CD-ROM Aktief 1995 #3/CDA3.iso/survival/mysbabln.exe

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 MYSTERY BABYLON
Status line
Masada Publications
Introduction
Mystery Babylon
Scenario Outline
Chronology
Event Table
Application
Historical Evolution
Babylon The Religion
Part 1
Part 2
Babylon The System
Notes
The gods
History
Scripture
Supplement
         Copyright (c) 1994  Masada Publications  All rights reserved.
  And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with
gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full
of abominations and filthiness of her fornication:
  And upon her forehead was a name written,
MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT,
THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.
  And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the
blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great
admiration.
  And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell
thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which
hath the seven heads and ten horns.
                                                        Revelation 17:4-7
         Much has been written in recent years on the subject of Bible
prophecy, in particular "Last Days" prophecy based on the books of
Daniel and Revelation.  This is not an attempt to go over the same
material yet again but an investigation into a single component of
the general subject.  That component is Mystery Babylon, as
described in Revelation 17.
     Most writers treat Mystery Babylon as something peripheral to
the subject of a revived Roman Empire or one-world government.
Building on the image of the "great whore", Mystery Babylon is
usually interpreted as an anti-God religious system and left at
that.  There is much more to the story.
     By searching the Bible for common themes and then comparing the
scriptures therein, a picture emerges that traces the history of
Mystery Babylon from the time of Nebuchadnezzar to the present day.
It is an unbroken, historical phenomena with a continuous existence
rather than a godless religious system set to appear in the last
days.  It is most definitely
 the anti-God system that will exist
under the rule of the Anti-Christ, although it is certainly in-
strumental in setting the stage for that system.
     What follows is not an exhaustive treatise on Mystery Babylon.
Information is still coming in and there is much more study to do.
However, what follows should be sufficient information to identify
Mystery Babylon in its past and present forms.  Mystery Babylon is
an evolving entity.  Its basic character is unchanged but its out-
ward appearance is changing.
     The main reason for understanding Mystery Babylon is that God
has condemned it to destruction and has called His people to come
out of her (Rev.18:1-4).
     The general outline for this study guide is found in three pas-
sages of Scripture.  They are Daniel chapter 7 and Revelation chap-
ters 13 and 17.  In Daniel 7 we have the prophecy given to Daniel in
a vision where he sees four beasts which represent four, consecutive
world empires.  It is very important to note here that this vision
is about events as they relate to the nation of Israel.  This con-
nection is stated in a related passage of Daniel where he is told:
B"Seventy weeks are determined upon your people and upon your
B  holy city . ."  Daniel 9:24
      This is not to say that the events foretold have no bearing
on the rest of the world.  They certainly do.  The point to see here
is that the prophecies in Daniel and Revelation are given in context
with the nation of Israel.
     In Daniel 7 the four beasts are a Lion, a Bear, a Leopard and a
"dreadful and terrible" beast.  These are later explained to Daniel
as representing the Babylonian empire, the Media-Persian empire, the
Greek empire and the Roman empire.  Turning to Revelation 13:1-2 we
see another beast that is a composite of what Daniel saw:
B"And the beast that I saw was like a leopard, and his feet were
B  like that of a bear, and his mouth like that of a lion . ."
     At the time that Daniel received his vision, the nation of
Israel was living in Babylon and nearing the end of their 70 year
exile.  This was about 539 B.C.  When the apostle John received the
Revelation, Rome was the existing empire and the time was about 90
A.D.  The beast that John saw was yet future in his time.  In the
600 years between the two prophecies, the four beast empires that
Daniel had seen had all come and gone with the fourth, Rome, still
in power.  The relationship to the nation of Israel is as follows:

    During the Babylonian empire, Israel was in exile. With the coming
of the Medes and Persians, Israel began to return to their homeland
in Palestine.  The time during the Greek empire is known as the
intertestament period because it occurred between the completion of
the Old Testament and the beginning of the New Testament.  During this
time, one of the most significant events that happened to Israel was
the appearance of Antiochus Epiphanes.  As recorded in the Book of the
Maccabees, Antiochus committed the "Abomination of Desolation"
described in Daniel 11:31 and 12:11.  Finally, in the time of the
Roman empire, two more significant events occurred affecting the nation
of Israel; the Messiah came and Jerusalem was destroyed, scattering the
Jews abroad.  From this point on, there is no nation of Israel, and a
few centuries later the Roman empire ended and there is no more world
empire in existence.  This condition continued until the middle of the
20th century.  Although people like Napoleon and Hitler attempted to
rebuild the old Roman empire, none succeeded.  It was a period of
almost 2,000 years during which there was no world empire and there was
no nation ofIsrael in existence.
     This situation began to change when in 1945 the United Nations
was founded as a form of world government and in 1948 the nation of
Israel was reborn in Palestine.   A simple table of these events is
in the next section.
       THE FOUR SUCCESSIVE WORLD EMPIRES       THE NATION OF ISRAEL
B===================================================================
Babylon                                   Israel in exile. (Jer. 27)
  Babylon fell 539 BC
  Medes & Persians                        Israel returning home.
   2d Temple dedicated 516 BC             (Ezra & Nehemiah)
   Jerusalem decree 483 BC Ezra 7:6-7,9:9
   Ezra returns 457 BC
   Nehemiah returns 446 BC
  Greeks    331 - 143 BC                  Antiochus appears, abomina-
   Abomination 167 - 164 BC               tion of desolation, faith-
                                          full flee to wilderness.
                                           (Book of Maccabees, Dan.8:8-
                                            12, 11:30-35, Rev.12:6&14)
  Romans                                  Messiah appears, is rejected
   Messiah born 4 BC                      Jerusalem destroyed.
   Ministry began 27 AD
   Jerusalem destroyed 70 AD
B  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
  No World Empire                         No Nation of Israel
B  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
  United Nations formed  1945             Nation of Israel Reborn 1948
     If we now look at the beast in Revelation 13 understanding that
it is pictured as being like the four ancient empires, we can
theorize that's its relationship to Israel will also be like that of
the four ancient empires.  It is significant that the last world em-
pire, Rome, destroyed the nation of Israel and that the first
successful attempt at world government since then, the U.N., was
responsible for creating the nation of Israel by its declaration of
May 5, 1948.
     A second element in this theory is that the Beast in Revelation
is a revived form of the old Roman Empire and that the main events
that happened to Israel during the four ancient empires will happen
again during the time of the last world empire; but in a much
shorter period of time.  If this is true, we can expect to see some-
thing like the following:
     1. The majority of the Jewish people living in "exile", or out
     side of Israel (Diaspora) especially in "Mystery Babylon";
     followed by:
     2. A gradual, then accelerated return of the Jews to Israel.
     If true to form, the largest number of Jews should return
     immediately following the beginning of the destruction of
     Mystery Babylon.
     3. The appearance of the Anti-Christ in a manner analogous to
     that of Antiochus Epiphanes during the old Greek Empire.
     4. The return of the Messiah to Jerusalem.

