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- VERSION 8
-
- R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L
-
-
- 9/11/92
-
-
- by
-
-
- Joe Kalash
- Lisa Rodgin
- Zelaine Fong
- Jeff Anton
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- This manual is a reference manual for the INGRES data base
- system. It documents the use of INGRES in a very terse
- manner. To learn how to use INGRES, refer to the document
- called ``A Tutorial on INGRES''.
-
- The INGRES reference manual is subdivided into four parts:
- Quel describes the commands and features which are used
- inside of INGRES.
- Unix describes the INGRES programs which are executable
- as UNIX commands.
- Files describes some of the important files used by
- INGRES.
- Error lists all the user generatable error messages
- along with some elaboration as to what they mean
- or what we think they mean.
-
- Each entry in this manual has one or more of the following
- sections:
-
- NAME section
- This section repeats the name of the entry and gives an
- indication of its purpose.
-
- SYNOPSIS section
- This section indicates the form of the command (state-
- ment). The conventions which are used are as follows:
-
- Bold face names are used to indicate reserved key-
- words.
- Lower case words indicate generic types of informa-
- tion which must be supplied by the user; le-
- gal values for these names are described in
- the DESCRIPTION section.
- Square brakets ( [] ) indicate that the enclosed
- item is optional.
- Braces ( {} ) indicate an optional item which may be
- repeated. In some cases they indicate simple
- (non-repeated) grouping; the usage should be
- clear from context.
-
- When these conventions are insufficient to fully speci-
- fy the legal format of a command a more general form is
- given and the allowable subsets are specified in the
- DESCRIPTION section.
-
- DESCRIPTION section
- This section gives a detailed description of the entry
- with references to the generic names used in the
- SYNOPSIS section.
-
- EXAMPLE section
- This section gives one or more examples of the use of
- the entry. Most of these examples are based on the
- following relations:
- emp(name,sal,mgr,bdate)
- and
- newemp(name,sal,age)
- and
- parts(pnum, pname, color, weight, qoh)
-
- SEE ALSO section
- This section gives the names of entries in the manual
- which are closely related to the current entry or which
- are referenced in the description of the current entry.
-
- BUGS section
- This section indicates known bugs or deficiencies in
- the command.
-
- To start using INGRES you must be entered as an INGRES user;
- this is done by the INGRES administrator who will enter you
- in the ``users'' file (see users(files)). To start using
- ingres see the section on ingres(unix), quel(quel), and
- monitor(quel).
-
-
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- We would like to acknowledge the people who have worked on
- INGRES in the past:
-
- Eric Allman
- Rick Birman
- Bob Epstein
- James Ford
- Paula Hawthorn
- Gerald Held
- Peter Kreps
- Marc Meyer
- Jeff Ranstrom
- Dan Ries
- Peter Rubinstein
- Polly Siegal
- Mike Ubell
- John Woodfill
- Nick Whyte
- Karel Youssefi
- William Zook
-
-
-
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
- APPEND(QUEL) - append tuples to a relation
- _a_p_p_e_n_d [_t_o] relname (target_list) [_w_h_e_r_e qual]
-
- COPY(QUEL) - copy data into/from a relation from/into a UNIX
- file.
- _c_o_p_y relname (domname = format {, domname = format })
- direction "filename"
-
- CREATE(QUEL) - create a new relation
- _c_r_e_a_t_e relname (domname_1 = format {, domname_2 = format
- })
-
- DEFINE(QUEL) - define subschema
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _v_i_e_w name (target list) [ _w_h_e_r_e qual ]
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _p_e_r_m_i_t oplist { _o_n | _o_f | _t_o } var [ (attlist) ]
- _t_o name [ _a_t term ] [ _f_r_o_m time _t_o time ] [ _o_n day
- _t_o day ] [ _w_h_e_r_e qual ]
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _i_n_t_e_g_r_i_t_y _o_n var _i_s qual
-
- DELETE(QUEL) - delete tuples from a relation
- _d_e_l_e_t_e tuple_variable [_w_h_e_r_e qual]
-
- DELIM(QUEL) - specify a name for a pattern of characters
- _d_e_s_t_r_o_y _d_e_l_i_m groupname ( delimitor, pattern )
- pattern = [ "[character list]" | "{character list}" ]*
-
- DESTROY(QUEL) - destroy existing relation(s)
- _d_e_s_t_r_o_y relname { , relname }
- _d_e_s_t_r_o_y [ _p_e_r_m_i_t | _i_n_t_e_g_r_i_t_y ] relname [ integer { , in-
- teger } | _a_l_l ]
- _d_e_s_t_r_o_y _d_e_l_i_m groupname
-
- HELP(QUEL) - get information about how to use INGRES, about
- relations in the database,
- _h_e_l_p [ relname ] [ "section" ] {, relname}{, "section"}
- _h_e_l_p _v_i_e_w relname {, relname}
- _h_e_l_p _p_e_r_m_i_t relname {, relname}
- _h_e_l_p _i_n_t_e_g_r_i_t_y relname {, relname}
- _h_e_l_p _d_e_l_i_m [ groupname ] {, groupname}
-
- INDEX(QUEL) - create a secondary index on an existing rela-
- tion.
