 20 67 72 61 76 |of the w|eak grav|
|000006a0| 69 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 | 6c 20 66 6f 72 63 65 73 |itationa|l forces|
|000006b0| 20 6f 66 20 4d 61 72 73 | 2c 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 | of Mars|, it has|
|000006c0| 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 20 | 76 65 72 79 20 74 68 69 | only a |very thi|
|000006d0| 6e 20 61 74 6d 6f 73 70 | 68 65 72 65 20 77 68 69 |n atmosp|here whi|
|000006e0| 63 68 20 69 73 20 75 6e | 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 |ch is un|able to |
|000006f0| 63 6f 6e 73 65 72 76 65 | 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61 |conserve| the hea|
|00000700| 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 75 6e 20 61 |t from t|he sun a|
|00000710| 6e 64 20 74 68 65 72 65 | 66 6f 72 65 20 63 6f 6f |nd there|fore coo|
|00000720| 6c 73 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 | 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 2e |ls down |quickly.|
|00000730| 20 54 68 65 20 61 74 6d | 6f 73 70 68 65 72 65 20 | The atm|osphere |
|00000740| 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 | 75 70 20 6f 66 20 39 35 |is made |up of 95|
|00000750| 25 20 63 61 72 62 6f 6e | 20 64 69 6f 78 69 64 65 |% carbon| dioxide|
|00000760| 2e 0a 0a 57 68 79 20 64 | 6f 65 73 20 4d 61 72 73 |...Why d|oes Mars|
|00000770| 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 | 74 6f 20 75 73 20 61 73 | appear |to us as|
|00000780| 20 61 20 72 65 64 20 62 | 61 6c 6c 3f 20 54 68 65 | a red b|all? The|
|00000790| 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 | 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 | reason |for this|
|000007a0| 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 | is the |surface |
|000007b0| 64 75 73 74 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 6e |dust of |the plan|
|000007c0| 65 74 2c 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 |et, whic|h contai|
|000007d0| 6e 73 20 68 79 64 72 61 | 74 65 64 20 69 72 6f 6e |ns hydra|ted iron|
|000007e0| 20 6f 78 69 64 65 20 6f | 72 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 | oxide o|r simply|
|000007f0| 20 2d 20 72 75 73 74 2e | 0a 00 a4 02 00 00 0b 00 | - rust.|........|
|00000800| 02 00 10 00 01 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 |........|........|
|00000810| 01 00 01 00 14 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |........|...@....|
|00000820| 00 00 00 50 02 00 15 00 | e3 01 00 00 00 00 00 40 |...P....|.......@|
|00000830| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 | 02 00 f8 01 08 00 00 00 |.......P|........|
|00000840| ff 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 50 02 00 00 02 |........|...P....|
|00000850| 02 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 |........|.......P|
|00000860| 02 00 02 02 e3 01 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000870| 00 00 00 50 02 00 e5 03 | 05 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 |...P....|........|
|00000880| 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 | 02 00 ea 03 9c 01 00 00 |.......P|........|
|00000890| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 50 02 00 86 05 |........|...P....|
|000008a0| 14 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 | 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 |........|.......P|
|000008b0| 02 00 9a 05 df 01 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000008c0| 00 00 00 50 02 00 79 07 | 0c 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 |...P..y.|........|
|000008d0| 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 | 02 00 85 07 45 00 00 00 |.......P|....E...|
|000008e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 50 10 ff 00 00 |........|...P....|
|000008f0| 00 00 00 00 bc 02 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 02 22 41 72 |........|....."Ar|
|00000900| 69 61 6c 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |ial.....|........|
|00000910| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 38 ff |........|......8.|
|00000920| 00 00 00 00 00 00 90 01 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 22 |........|......."|
|00000930| 41 72 69 61 6c 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |Arial...|........|
|00000940| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000950| 01 00 01 00 14 00 01 00 | 15 00 16 00 01 00 17 00 |........|........|
|00000960| a6 00 01 00 a7 00 a7 00 | 01 00 a8 00 8f 01 01 00 |........|........|
|00000970| 90 01 90 01 01 00 91 01 | 8b 02 01 00 8c 02 8c 02 |........|........|
|00000980| 01 00 8d 02 c0 03 01 00 | c1 03 c1 03 01 00 c2 03 |........|........|
|00000990| 47 05 01 00 48 05 48 05 | 01 00 49 05 32 07 01 00 |G...H.H.|..I.2...|
|000009a0| 33 07 33 07 01 00 34 07 | c9 07 01 00 ca 07 ca 07 |3.3...4.|........|
|000009b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 f0 80 a0 00 |........|........|
|000009c0| 00 00 00 00 01 6e 04 01 | dc 08 01 4a 0d 01 b8 11 |.....n..|...J....|
|000009d0| 01 26 16 01 94 1a 01 02 | 1f 01 70 23 01 de 27 01 |.&......|..p#..'.|
|000009e0| 4c 2c 01 ba 30 01 28 35 | 01 96 39 01 04 3e 00 00 |L,..0.(5|..9..>..|
|000009f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 00 |........|......A.|
|00000a00| 72 00 69 00 61 00 6c 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |r.i.a.l.|........|
|00000a10| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a30| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 00 |........|......A.|
|00000a50| 72 00 69 00 61 00 6c 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |r.i.a.l.|........|
|00000a60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000a90| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 e4 04 |........|........|
|00000aa0| 00 00                   |                         |..      |        |
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