Collection of Tools & Utilities

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basename - Display file namename usage: basename string [suffix] Display file name. If suffix is supplied and matches the suffix on the filename, the suffix is stripped from the filename. bmgrep - Bmgrep is a fast pattern matching utility, intended to be almost identical in functionality to fgrep (ugh!) but much faster. It uses the Boyer-Moore algorithm. usage: bmgrep [-chlnsx1] [-e pattern] [-f file] pattern files -c: Count of matching lines -h: No filenames in output -l: List of files containing the pattern -n: Character offset of the pattern -s: Silent mode -x: Only lines which match entirely -1: Stop search after first match cal - Display calendar usage: cal [month] year Display the calendar for month year. If month not supplied, display the full year calendar. Note: month can be the month number or name; 93 is 93 AD not 1993. cat - Concatenate files usage: cat [-usvtenqbTB] files -q: No error reports -u: Unbuffered output -s: Strip multiple blank lines -v: Print control characters as ^X -t: Print tabs as ^T -e: Print $ at end of line -n: Print line number -b: Print block number -T: Force stdout into text mode (CR/LF translation) -B: Force stdout into binary mode (no CR/LF translation) cdiff - Context difference usage: cdiff old new cgrep - Search file for pattern and display context usage: cgrep [-vcilnbs] [-a|w lines] [-e string] [-f file] [string] [files..] -a num Set the number of lines to be displayed before (if num is negative) or after (if num is positive) the matched line. -w num Set the size of the context window. -v: All lines but those matching are printed. -c: Only a count of matching lines is printed. -i: Ignore upper/lower case distinction during comparisons. -l: Only the names of files with matching lines are listed (once), separated by new-lines. -n: Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file. -b: Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found. This is sometimes useful in locating disk block numbers by context. -s: The error messages produced for nonexistent or unreadable files are suppressed. -e expression Same as a simple expression argument, but useful when the expression begins with a -. -f file The regular expression list is taken from the file. chmod - Change file attributes usage: chmod [-R] [absolute-mode | symbolic-mode | string-mode] files -R: Recurse down directories symbolic mode A symbolic mode has the form [who] op permission [op permission ...] The who value is any combination of the following: u Sets user permissions. g Sets group permissions. o Sets other permissions. a Sets all permissions; this is the default. Group and Other permissions are mapped to user permissions on MSDOS and OS/2. The op value gives the action to take: + Turns on a permission. - Turns off a permission. = Turns on the specified permissions and turns off all others. The permission value is any combination of the following: r Read permission. Ignored for MSDOS & OS/2 x Execute permission. Ignored for MSDOS & OS/2 w Write permission. h HIDDEN attribute. a ARCHIVE attribute. s Setuid/Setgid bit. On MSDOS and OS/2 this maps to the SYSTEM attribute. t Text bit. On MSDOS and OS/2 this maps to the ARCHIVED attribute. absolute mode A octal value made up using by ORing the following values. Note that some values may be invalid. These are translated into the appropriate MSDOS/OS2 values. 4000 HIDDEN Attribute 2000 SYSTEM Attribute 1000 ARCHIVE Attribute 0400 User read. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 0200 User write 0100 User execute. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 0040 Group read. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 0020 Group write (mapped to user write attribute). 0010 Group execute. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 0004 Other read. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 0002 Other write (mapped to user write attribute). 0001 Other execute. Ignored on MSDOS and OS/2 If the last character is a d (as in 001d), the absolute DOS values listed below are assumed and no translation takes place. 001 - Read only 002 - Hidden 004 - system 040 - Archived string mode A string matching the output long form for the mode from ls is required (rxw------, for example). cmp - Compare two files usage: cmp [-ls] file1 file2 -l: Report all differences -s: Silent mode. exit code of 1 if there are differences comm - select or reject lines common to two sorted files usage: comm [-[123]] file1 file2 -1: Reject column 1 -2: Reject column 2 -3: Reject column 3 cp - Copy files. usage: cp [-ipfCrRvn] f1 f2 cp [-ipfCrRvn] f1 ... fn d1 cp [-ipfCrRvn] d1 d2 -i: Ask before copying -r: Recurse down directories, copying tree to new location -R: Recurse down directories, copying tree to new location -v: verbose -n: show me what you're going to do, without doing it. -p: preserve access times -C: Convert sources files from