     With regard to (1), there has been a steady influx of Jews to
Israel since 1948, with large groups coming in the last few years
from Russia and Ethiopia.  Presently (Spring 1994), the largest
population of Jews in the world is in America, the greatest number
of these in New York City.
  If the command of Revelation 18:4 to
B"Come out of her my people . ."
@ is a command to the people of Israel
to come out of Mystery Babylon, it strongly suggests that New York City
is the city called Mystery Babylon in Revelation 17:18.  We have more
than just this suggestion.  In the material that follows, a substantial
body of evidence will be presented to document this conclusion.  And if
the sequence of events described above is accurate, the next major event
on earth will be the destruction of Mystery Babylon.
     If the ancient sequence of world empires in Daniel is also a
composit of the final world empire described in Revelation, then the
picture in Revelation 17:3 is the "finished product".
B". . and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet colored beast, full of
B  names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns."
     Chapter 17 then explains that the woman is the city - Mystery
Babylon.  The beast represents the Anti-Christ's political and
military power which initially includes ten subordinate kings
(verses 12-13).  These ten kings, we are told, destroy Mystery
Babylon (verse 16).  Recall that of the four ancient world empires
in Daniel, Babylon was the first to be destroyed.  So also here.  We
know from both Daniel and Revelation that during the last 3 1/2
years and just prior to his destruction by the Lord, Satan will
present himself to the world as god and demand worship.  It follows
then, that not even the Babylonian religions will be tolerated at
that time.
     The ten nations allied with the beast are the same as the ten
toes on the image in Daniel 2:31-45.  Remember that the whore in
Revelation is separate and distinct from the beast in Revelation.
     The image in Daniel 2, although representing four distinct em-
pires, is presented as a whole, or unit.  There, Babylon is the head
or beginning of this unit.  Mystery Babylon is also at the head of
things in Revelation as evidenced by the whore riding upon the back
of the beast and by the language of Rev.17:15 where it says,
B". . The waters that you saw where the whore sits are peoples,
B   and multitudes and nations and tongues."
     The imagery is that of a city that exercises power over most,
or all of the people on the earth.  The ten kings then interrupt
this rule and destroy this city.  In ancient times, the kings that
destroyed Babylon were the Medes and the Persians.  So also it will
be with Mystery Babylon:
B"Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD has
Braised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device
Bis against Babylon, to destroy it; because it [is] the venge-
Bance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple.
BSet up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch
Bstrong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the
BLORD has both devised and done that which he spoke against the
Binhabitants of Babylon.
BO you that dwell upon many waters, abundant in treasures,
Byour end is come, and the measure of your covetousness."
                              and
B"Set up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the
Bnations, prepare the nations against her, call together
Bagainst her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz;
Bappoint a captain against her; cause the horses to come up as
Bthe rough caterpillers. Prepare against her the nations with
Bthe kings of the Medes, the captains thereof, and all the rulers
Bthereof, and all the land of his dominion."
                                          Jeremiah 51:11-13 & 27-28
     Geographically, the area described above equates with modern
day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the former Soviet states of southwest
Russia.
     These areas are predominantly Moslem today.  The headquarters
of the Islamic International Terrorist network is in Tehran, Iran.
It is sufficient here to point out these Moslem nations are committed
enemies of the United Nations and the United States.  The latter they
refer to as "The Great Satan".  The terrorist activities of the last
decade have almost always originated among the Islamic groups and have
always been aimed at Europe and the West in general. Presently, Iran is
equipping itself with missiles from China and missile submarines from
Russia.  This indicates the potential of an escalation in the level of
warfare directed against the west.  Note also that their first major
attack in North America was in New York City.
     If a major attack is launched against New York City and America
that included nuclear weapons, the destruction would likely complete
the fall of America as a major power.  Already the economic aspects
of that destruction are well advanced.  Such events would trigger
other events on the prophetic scenario.  First, Israel's greatest
ally would cease to exist.  This would have a profound effect on
their national security and the designs of their enemies.  Second,
the center of power on earth would shift.  The European community
would necessarily pull together and perhaps ally themselves with
others.  Japan would find itself suffering gigantic financial losses
as well as the loss of a major market.  Russia would be without a
source of foreign aid and food.  The whole planet would be in a tur-
moil as various nations jockyed for position.  The situation would
be ripe for the appearance of a "Messiah".
     In our four-empire prophetic scenario, the Medes and Persians
are followed by the Greeks.  The signal event here being the
appearance of the Anti-Christ, as prefigured by Antiochus Epiphanes.
The principle Scriptures dealing with the Anti-Christ are found in
Daniel and Revelation.  In Daniel chapter 2 we have the story of the
image in Nebuchadnezzar's dream that represents the four world em-
pires.  The very next chapter is, I believe, the story of the Anti-
Christ.  The King sets up an image and commands all to worship it.
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego refuse and are thrown into the fire
where God delivers them.  This is basically the same story as in
Revelation 13 where those who refuse to worship the image of the
beast are killed.  The next reference to the Anti-Christ is in
Daniel 7:24-26 where he is described as coming out of the 10 kings
of the fourth and last kingdom.  In chapter eight more detail is
added.  There the Anti-christ is described as coming up out of the
remains of what was formerly Alexander's Greek empire.  Verse 23
says this will happen in the
B"latter time of their kingdom."
@  The
Hebrew word here is Akhareet which means "last" or "end time".
     Further descriptions of the Anti-Christ and his work appear in
Daniel 9:26-27 and 11:36-45.  Taken together with the information in
Revelation, the Anti-Christ is described as a powerful political
ruler who will initially emerge in Europe with ten "kings" or
"kingdoms" under his control.  He will then move against Israel and
declare himself to be god.  His next act, in conjunction with the
rise of the false prophet, will be to implement the "Mark of the
Beast" described in Revelation 13.  This begins the period described
variously as "time, times, and half a time", 42 months or 1260 days.
It concludes with the return of Jesus to destroy His enemies and es-
tablish His kingdom on earth.
     The following chapters will explore Mystery Babylon in more
detail by examining the religious, political and economic details
provided in the Bible and comparing them with their present and
historical manifestations.  This material is not exhaustive; volumes
could be and have been written.  There is, hopefully, enough infor-
mation to establish the concepts presented and with enough evidence
to demonstrate their viability.
 Currently there are about 3,500,000 Jews in Israel.
 The folks that brought you the World Trade Center bombing.
See the book
Terror
 by Bodansky.
     To describe the operating system of modern day Babylon is to
describe Babylon itself.  It is this system that makes Babylon
unique in history and among the nations of the earth.  Ordinarily,
when one describes a nation, present or ancient, one is involved in
describing things like geographic location and size, industry and
agriculture, language, religion, and economic and social customs.
These form the characteristics that distinguish one nation from
another.  This method of description has only limited application to
Babylon.  Geographically, Babylon has no borders.  It encompasses
every form of human endeavor.  The principle language of Babylon is
English.
  The principle religion is anything anti-Christian, in-
cluding atheism.  Economics, particularly trade and credit, are the
life blood and reason to exist in Babylon.
     The system itself has evolved over many centuries but its
present form is less than one hundred years old.  To trace its
evolution from the beginning is to go back to ancient Babel, the
fabled city founded by Nimrod in the land that is now called Iran.
Nimrod was a great-grandson of Noah and lived between 2300 and 2200
B.C.  Babel was the name given to the place where the tower of that
same name was made.  As the story goes, the people where all of one
language and set out to build a city and a tower for themselves,
B". . lest we be scattered abroad over the whole earth."
 God had
other plans and the end result was that the people were scattered
abroad.  One of the goals of present day Babylon is to reverse this
event by bringing all nations, languages and peoples under the control
of one government.
     The city and empire of ancient Babylon continued to around 539
B.C. when it was destroyed by Cyrus, King of the Medes and Persians.
Just prior to that, Babylon was at the pinnacle of its glory, famous
for its hanging gardens, gigantic walls and tremendous wealth.  This
time speaks more to Babylon the religion, but even then the mercan-
tile system was well established and the source of much of Babylon's
wealth.
     From here the trail leads to the land of Canaan, on the eastern
end of the Mediterranean.  This was the land of the Phoenicians or the
"Sea Peoples".
  The system here appears fully mature in the island
kingdom of Tyre.  For hundreds of years Tyre was the commercial trading
center of the Mediterranean and the middle east.  The Tyrian specialty
was maritime commerce and their trading ships, the largest of their day,
sailed to all corners of the known world. There is even evidence to
indicate that they reached the North American continent as early as 500
B.C.