- _i_n_d_e_x _o_n relname _i_s indexname (domain_1 { ,domain_2})
-
- INTEGRITY(QUEL) - define integrity constraints
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _i_n_t_e_g_r_i_t_y _o_n var _i_s qual
-
- MACROS(QUEL) - terminal monitor macro facility
-
- MODIFY(QUEL) - convert the storage structure of a relation
- _m_o_d_i_f_y relname _t_o storage-structure [ _o_n key1 [ : _s_o_r_-
- _t_o_r_d_e_r ] [ { , key2 [ : _s_o_r_t_o_r_d_e_r ] } ] ] [ _w_h_e_r_e [
- _f_i_l_l_f_a_c_t_o_r = _n ] [ , _m_i_n_p_a_g_e_s = _n ] [ , _m_a_x_p_a_g_e_s =
- _n ] [ , _l_i_d_n = _l_i_d_n_a_m_e ] [
-
- MONITOR(QUEL) - interactive terminal monitor
-
- ORDERED(QUEL) - storage structure type
-
- PERMIT(QUEL) - add permissions to a relation
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _p_e_r_m_i_t oplist { _o_n | _o_f | _t_o } var [ (attlist) ]
- _t_o name [ _a_t term ] [ _f_r_o_m time _t_o time ]
- [ _o_n day _t_o day ] [ _w_h_e_r_e qual ]
-
- PRINT(QUEL) - print relation(s)
- _p_r_i_n_t relname {, relname}
-
- QUEL(QUEL) - QUEry Language for INGRES
-
- RANGE(QUEL) - declare a variable to range over a relation
- _r_a_n_g_e _o_f variable _i_s relname
-
- REPLACE(QUEL) - replace values of domains in a relation
- _r_e_p_l_a_c_e tuple_variable (target_list) [_w_h_e_r_e qual]
-
- RETRIEVE(QUEL) - retrieve tuples from a relation
- _r_e_t_r_i_e_v_e [[_i_n_t_o] relname] (target_list) [_w_h_e_r_e qual]
- _r_e_t_r_i_e_v_e _u_n_i_q_u_e (target_list) [_w_h_e_r_e qual]
-
- SAVE(QUEL) - save a relation until a date.
- _s_a_v_e relname _u_n_t_i_l month day year
-
- USE(QUEL) - specify a group of delimitors to be used
- _u_s_e groupname
- _u_n_u_s_e groupname
-
- VIEW(QUEL) - define a virtual relation
- _d_e_f_i_n_e _v_i_e_w name (target-list) [ _w_h_e_r_e qual ]
-
- COPYDB(UNIX) - create batch files to copy out a data base
- and restore it.
- _c_o_p_y_d_b [ -_u_n_a_m_e ] database full-path-name-of-directory [
- relation ... ]
-
- CREATDB(UNIX) - create a data base
- _c_r_e_a_t_d_b [ -_u_n_a_m_e ] [ -_e ] [ -_m ] [ +__c ] [ +__q ] dbname
-
- DESTROYDB(UNIX) - destroy an existing database
- _d_e_s_t_r_o_y_d_b [ -_s ] [ -_m ] dbname
-
- EQUEL(UNIX) - Embedded QUEL interface to C
- _e_q_u_e_l [ -_d ] [ -_f ] [ -_r ] file.q ...
-
- GEO-QUEL(UNIX) - GEO-QUEL data display system
- _g_e_o_q_u_e_l [ -_s ] [ -_d ] [ -_a ] [ -_t_T ] [ -_t_n_T ] dbname
-
- HELPR(UNIX) - get information about a database.
- _h_e_l_p_r [ -_u_n_a_m_e ] [ +__w ] database relation ...
-
- INGRES(UNIX) - INGRES relational data base management system
- _i_n_g_r_e_s [ _f_l_a_g_s ] dbname [ process_table ]
-
- PRINTR(UNIX) - print relations
- _p_r_i_n_t_r [ _f_l_a_g_s ] database relation ...
-
- PURGE(UNIX) - destroy all expired and temporary relations
- _p_u_r_g_e [ -_f ] [ -_p ] [ -_a ] [ -_s ] [ +__w ] [ database ...
- ]
-
- RESTORE(UNIX) - recover from an INGRES or UNIX crash.
- _r_e_s_t_o_r_e [ -_a ] [ -_s ] [ +__w ] [ database ... ]
-
- SYSMOD(UNIX) - modify system relations to predetermined
- storage structures.
- _s_y_s_m_o_d [ -_s ] [ -_w ] dbname [ _r_e_l_a_t_i_o_n ] [ _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e ] [
- _i_n_d_e_x_e_s ] [ _t_r_e_e ] [ _p_r_o_t_e_c_t ] [ _i_n_t_e_g_r_i_t_i_e_s ]
-
- USERSETUP(UNIX) - setup users file
- .../_b_i_n/_u_s_e_r_s_e_t_u_p [ flags [ pathname ] ]
-
- TTYTYPE(FILES) - GEO-QUEL terminal type database
-
- INTRODUCTION(ERROR) - Error messages introduction
-
- PARSER(ERROR) - Parser error message summary
- Error numbers 2000 - 2999.
-
- QRYMOD(ERROR) - Query Modification error message summary
- Error numbers 3000 - 3999.
-
- OVQP(ERROR) - One Variable Query Processor error message
- summary
- Error numbers 4000 - 4499.
-
- DECOMP(ERROR) - Decomposition error message summary
- Error numbers 4500 - 4999.
-
- DBU(ERROR) - Data Base Utility error message summary
- Error numbers 5000 - 5999
-
-