MSDOS format to UNIX format -f: Force removal of destination files cpio - Archive files usage: cpio -o [ -acxBTvk ] [ -O <output file> ] -i [ -BTxcdmrtuvfsSb6 ] [ -I <input file> ] [ patterns ] -p [ -adrxlmuv ] directory -o: Output mode -i: Input mode -p: Pass mode -a: Reset access time -T: No swapping in header -k: Skip corrupt start of tape -c: ASCII header -B: 5120 byte buffer -v: Verbose flag -d: Create directories -x: Process special files -h: Process symbolic links -m: Reset modification time -r: Rename -t: Print table of contents -u: Copy unconditionally -f: Copy not matching -s: Swap bytes -S: Swap half words -b: Swap bytes and half words -6: Unix 6th edition -l: Link when possible -I file: Use file as input instead of stdin -O file: Use file as output instead of stdout csplit - Context or line file splitter usage: csplit [-s] [-k] [-nnumber] [-f prefix] file args ... -s: Suppress printing of character counts -k: Do not delete created files on error -f prefix Prefix for created files (default: xx) -n number Maximum number of files to create (default 99) cut - Cut data out of a file usage: cut [ -f{args} [-s] [-d separator ] ] | [ -c{args} ] [filename [...]] -f{args}: Comma separated list of fields to extract -d separator: Field separator (default tab) -s: Skip lines with no fields -c{args}: Comma separater list of columns to extract date - Display / change date and time usage: date [-q] [+format] [[MMDDYY]hhmm[ss]] -q: +format: Display date/time using specified format string If a new date/time is supplied (last parameter), the system date and time is updated. The format string is constructed as for the library function strftime (cf printf). The following format specifiers are supported: a Short day name A Full day name b Short month name B Full month name c Date and Time (%x %X) d Day of month, 2 digits D Long date (%d/%m/%y) E Era name and year F Full month name h Short month name H 24 Hour, 2 digits I 12 Hour, 2 digits j Day of year, 3 digits m Month number, 2 digits M Minute number, 2 digits n Newline character o Era year (from 0) N Era name (AD) p AM/PM r 12 hour Time (%I:%M:%S %p) S Second number, 2 digits t Tab character T 24 Hour Time (%H:%M:%S) U Sunday Week of year, 2 digits w Weekday number, 2 digits W Monday Week of year, 2 digits x Short date (%d/%m) X Short Time (%I:%M) y Year number, 2 digits Y Year number, 4 digits Z Time zone z Time zone Field justification and precision can be specified in a similar manner to that in printf using digits, . and -. Any specified field width/precision overrides the default. % Format symbol . Precision - Left Justified number Before a precision, the field width. After a precision, the field precision. Thus %6.5I for 1400 hours gives ' 00014'. dd - Data copy usage: dd [ ibs=numeric ] [ obs=numeric ] [ cbs=numeric ] [ bs=numeric ] [ if=filename ] [ of=filename ] [ skip=numeric ] [ seek=numeric ] [ count=numeric ] [ files=numeric ] [ conv=[lcase,ucase,noerror,sync,swab,ascii,ebcdic,ibm] ] ibs Input block size obs Output Block size cbs Conversion block size bs Block size if Input filename (default: stdin) of Output filename (default: stdout) skip Number of input records to skip seek Number of output records to seek over count Number of records to transfer files Number of files to process conv Convert data to lcase - lower case ucase - upper cas noerror - ignore errors sync - swab - Swap bytes ascii - ASCII ebcdic - EBCDIC ibm - IBM EBCDIC df - Display Disk Free space usage: df [ -bit] drives -b: Display in BSD format (kbytes) -i: Display cluster information -t: Display totals -c: Display drive information diff - Display differences between two text files. usage: diff [ -bceinT ] [ -o output file ] file1 file2 -b Remove trailing whitespace (blanks and tabs) and compress all other strings of whitespace to a single blank. -c Print some context -- matching lines before and after the non-match section. Mark non-matched sections with "|". -e Output is in an "editor script" format which is compatible with the Unix 'ed' editor. -i Ignore lower/upper case distinctions. -n Output is in an RCS style format for use with RCS tools. -o outfile Place output in file "outfile" rather than on stdout. -T Print timings dirname - Extract directory name from filename usage: dirname filename du - Display disk usage usage: du [-arsk] [startdir] -a: Display all entries instead of just directory entries -r: Report errors -s: Only display top level values -k: Display Kilobyte usage as well expr - evaluate arguments as expression usage: expr expression.. The supported operators are |, &, =, >, >=, <, <=, !