  It was here, during the time of this far reaching trade, that
evolved what is today the principal characteristic of the Babylonian
system - the system of buying and selling without money.
      In a scenario that parallels that of England and America, cer-
tain colonists departed from Tyre and founded a new capital called
Carthage.  One story says that they were seeking religious freedom.
Later, as Tyre began to decline in power, Carthage rose to dominate
Mediterranean trade until it was finally destroyed by the Romans in
one of the greatest sea battles of ancient times.  Both Tyre and
Carthage shared common characteristics with modern Babylon in that
they had no real geographic borders; only a capital city from which
they ruled their trading empire. In fact, the word "Carthage" means
"New Capitol City".  Neither did they have a large military force,
relying instead on foreign mercenaries.  Hannibal, the famous
general who crossed the Alps with elephants and defeated the Romans,
was a Carthaginian general leading a mercenary army.  Wars were
costly however; and there was
Bthen
@ no commercial incentive to
prosecute them unless a greater monopoly or expansion in trade could
be gained.
     After the fall of Carthage, the Babylonian merchant system sur-
faced in Italy and then Europe.  In Italy the system was connected
with the northern region of Lombardia because by the twelfth century
A.D. these Italian merchants were known throughout Europe as
"Lombards".  These moneylenders and merchants from Genoa, Lucca,
Florence and Venice established themselves on Lombard Street in Lon-
don and in the capital cities of Europe.  They remitted money to
Italy by bills of exchange, paying the Pope and the Roman church the
fees due from the English church.  They also loaned money to the
government, taking a mortgage on tax receipts as security.
In 1215, the Roman church demanded that all Jews wear a badge.  Henry
III used the anti-Jewish sentiment created by the Roman church as an
excuse to plunder the Jewish bankers of the time by forcing them to
make loans to the government and then refusing to pay them back.
The Lombards displaced the Jews as moneylenders and the Jews were sub-
sequently banished from England.
     London was founded by the Romans as a trading center about 45
A.D.  They eventually made it a walled city, like Babylon; the walls
remaining until the 1800s and marking the boundaries of the merchant
and financial district which has remained more or less independent
of the rest of England.
     Today, the main street in the financial district of London is
Lombard street.  It is there that you find some of the biggest names
in international banking and insurance, including Lloyds of London
and the Bank of England.  A gold-market is held every morning at
Rothschild's Bank.  The gold bullion market is handled by four
brokers, one of which is Rothschild's, who also represents the Bank
of England.
     These financial interests have long had a profound influence on
life in America.  In the 1820s, many of the leading families of New
England, including the Cabots, Higginsons, and Sedgwicks had been
recruited as junior partners in the British East Indies opium trade,
and were, in philosophical outlook as well as political allegiance,
outright traitors to America.  They were quite willing to promote
their own wealth at the expense of those addicted to drugs.  And
like the merchant elite of London, they had no political allegience
to any country.  Their country, their god and their reason to exist
was the accumulation of wealth and power.  In a word, they chose to
serve Mammon.
     The connection between English and American banks with the drug
trade is an old one.  The history of the word Apothecary illustrates
this.  The Latin word
BApothecarius
@ means "a storekeeper".  In
England up to the 17th century, an apothecary sold general merchan-
dise.  After that time, they separated from the Company of Grocers
and limited themselves to the sale of drugs only.  There must have
been a financial reason behind this.
     The city of Hong Kong was originally founded as a British port
from which to distribute opium grown in India. These were the years
in the period after the Battle of Waterloo when the British Empire,
victorious in war and unchallenged economically, had truly emerged
as a ``
One-World
'' empire.  In June of 1825, the German republican
and economist Friedrich List arrived in the United States at the in-
vitation of the Marquis de Lafayette. In America, List found the
American Constitutional Republic, which mandated lawful money of
gold and silver, was under assault from an alliance of pro-British
opium merchants, slave owners, and bankers.  Their goal was the
abolition of the National Bank, the removal of tariffs and a
finan-
cial system based on usury and speculation
.  These goals were the
product of a London-based conspiracy of merchant bankers. The
leaders of the conspiracy were members of ``free trade clubs''(Like
NAFTA), many of which were official branches of free trade societies
headquartered in London, and many of these individuals later joined
the infamous pro-Confederacy Cobden Clubs, which were also based in
London.  Evidence surfaced in 1991 that Congressman Richard Gephardt
is a member, or at least a supporter, of the Cobden Clubs.  In Sep-
tember of that year a meeting was held in Des Moines, Iowa, spon-
sored by the Cobden Clubs.  The subject matter of the meeting was
titled "Initiative for ECO-92 Earth Charter" and under the title of
"Secretariat for World Order" was Gephardt's office phone number.
One statement taken from their paper is particularly pertinent:
B"We are the living sponsors of the great Cecil Rhodes will
Bof 1877, in which Rhodes devoted his fortune to: `The extension
Bof British rule throughout the world . . . the colonization
Bby British subjects of the entire continent of Africa, the
BHoly Land, the Valley of the Euphrates, the islands of Cyprus
Band Candia, the whole of South America, the islands of the
BPacific not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole
Bof the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, and
Bthe ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an
Bintegral part of the British Empire'".
It appears that they are well on their way to achieving their goal.
     The final step on our journey takes us from London to Manhattan
Island in New York City.  This is the home of the United Nations,
Babylon's political/military arm, the New York Stock Exchange and
several international banks.  This is the home of the world's power
brokers, the people who buy and sell kings and kingdoms and for whom
war and conquest are matters of daily business.  This is the home of
the World Trade Center, the Council on Foreign Relations and the
Trilateral Commission.  And although there are still connections
with the parent city of London, New York City is the political,
military and commercial capital of the Mystery Babylon of Revelation
17.  Or, to state it in Biblical terms, New York City is the
B"Daughter of Babylon"
@.  This is not to say that America is Babylon,
although American politicians and merchants are certainly among the
major players.  The American Republic that was founded upon the
principle of elected representation has been replaced with a puppet
government inhabited by merchant politicians that migrate between
political office and corporate board rooms.
     Legally speaking, the United Nations property is not U.S.
property.  It is politically independent of all nations and
sovereign in its own right.  A foreign island off the coast of
America.  There are two other similar "islands" on earth.  One is
the "City of London".  Located within London proper, it is a small
enclave of merchants, bankers and insurers that are independent of
the British Crown.  The "City" is a sort of financial capitol of the
world.  It is here that the daily price of gold is set.  The third
"island" is Vatican City in Rome.  About one-sixth of a square mile
in size, it contains St. Peters and the Papal Palace.  It has its
own government, independent of Italy, and functions as a religious
capitol for the world.  And not just for Catholics.  The Vatican
figures promenently in the religious history of past and present
Babylon (See chapter Babylon the Religion).  Today, the Pope is one
of the key players in the global movement toward a one-world
religion.  In concert with Gorbechev of Russia and the Tibeten Dali
Lama, the Pope has been speaking to large audiences on "our common
spiritual heritage".
     The rulers of Mystery Babylon are unlike any others.  They give
allegiance to no nation, king or government.  On the contrary, they
own a good many nations, kings and governments.  Their form of
government is more like a global Chamber of Commerce than a politi-
cal body.  The only law they recognize is the
Law Merchant
, by which
they enforce their conquest and subjugation of the rest of the world
through the vehicle of credit and debt.  Their military force is
composed of people drawn from the nations that they control, com-
bined under the banner of the U.N. Police force and directed from
the U.N. Security Council.  Understand that the security referred to
here is the security of the Babylonian System, and has nothing to do
with protecting the people of the earth, or individual nations.
     Up until about 1950 it was necessary to preserve the illusion
of independent nations and governments on earth.  Babylon did not at
that time have its power consolidated enough to come out in the
open.  Today, however, the mask is coming off.  Using trickery,
deceit, propaganda, terror and military force, Babylon is asserting
itself as the master of the earth under the flag of the New World
Order.  Not new, really.  The plan is as old as Nimrod and their
stated intentions have been printed on the back of their currency
for decades, to wit: "Novus Ordo Seclorum".   And, like the people
of Nimrod's time, they have again failed to take into consideration
the fact that God has other plans.
 Throughout the world, English is considered the international
language and the American Dollar is the international currency.
 Genesis 11:4
 The Hebrew word for Cannanite means a merchant or trader.
 See
America B.C.
 by Barry Fell
 See chapter on SYSTEM OPERATION
 The U.S. Internal Revenue Service operates on this same
proceedure.  Loans of credit to the U.S. government are secured by
the income tax which is collected by the IRS and paid to the Federal
Reserve Banking system.
A History of London
 by Robert Gray.
The City of London
 by Mary Cathcart Borer.
                          BABYLON THE RELIGION
     To describe the religious character of Babylon we will begin
with the description of Mystery Babylon given in the book of Revela-
tion.
    Revelation 17:

B3 "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I

B  saw a woman sit upon a scarlet colored beast, full of names of

B  blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.

B4 And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color, and

B  decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden

B  cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her

B  fornication:

B5 And upon her forehead [was] a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE

B  GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.

B9 And here [is] the mind which has wisdom. The seven heads are

B  seven mountains, on which the woman sits.

B18 And the woman which thou saw is that great city, which reigns

B  over the kings of the earth."
    Revelation 18:

B3 "For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her

B  fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed

B  fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are made

B  rich through the abundance of her delicacies."
Babylon is here described as a city seated on seven mountains which
rules over and commits fornication with the kings of the earth while
enriching the merchants of the earth.  Right off we should notice
that this city is an asset to merchants but a ruler over kings.  But
what does this have to do with religion?
     The two principle deities of ancient Babylon were Baal and Ish-
tar.  Baal was the god of war and the elements and Ishtar the god-
dess of fertility - both human and agricultural.  These two deities
have roots going back before Babylon to Nimrod at Babel and to
Assyria.  Through the ages they were imported into other nations and
under different names but always retaining the same basic charac-
teristics.  Baal was also called Bel, Baalat, Molech, Merodach, Mars
and Jupiter, and was frequently represented as a bull.  Ishtar was
also called Aphrodite, Astarte, Ashtoreth, Cybele or Sybil, Diana,
Europa, Isis, Semiramis and Venus.  The two main elements in the
worship of Baal were fire and human sacrifice, usually children.
Ishtar was worshipped via offerings of produce and money as well as
though fornication with temple prostitutes.  It is this last charac-
teristic that helps make the tie between religious Babylon and kings
and merchants.
     In his book
The Secret of Crete
, H.G. Wunderlich reports that
before marriage, every woman in Babylon was required to go to the
temple of Ishtar and lie with a stranger.  We have a similar report
from Gerhard Herm in his book,
The Phoenicians
, where women in the
Canaanite cities of Tyre, Sidon and Byblos were required to become
prostitutes for a day and give themselves to foreign guests during the
spring festival.  This festival survives today in the name of "Easter",
which is derived from the word "Ishtar".  Note that the women were to
prostitute themselves with strangers or foreigners.  In ancient times,
the foreigners in these cities were mostly composed of traveling
merchants and political dignitaries.  In the third century A.D. the
historian Eusebius described the patrons of these temples in this way:
B"It was a school of godlessness for those dissipated men,
Bwho had ruined their bodies in the pursuit of luxuriousness.
BThe men were soft and effeminate, were no longer men; they
Bhad betrayed the honor of their sex; they believed they must
Bworship their god with impure lust."
This association between temple prostitutes and merchants and kings
gives insight into the imagery of Revelation 18:3, Isaiah 23:17,
47:12-15 and Nahum 3:4.
     Perhaps the best picture we have of the great Harlot of Revela-
tion is in the story of the ancient kingdom-city of Tyre.  The
golden age of Tyre was in the ninth century B.C.  At that time the
merchant princes of Tyre enjoyed a near monopoly on maritime trade
in the Mediterranean.  Merchants and caravans of goods from all over
the world converged at Tyre to trade.  Ezekiel 27 gives a good
description of Tyre's merchant empire including language that
closely parallels that in Revelation 18.  It was at this time also
that Tyre figured prominently in the history of Israel.  King Ahab
of Israel married Jezebel, the daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon.
According to Josephus, Ethbaal was originally a priest of Astarte
who gained the throne by murdering the last descendant of Hiram I,
king of Tyre; eventually becoming king of both Tyre and Sidon.  Ahab
earned the distinction of
B". . doing evil in the sight of the Lord
Babove all that were before him."
@ (I Kings 16:30).  Ahab, no doubt
with strong encouragement from Jezebel, introduced the worship of
Baal and Astarte in Israel, which lead eventually to the confronta-
tion with Elijah as described in I kings 18.  This is the same
Elijah who is to appear
B"before the coming of the great and dreadful
BDay of the Lord."
@ (Malachi 4:5)  And later Athalia, Jezebel's daugh-
ter, married Jehoram King of Judah.  Athalia promoted the worship of
Baal in Judah as her mother had done in Israel.
     So we have here, on a little island off the coast of Palestine,
a powerful kingdom of merchant princes that ruled by trade over much
of the civilized world of the time.  Their deities were Baal and As-
tarte and their system of law was the law of merchants, with the pagan
temples serving also as banks.
  The basis of life was business and
profit was the supreme goal. Later, these characteristics were just as
prominent in Carthage which began as a colonial outpost of Tyre and
later grew in power and wealth to surpass its parent. Carthage too, was
a city devoted to Baal and Astarte.  Near the end of its life and at
war with Rome, the citizens of Carthage sacrificed their children in
the fires of Molech to gain the favor of this god in their battles.
Appropriately, they lost, and the Romans destroyed the city and sowed
the land with salt.
     Returning to Revelation 17 at verse 9, we see that this city,
Mystery Babylon, is sitting on seven hills or mountains.  This is
the clue that leads to the next manifestation of the Babylonian
religion.  Thus far we have traced it from its source in Mesopotamia
to the Canaanite cites of Tyre and Sidon, on to Carthage and next to
Rome.
     Since ancient times, Rome has been known as the city on seven
hills.  The Roman poet Propertius called it,
B"The lofty city on
Bseven hills, which governs the whole world."
@  Recall that it was the
Romans that destroyed Carthage, but even before that time the
Babylonian deities had found a home in Rome.  For a really complete
study of this subject the reader is invited to read
The Two Babylons
by Alexander Hislop.  For now, it is sufficient to note that by the
time of the Roman empire, Baal and Ishtar were flourishing under
various names throughout the Mediterranean.  One interesting example
of Ishtar was the goddess of Crete - Europa. According to Herodotus,
Europa was the daughter of the king of Tyre and was kidnapped by
Greeks and carried across the sea to Crete.  It was after this par-
ticular goddess that the continent of Europe is named.  To the
Greeks she was Aphrodite; to the Romans she was known as Venus.
     With the decline and fall of the Roman empire, the City on
Seven Hills became the seat of a new type of power.  New in form,
but the same in substance and speaking the same language - Latin.
The most ancient characteristics of Ishtar again came to the fore as
the Goddess-Mother.  Again, Hislop's book gives a detailed story of
the rebirth of this religion as the Roman Church.  One example that
illustrates is a coin struck by Pope Leo XII in 1825.  On one side
is the pope's own image.  On the other side is the image of a woman
holding a cup with the legend
B"Sedet super universum"
@ or "The whole
world is her seat.

B"And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color,

Band decked with gold and precious stones and pearls,

Bhaving a golden cup in her hand full of abominations

Band filthiness of her fornication."
@  Revelation 17:4

B"And he said unto me, the waters which you saw, where the

Bwhore sits, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations and

Btongues."
@                          Revelation 17:15
That the Roman church was once a great political power is a histori-
cal fact.  As late as the 15th century A.D., decrees from the Pope
called upon European kings to raise armies against individual kings
and countries that refused to submit to the authority of Rome.  In
much the same way today, decrees go forth from the United Nations
Security Council which assembles armies from member nations and
sends them out to punish "disobedient" nations.  Witness Sadam Hus-
sien or Somolia.  To get back to the religious theme, we have the
"Queen of Heaven" from ancient Babylon reborn as the Roman Madonna.
Worship that belongs to the Son of God is being directed at a Roman
goddess.
     So then, where is this "religious Babylon" today?  Certainly,
the Roman church and the worship of Mary are still major components
of the world's religion.  Among the religions experiencing a growth
in popularity are the ancient pantheistic religions.  Generally,
these beliefs see the universe as god, rather than His creation.  A
recent newspaper story illustrates:
(From the Pittsburgh, Pa. Post-Gazette)
         A conference held 11/93 in Minnesota by a coalition of
     liberal Protestant churches and Catholic groups, entitled
     "Re-Imagining...God, Community, The Church", has spawned con-
     troversy about those churches' central offices' propagation
     of leftist political doctrine and ancient paganism in the
     name of equality for women in religion.  The conference
     honored the World Council of Churches' "Decade of Churches in
     Solidarity with Women."
          This conference, which was attended by 2,200 women, has
     created a major backlash in the denominations that were the
     conference's main sponsors, particularly the Presbyterian
     Church USA and the United Methodist Church.  Many individual
     local clergy, together with congregants and local lay
     leaders, are sharply questioning both the conference and
     their denomination's role in funding and organizing it.
         The dispute centers on participants' invoking "Sophia"
     as a substitute for Jesus in their prayers:
         `"Our maker Sophia, we are women in your image.  With the
     hot blood of our wombs we give form to new life...Sophia,
     Creator God, let your milk and honey flow."
          "Our sweet Sophia, we are women in your image; With nec-
     tar between our thighs we invite a lover...with our warm body
     fluids we remind the world of its pleasures and sensa-
     tions..."
          "We celebrate the sweat that pours from us during our
     labors...our oneness with earth and water."'
     Members of the denominations involved who oppose the con-
     ference accuse these prayers of worshiping a pagan goddess.
          The prayers quoted above represent an effort by con-
     ference participants to create a new Protestant liturgy from
     a group of ancient Mideastern pagan goddess religions that
     originated in what is now Iraq thousands of years ago and
     spread widely throughout the central Mideast.  Religious
     rituals performed by participants in those goddess religions
     worshiped idols, sacrificed children by throwing them from
     stone idols into live fires, and performed ritual prostitu-
     tion.
          At this conference, a professor from Union Theological
     Seminary opposed the classic Christian doctrine that Jesus
     died for human sin on the grounds that doctrine offended
     black women due to their oppression by substitution as
     mammies.  She also stated that Paul's support of slavery gave
     `"black women ... historical license for ignoring Paul."'
          The Presbyterian Church USA provided $66,000 in
     denominational funds to promote the conference.  Its director
     of its Women's Ministry Unit was on the conference's steering
     committee.
          The United Methodist Church provided $30,500 in
     denominational funds to send 56 people to the conference, in-
     cluding staffers from its national Women's Division and
     regional vice-presidents.
----- footnotes for Part 1 -----
 See also Herodotus'
Histories
 See chapter "Notes".
     Both yuppie New Agers and American Indians revere "Mother Earth".
At the 1986 Fourth World Wilderness Conference held in Colorado
which was advertised as a symposium on ecology, there were delegations
present representing the Catholics, all the major Protestant
denominations and also Hindu and "earth" religions.  And if that wasn't
incongruous, one of the principal speakers at the conference was Baron
Edmund de Rothschild, president of the Bank of England. What is it that
they all have in common?   Just this: they are all opposed to Jesus
Christ and His Word. Another illustration was the "Earth Day"
celebration in 1990 where all the world's major religions participated
in ceremonies honoring "Mother Earth."
     The religious leaders at theses conferences are for the most
part, pawns.  The merchant interests, represented by Rothschild,
David Rockefeller and Maurice Strong of Canada, have since been
manipulating both the religious and political powers on earth under
the guise of "saving the earth".  Witness the growth of environmen-
tal regulation and ecology movements.  Rest assured that these men
care nothing about protecting the earth or its resources.  What they
care about is control.  They desire to control the earth and all of
its wealth.  To that end they are empowering governments to police
and enforce their will and promoting a religious mindset that will
minimize resistance among the masses.  Like the various forms of
Baal and Ishtar in the past, the religion of modern Babylon is a
synthesis of the anti-God religions of today.  They openly acknow-
ledge that the only people who will not fit into this "New World
Order" are the Christians.  The
Breal
@ Christians who are born of the
Spirit of God and who recognize no king but Jesus.
     If there is one basic theme that is pictured in the great pros-
titute described in Revelation it is idolatry.  Many times in the
Old Testament God uses adultery or prostitution as an analogy to
describe the religious defection that occurs when people worship
false gods.  One of the oldest examples is that of Egypt.
Originally, God called Abram out of "Ur of the Chaldees", the land
of Babylon.  Later, He called the nation of Israel out of Egypt and
after their 70 years in exile He again called them out of Babylon.
It is a recurring theme in the Bible.  There is yet one more occa-
sion to come out of Babylon.
     In ancient Egypt, one of the principle deities was Ra, the sun
god.  Ra was represented in different ways and these images have
been found painted or carved on the monuments in Egypt.  The most
common being the obelisk.  An obelisk is a tall, narrow stone monu-
ment with four sides and a pyramid point on top.  The Washington
Monument is an obelisk.  Obelisks, it turns out, also figure in the
story of Mystery Babylon.
     The ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis, just north of present
day Cairo, was dedicated to the sun god Ra and contained many
obelisks.  Other obelisks were erected around Egypt at places like
Thebes, Memphis and Tanis.  Some of these have been transplanted.
One was imported by the Emperor Constantine from Thebes around 357
A.D.  Originally it was destined for Constantinople but Constantine
died before this was accomplished and his son Constantius brought it
to Rome where it now stands in the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano.
The obelisk at St. Peter's Basilica was originally brought to
Alexandria by Caesar Augustus.  In 37 A.D. the emperor Caligula
transfered it to Rome and set it up in the Vatican Circus.  It was
moved to its present location on May 9, 1586.  May 9th is one of
three days that the Romans reserved for worship of the dead; called
Lemuria.
     All total, there are presently 13 Egyptian obelisks in the city
of Rome.  Seven were inscribed by pharaohs and two more by Roman em-
perors.  All were brought to Rome before 400 A.D. and their his-
tories show that they were associated with the Temples of Isis.
     A pair of obelisks called Cleopatra's Needles were imported in
the late 19th century.  This pair originally stood in front of the
Temple of the Sun in Heliopolis where they had been erected by Tuth-
mosis III in 1468 B.C., about the time of the exodus.  About 10 B.C.
they were taken to Alexandria.  There they were set up before the
Caesarium, the temple of the deified Julius Caesar, mounted upon
bronze crabs which were symbols of the Roman sun god.  They were
moved one more time.  One now stands by the Thames river in London,
near the financial center, where it was set up in 1878.  The other
is in Central Park in New York City.
     On October 9, 1880 a ceremony was held when the pedestal was
set in place for the obelisk in New York City.  Presiding over that
ceremony was the Grand Master of the Masons of New York.  Later, the
obelisk itself was set upon the pedestal and on February 22, 1881 a
presentation ceremony was held.  At that ceremony a long speech was
made by then U.S. Secretary of State, William Maxwell Evarts.  In
that speech Evarts commented on the fact that in the past, the As-
syrian, Roman and Byzantine empires had also taken Egyptian obelisks
and set them up in their own land and subsequently their empires
came to an end.
B"What"
@ he asked,
B"would become of England, France
Band the United States, who had also taken Egyptian obelisks?"
     Yet another obelisk is in Paris.  It was brought from the
Temple in Luxor (Thebes) and erected in Paris on October 25, 1833.
It is difficult to escape the impression that these ancient monu-
ments to the gods seem to be following the gods as they move from
kingdom to kingdom.  All the more incredible when you consider that
the average weight of each is well over 200 tons.
     There are other religious monuments from the past that require
mentioning.  As noted earlier, the first banks were located in pagan
temples.  One of the more famous was the temple of Diana (Artemis)
located in ancient Ephesus. It was considered one of the wonders of the
ancient world and it has been estimated that as many as one thousand
cult prostitutes served there.  The temple served also as as a bank for
kings and merchants as well as an asylum for fleeing criminals.
     The original Bank of England was patterned by the architect
after the Temple of Sybil in Tivoli (near Rome), complete with
Corinthian columns.  Building banks to look like Greek and Roman
columned temples was also common practice in America up until the
turn of the century.  The name Sybil means "soothsayer".  It is from
the Latin Sibylia which means "witch, sorceress or fortuneteller".
How appropriate:

B"And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in

Byou; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall

Bbe heard no more at all in you;
for your merchants were the

great men of the earth, and by your sorceries were all

nations deceived.
@               Revelation 18:23
Note here that the City of London was originally founded as a walled
city, like Babylon, by the Romans about 45 A.D.  From its inception
it was a commercial trading center.  The Roman historian Tacitus
records that by 60 A.D. London was
B"famed for commerce and crowded
Bwith traders."
@  Early in the 8th century, Venerable Mede, a monk of
Northumbria, refered to London as
B"a marketplace for many peoples,
Bwho come by land and by sea."
 Early in the 13th century the City
gained royal recognition of its right to govern itself independent of
the Crown and even after the walls came down in the 18th century, the
City retained its independence from the rest of the capital.
     Today, the City is a small but powerful "island" off the coast
of Europe; much like ancient Tyre was a powerful merchant capital
off the coast of Palestine.  Both, in their time, have been world
renowned as capitals of a merchant marine empire that ruled the
seas.  And both contain(ed) temples and monuments dedicated to
idols.  For example, the cult of Isis and Osiris and their son Horus
were established early in Roman London along with Cybele, the Great
Mother Goddess of Asia minor.
  Near London Bridge, a statuette of
Harpocrates, son of the Egyptian goddess Isis was dredged from the
Thames river.

     To help see the connection between pagan religion and wealth as
basic components of Babylon, the Bible gives an interesting "snap-
shot" in Acts 19:21-28.  The setting is the city of Ephesus.  A con-
flict arose between the Apostle Paul and the local silversmiths who
made their living making silver shrines for the worship of Diana.
This event that happened in a city of the first century A.D. is a
small scale picture of the conflict that is coming upon the entire
world now.  At its most basic level, it is Christianity against
Babylonian idolatry.  And God has embedded a clue in the text.
     In verse 25, Demetrius the silversmith is addressing his fellow
craftsmen and he says,

B". . you know that by this craft we have our wealth."
The word "wealth" is translated from the Greek "euporia".  Each of
the Greek letters in this word have a numerical value, which, when
added up, equal
.  Idolatry and wealth are trademark characteris-
tics of Babylonian type world empires throughout the Bible.
     Isaiah 14:4

B"You shall take up this proverb against the king of Babylon,

Band say, How has the oppressor ceased! The golden city

Bceased!"
     Ezek.27:33

B". . What city is like Tyre, like the destroyed in the midst

Bof the sea?  When your wares went forth out of the seas, you

Bfilled many people; you enriched the kings of the earth with

Bthe multitude of your riches and your merchandise."
     Isaiah 47:

B1." Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of

BBabylon, sit on the ground: there is no throne, O daughter

Bofthe Chaldeans: for you shall no more be called tender and

Bdelicate.

B5. Sit in silence, and get into darkness, O daughter of the

BChaldeans: for you shall no more be called, The lady of

Bkingdoms.

B6. I was angry with my people, I have polluted my in-

Bheritance, and given them into your hand: you showed them no

Bmercy; upon the ancient you have heavily laid your yoke.

B7. And you said, I shall be a lady for ever: so that you

Bdid not lay these things to heart, neither did remember the

Blatter end of it.

B8. Therefore hear now this, you that are given to pleasures,

Bthat dwell carelessly, that say in your heart, I am, and none

Belse beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, neither shall I

Bknow the loss of children:

B9. But these two things shall come to you in a moment
in one

, the loss of children, and widowhood: they shall come

Bupon you in their perfection for the multitude of your sor-

Bceries, and for the great abundance of your enchantments.

B13. You are wearied in the multitude of your counselors. Let

Bnow the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognos-

Bticators, stand up, and save you from these things that shall

Bcome upon you.