=, +, -, *, /, % and : and (). fgrep - Search file for string usage: fgrep [-vxcilnbs] [-e string] [-f file] [string] [files..] -x: Report only lines which exactly match the string. -v: All lines but those matching are printed. -c: Only a count of matching lines is printed. -i: Ignore upper/lower case distinction during comparisons. -l: Only the names of files with matching lines are listed (once), separated by new-lines. -n: Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file. -b: Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found. This is sometimes useful in locating disk block numbers by context. -s: The error messages produced for nonexistent or unreadable files are suppressed. -e expression Same as a simple expression argument, but useful when the expression begins with a -. -f file The regular expression list is taken from the file. find - Search directory tree for files matching requirements usage: find path-list predicate-list Predicate list: [ -name filename ] [ -perm permissions ] [ -type [bcdfpnlsM] ] [ -links number ] [ -user username ] [ -group groupname ] [ -size number[bkc] [ -inum inode ] [ -[acm]time days.HHMMSS ] [ -[exec | ok ] command string ; ] [ -newer[acm][acm] file ] [ -path path ] [ -depth ] [ -print ] [ -mountstop ] [ -prune ] [ -only ] [ -follow ] [ -msdos ] [ -pmask permissions mask ] [ -cpio|ncpio device ] [ -ls ] [ -icase ] [ -nogroup ] [ -nouser ] [ -xdev ] Operator list: [ -a -o ( ) ! ] Predicates -name filename: Match this file name. Shell wild cards can be used. -perm permissions Match Permissions -type [bcdfpnlsM] Match only files of specified type -links number Match number of links -user username Match owner -group groupname Match group -size number[bkc] Match file size -inum inode Match inode number -[acm]time days.HHMMSS Match create/access modification time -[exec | ok] command string ; Execute command string -newer[acm][acm] file Compare create/access/modification time with reference file -path path Match full path using wild cards -depth Depth first search -print Print a match -mountstop Do not cross mount points -prune Prune directories -only Only follow directories -follow Follow symbolic links -msdos Output MSDOS format names -pmask permissions mask Test file permissions to see if a any of permissions mask is set. -cpio | ncpio device Write file to stdout in CPIO format -ls Print file information in ls format -icase Ignore case on name match -nogroup Match if file's group name does not exist -nouser Match if file's owner name does not exist -xdev Do not go cross mount points Predicates can be joined using the following operators -a And -o Or ! Not ( Start subexpression ) End subexpression fold - Fold long lines to stdout usage: fold -width files.. -width Maximum line length (default 80) fstat - Print file status information usage: fstat filename grep - Search file for pattern usage: grep [-vcilnbs] [-e string] [-f file] [string] [files..] -v: All lines but those matching are printed. -c: Only a count of matching lines is printed. -i: Ignore upper/lower case distinction during comparisons. -l: Only the names of files with matching lines are listed (once), separated by new-lines. -n: Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file. -b: Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found. This is sometimes useful in locating disk block numbers by context. -s: The error messages produced for nonexistent or unreadable files are suppressed. -e expression Same as a simple expression argument, but useful when the expression begins with a -. -f file The regular expression list is taken from the file. head - display file headers usage: head [-n] [file ...] -n: Number of lines to display (n is a number) ls - List directory Note: Not all the options are meaning full on MSDOS. usage: ls [-xutsrpqonmligfdcbaACFRS1] [file list] -A: List all files -F: Append file type to filename (/ directory, * executable) -C: Use column output -R: Recurse down directory tree -S: Sort on size -1: Output as a single column -x: Output as multiple columns -u: Display access times, not modification times -t: Sort on time -s: Display number of blocks -r: Reverse sort order -p: Append / to directories -q: Display non-printing characters as ? -o: Display file owner -n: Display owner/group as numeric ids -m: Display in columns using , as the separator -l: Long format -i: Display inode -g: Display file group -f: Assume the file is a directory -d: Do not recurse down a directory -c: Display creation times, not modification times -b: Display non-printing characters as \value -a: Suppress files beginning with a dot m4 - M4 Macro processor usage: m4 [-es] [-Tsize] [-Bsize] [-Ssize] [-Hsize] [-Dname[=val]] [-Uname] [files..] -e: Operate interactively -s: Enable line sync output -T size: Set token buffer size to size. -B size: Set argument buffer size to size. -S size: Set call stack size to size. -H size: Set hash table size to size. -D name=.. Define name value -U name Undefine name make - Makefile processor (supports swapping a la shell) usage: make [-f makefile] [-inpqrst] [macro=val ...] [target(s) ...] -f name: Makefile name (default makefile) -i: Ignore exit status -n: Pretend to make -p: Print all macros & targets -q: Question up-to-dateness of target. Return exit status 1 if not -r: Don't not use inbuilt rules -s: Make silently -t: Touch files instead of making them -d: Debug -e: Override with environment variables -k: Skip tree Note: Make sure the rulefile is installed in the same directory as make.exe. mkdir - Make path usage: mkdir -p directory -p: Make intermediate directories in path mv - Move files. usage: mv [-ipfrRvn] f1 f2 mv [-ipfrRvn] f1 ... fn d1 mv [-ipfrRvn] d1 d2 -i: Ask before copying -r: Recurse down directories, copying tree to new location -R: Recurse down directories, copying tree to new location -v: Verbose -n: Show me what you're going to do, without doing it. -p: Preserve access times -f: Force removal of destination files od - octal dump usage: od [-bcdhox] [file] [ [+] offset [.] [b] ] -b: Display bytes in octal -c: Display bytes as characters -d: Display bytes in decimal -h: Display bytes in hexadecimal -o: Display words in octal -x: Display words in hexadecimal offset Start offset (in octal) in file (b - offset is in blocks) (. interprete offset in decimal) printarg - Print argumnents to stdout usage: printarg printenv - Print environment to stdout usage: printenv rm - Remove files usage: rm [ -fir ] file... -f: Force removal -i: Ask user first -r: Recurse down directories (beware the dread rm -rf /*). rmdir - Remove directories usage: rmdir [ -p ] path.. -p: Remove all directories on path setschar - Set switch character usage: setschar [ character ] Display or set (character provided) the switch character. sleep - Wait for n seconds usage: sleep seconds sort - Sort files usage: sort [ -cmu ] [ -t separator] [ -y record size] [ -z memory size ] [-o output file] [ -T directory ] [ -bdfinrM ] [[+StartField.Offset[bdfinrM] [-EndField.Offset]] [file] ... If any of the following flags can be applied globally or to a particular field (appended to the startfield address): -b: Skip leading blanks -d: Sort to dictionary order. Only letters, digits, comma's and points are compared. -f: Fold upper case to lower. -i: Ignore chars outside ASCII range (040 - 0176) -n: Sort to numeric value (optional decimal point) implies -b -r: Reverse the sense of comparisons. -M: Month order I/O control flags are: -u: Print uniq lines only once. -c: Check if files are sorted in order. -m: Merge already sorted files. -o outfile: Name of output file. (Can be one of the input files). Default is stdout. -: Take stdin as input. Fields: -t'x': Field separating character is 'x' +a.b: Start comparing at field 'a' with offset 'b'. A missing 'b' is taken to be 0. -a.b: Stop comparing at field 'a' with offset 'b'. A missing 'b' is taken to be 0. A missing -a.b means the rest of the line. split - Split file into n line parts usage: split [-n] [file [name]]. -number: Part size in lines (default: 1000) file: The file to split name: The prefix for the parts (default: x). strings - Display the strings in files usage: strings -aopc -min_length files... -a: No used -o: Output offset of string -p: Output filename for string -c: No used -min_length The minimum string length sym - Display symbolic information from object and library files usage: sym [ -acegilnpstxzI ] filename -z: Zero suppress mode -t: Print comments -p: Print publics -e: Print externals -g: Print groups -c: Print classes -s: Print segments -n: Print name record -l: Sort by address -i: Ignore case on sorting -I: Ignore unknown records -x: Sort by length -d: Debug mode tail - Print tail of file usage: tail [+/-[number][lcbf]] [file] +/-number Number of lines (l, default), characters (c), blocks (b) to print from the end (-) or start (+) of the file. -f Wait 1 second at EOF and try reading again. tee - Pipe fit a pipeline. Copy stdin to one or more files and standard output. usage: tee [-i] [-a] [files]. -i: Interrupt turned off. -a: Append to outputfile(s), instead of overwriting them. touch - Change a file's timestamp or size usage: touch [-amc] [-s newsize] [-t mmddhhmm[CC]yy.ss] [-f ref_file] file... -a: Change the access time -m: Change the modification time -c: Change the create time -s newsize: Change the file size to newsize -t time: Use this as the timestamp -f ref_file: Use the reference file (ref_file) for the timestamps. tput - Output a termcap string usage: tput [-Ttype] capname -Ttype: Usage terminal name type. Default is the value of TERM environment variable. capname: The termcap capability name for the terminal attribute. tr - Translate characters usage: tr [-cds] string1 string2 files -c: Take complement of string1 -d: Delete input characters coded string1 -s: Squeeze multiple output characters of string2 into one character uniq - Display unique lines usage: uniq [-udc] [+n] [-n] [input [output]] wc - Count number of words in file usage: wc [-lwc] [name ...] -l: Display only the line count -w: Display only the word count -c: Display only the character count which - Display the directory containing a command from the PATH usage: which [-i] [-a] [--] [<command>] -i: Read commands from stdin -a: Display all commands found on the PATH