B14. Behold, they shall be as stubble; the fire shall burn

Bthem;

B15. Thus shall they be unto you with whom you have labored,

even your merchants
, from your youth: they shall wander every

Bone to his quarter; none shall save you."
     Nahum 3:

B4. "Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the

Bwellfavored harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that sells

Bnations through her whoredoms, and families through her

Bwitchcrafts."
     Revelation 18:

B3. "For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of

Bher fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed

Bfornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are made

Brich through the abundance of her delicacies."
These and similar Bible passages take on a whole new meaning when
the historical connection between idolatry and commercial/political
power is understood.
 Detailed printed and video documentation of the Fourth World
Wilderness Conference is available from George Hunt, 95 Camino
Bosque, Boulder, Colorado 80302
 Obelisk data from
The Obelisks of Egypt
 by Labib Habachi.
 See Notes.
A History of London
 by Robert Gray.
A History of London
 by Robert Gray.
The City of London
 by Mary Cathcart Borer.
The Obelisks of Egypt
 by Labib Habachi.
 The central European banking computer in Luxemburg connects
all European banks with banks around the world using a system called
DIANE
 which stands for
irect
nformation
ccess
etwork
urope.

                             SYSTEM OPERATION
     To really understand the mechanics of the Babylonian system,
the reader will need to develop a much bigger perspective than is
commonly held.  The first thing to comprehend is:

THERE IS NO MONEY
Whether you define it from American law, Common law or the example
of history, the only valid definition of "money" is gold or silver;
and that usually in coined form.  So then, when we say that "There
is no money", it is to be understood that there is no gold and sil-
ver presently circulating as money in the marketplace.  So where is
the money?  Therein begins the tale.
     It is known from archaeological works that contracts for the
payment of money go back to before 1,000 B.C.  Once business and
trade expanded beyond a local barter level, it demanded a means
wherby loans, extensions of credit and title to goods could be ac-
comodated.  Loans where contracted with a promissory note and
secured by a lien or mortgage.  In similar fashion, payment for
goods or services might be deferred to a later date by the seller
extending credit (trust) to the buyer.  Again, a promissory note or
similar written obligation was used.  Where a sale was made without
the immediate delivery of the goods to the buyer, the seller could
tender a Bill of Exchange.  Likewise, a buyer might tender a Draft,
which is an order to pay money.   These and other written documents
evolved over time among merchants.  They were the custom and later
the law among merchants and the rules governing the use of these
documents became known as the
Law Merchant
.  The first thing to note
here is that this body of law was not local to any one nation but
governed among all nations.  Second, the law was not the work of
legislative bodies (government) but of private individuals.  The Law
Merchant, therefore, is
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW.
     When and where does the Law Merchant apply?  Whenever and
wherever people engage in the use of Commercial Paper (Bills, Notes,
Checks, etc.), their actions are governed by the Law Merchant.
Today, the Law Merchant is codified in each State within the Uniform
Commercial Code and enforced by all courts, both State and Federal.
Prior to about 1965, commercial paper functioned in the marketplace
alongside money with the understanding that the final completion of
every transaction would be the payment of money.  It had been thus for
thousands of years.  Even with this understanding, though, people began
to treat commercial paper as though it were money and the distinction
between the two was lost.  A one Dollar U.S. silver certificate was
understood to be exchangable for one U.S. Dollar of silver.  A check
that ordered the payment of "Ten Dollars" was exchangable for ten U.S.
Dollars of silver or gold.  As long as the promise of redemption was
good, people were content to buy and sell with the paper and let the
bank or the government hold the gold and silver.  It was just a matter
of time then, before the real money stopped circulating and all business
was accomplished with the "money substitutes".  It is at this point that
Babylon enters the picture by way of fraud.  In their own words:

B"At one time, bankers were merely middlemen.  They made

Ba profit by accepting gold and coins brought to them for

Bsafekeeping and lending them to borrowers.  But they soon

Bfound that the receipts they issued to depositors were being

Bused as a means of payment.  These receipts were acceptable

Bas money since whoever held them could go to the banker and

Bexchange them for metallic money.

BThen, bankers discovered that they could make loans merely

Bby giving borrowers their promises to pay (bank notes).  In

Bthis way, banks began to create money."
In case it isn't obvious, to loan a promise is not the same as to
loan money.  Nevertheless, since very few people can distinguish be-
tween money (gold or silver) and a promise (paper), the Babylonian
system was soon accumulating wealth and power through the simple
process of loaning fraudulent promises.  For as long as people
believe that promises on paper are money, the system will thrive and
grow.  The final evolutionary step in this system will be complete
when the paper promises (checks, CDs and bank notes) are completely
replaced by electronic accounting entries in a bank's computer.  As
of January 1994, this process is 91% complete; which is to say, that
91% of the U.S. "money" supply exists
 as an electronic book-
keeping entry.
  On the world scene, the above situation is the same
in every country on earth. Each country has a central bank which issues
the currency of that country.  Through various institutions and agree-
ments, like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the
Bretton Woods Agreements, these central banks are interconnected and
controlled.  And since all governments and most people are financed
by loans from this system, the governments, and hence the people,
are also controlled.  Presently, there is an implantable microchip
in the final stages of design and testing that will enable implanted
people to interact directly with the system.
  Besides storing
personal and identification data, the chip will take the place of
checks, credit cards and tangible money.  The system described in
Revelation 13:16-17 is, therefore, a present day reality, awaiting only
full implementation.
     Wealth is not the only goal of the System.  It is a quest for
absolute power and control of the earth.  The power behind it is the
Devil himself:
   Isaiah 14:
B4. You shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon,
Band say, How has the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased!
B5. The LORD has broken the staff of the wicked, [and] the
Bsceptre of the rulers.
B6. He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke, he
Bthat ruled the nations in anger, is persecuted, [and] none
Bhinders.
B12. How art you fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the
Bmorning! [how] are you cut down to the ground, which did weaken
Bthe nations!
B13. For you have said in your heart, I will ascend into heaven, I
Bwill exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon
Bthe mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north:
B14. I will ascend above the heights of the clouds;
I will be like
the most High
The earthly manifestations of this satanic scheme may be seen in
such institutions as the previously mentioned World Bank and IMF and
in political structures, most notably the United Nations.  The U.N.
is the visible component of the World government.  Since its incep-
tion in 1945, its makers have worked steadily to increase its pres-
tige and power in the world.  Whether by treaty or through the exer-
cise of brute force, the U.N. has brought most of the people of the
earth under its control.  It is probably accurate to say that the
U.N. building in New York City is the literal throne of Babylon.
The power behind the throne lies with the international merchant and
banking interests, who, through their control of all economic ac-
tivity, manipulate governments so as to suppress all liberties and
freedoms, especially economic freedom.  In a Russia or an El Sal-
vador, freedoms are suppressed by communist force of arms.  As a
system, communism is incapable of even feeding itself so it should
be obvious that to acquire the level of expensive armaments common
to communist tyrannies, an outside source of funding is required.
That source is the merchant bankers and has been since the beginning
of communism.
  In countries like England or America, freedom and
productivity are suppressed via taxation and regulation.  Taxation
functions in America as a device to keep the producers poor while
directing their wealth to the support of oppresive foreign govern-
ments.  Under the U.S. Constitution, the federal government was
never empowered to levy a tax directly on a citizen.  They were to
be levied on the states in proportion to their populations.  The
stated purpose of the tax would have to first be approved by the
people, through their representatives, before the tax was levied and
collected.  Under the Babylonian system, funding for all federal ac-
tivity is obtained by "borrowing" credit from the merchant bankers
(Federal Reserve System).  The bill is then passed on to the
citizens in the form of federal debt and taxation.  The effect is to
transfer the real wealth and goods of the people into the hands of
bankers as payment on a "debt" that is composed only of bookkeeping
entries.  Further, since the only "money" is monetized debt equal to
the principal amount of the loan, it is mathamatically impossible to
pay off the debt because no "money" exists to pay the accumulated
interest.
     War is big business.  Wars are fought between governments,
financed by bankers and paid for by people.  Since the late 18th
century, banks have made large profits financing war.  Sometimes
they would even finance both sides of a conflict.  With the coming
of the first and second world wars, the profit from war reached
unimaginable levels.  The profits were reaped by the military and
industrial businesses and the banks that financed the governments
who bought from them.  Dupont, General Motors, I.G. Farben, Standard
Oil, British Petroleum and hundreds of others all grew to global
proportions through war profits. Note the Scripture,

B"For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against

Bprincipalities, against powers, against the rulers of the

Bdarkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in

Bhigh places."
@    Ephesians 6:12
The Greek root words for "principalities" and "powers" are
ARCHO
.  And like the ancient "Ships of Tarshish" that carried the
wealth of Tyre, the biggest ships today are petroleum supertankers.
     To summarize, the power of the Babylonian System is based on
the absolute control of credit (considered money by the masses),
which in turn gives it absolute control of wealth, political power
and military might.  Attendent to this system is the belief system
which preaches that the State is god and therefore absolute in its
decrees over the individual or the masses.  To those who believe it,
the State has displaced God as Lawgiver, Provider, Protector, Savior
and Judge.  This claim brings the ultimate question for every in-
dividual into sharp focus,

"WHO IS LORD?"
History of the Law Merchant
 by Helen West Bradlee, Suffolk Bar,
Boston 1929 (See Supplement)
 See U.C.C. 1-103 or your State's analog.
 From
Modern Money Mechanics
, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1982.
 Richard D. Porter of the Federal Reserve Board, Reader's Digest
February 1994, page 25.
 Described by Dr. Carl Sanders, Trumpet Ministries  510 Main St.
#4 Cottage Grove, Oregon  97424.
 See
Trading with the Enemy
 by Charles Higham or
The Praetorian Guard:
The U.S. Role in the New World Order
 by John Stockwell.
1. DIANA
  In Roman mythology, Diana was paired or "coupled" with Her-
cules.  The same as the Diana in Acts 19, and essentially the same
as Ceres in function.  In Rome she was second only to Jupiter.  Her
cult day was August 13.
Strong's # 0735 Artemis
     AV  - Diana
     1) Artemis, that is to say the so called Tauric or Persian or
     Ephesian Artemis, the goddess of many Asiatic people, to be
     distinguished from the Artemis of the Greeks, the sister of
     Apollo. A very splendid temple was built to her at Ephesus,
     which was set on fire by Herostratus and reduced to ashes;
     but afterwards in the times of Alexander the Great, it was
     rebuilt in a style of greater magnificence.
2. EUROPA
  In greek mythology, Europa is the daughter of the King of
Tyre, Agenor.  She was carried away by Zeus to the island of Crete.
The name Europe was originally given to central Greece and later to
the continent.
3. HERCULES
  First established in the Roman Empire at the city of
Tivoli as the protector of traders.  Coincidentally, the architect
for the Bank of England patterned his design after the temple of
Sybil in Tivoli.
4. ISHTAR
  Considered the greatest goddess of Assyria and Babylonia.
She was the goddess of love and fertility and her temples were
served by cult prostitutes.  She was also considered the goddess
of war and is sometimes represented riding a lion.
5. ISIS
  The greatest Egyptian goddess.  Revered as the "Great
Mother" and goddess of fertility.  Sometimes represented by a star,
she was adopted by the Greeks and Romans as a sky goddess.  Her cult
spread throughout Europe and Britain.
6. JUNO
  The priests were the bankers in Babylonia 4,000 years ago,
and later on in Greece and Rome. And like our own institutions of
today the temple banks would make loans on all sorts of collateral
and store the documents pertaining to loans or sales in their ar-
chives. Forty centuries ago they were accepting orders to pay from
the account of one client to another. They acted as commission men,
buying up products for customers. They attached crops to cover
loans. They stored goods and other valuables in their vaults, and
accepted deposit fees. They entered into partnership with local and
foreign traders, advanced the money for various enterprises, and
later on took their share of the profits.
     As a matter of rather interesting record the first Egyptian
bankers and even the earliest English moneychangers conducted their
business sitting on a bench, and this word bench gave us our term
"bank," The bench was usually located in a courtyard of the temple,
and it was from just such a temple-bank that Christ drove the
moneychangers. The Old Italian word for bench is "banca", borrowed
incidentally from Germanic, and this easily gave us our modern word
bank. In the days of Babylon and Egypt there were those unfortunate
men who go bankrupt. The "rupt" part of this word meant "broken" in
Latin, so when a man is bankrupt his "bench is broken."
     In Roman mythology Juno Regina was supposed to be the wife of
Jupiter and Queen of the Heavens. Juno assumed many characters and
had a host of divine responsibilities. She watched over women,
protected maidenhood, guided girls through the rites of marriage.
She was the savior, the war-goddess, the moon-goddess, but, most im-
portant of all, she was the goddess of warning.
     The Romans were so grateful to Juno for telling them about the
dangers ahead on various occasions that they built a temple to her
on the Capitoline Hill and when coinage was devised they set their
mint in her temple, and as Juno Moneta, the goddess became the guar-
dian of finances.
     Her name Moneta was derived from the Latin word moneo,  "warn",
and finally entered Old French as "moneie", and thus eventually be-
cameour word "money".
7. JUPITER
 (From Zeus-pater).  As Jupiter or Zeus, the supreme god
in Rome and Greece.  There was a temple to Jupiter in Tyre where King
Hiram dedicated a golden pillar.  Hiram also built temples to Her-
cules and Astarte. The Samaritans under Antiochus named their temple
for Jupiter Hellenius.
8. MERCURY
  Hermes in the Greek, Mercurius in Rome.  Honored on May
15th as the god of trade.
9. MITHRA
  The most renowned of all pagan cults followed in Roman
London was Mithraism.  Mithra being the "God of Light".
 Mithra was
a god that originated in ancient Persia whose name means "Contract" and
"Friendship".  In the third century A.D., Diocletian declared Mithras
"Protector of the Roman Empire".  Statues of Mithras had "rays"
emanating from the crown, like the Statue of Liberty.  In the east,
Mithra is known by the name of Maitreya among the Buddhists. This is
highly significant. First because the idea of contracts and trust
(friendship) is the FOUNDATION for the commercial law system (Law
Merchant) upon which the global merchant empire is based.  The Law
Merchant is codified as the Uniform Commercial Code. At the beginning
of that code we find:
             I-203.  OBLIGATION OF GOOD FAITH
     Every contract or duty within this Act imposes an obligation
     of good faith in its performance or enforcement.
     The banker J.P. Morgan said that loans were made secure not so
much with collateral as with character.  The idea of "credit" is
based on this.  "Credit" is from the Latin credo, meaning "I
believe".
     The second point to note is the name Maitreya.  This is the
name used currently in the New Age community to define their "lord"
or "messiah" that is supposed to appear soon.
     Mithra had a powerful following among Roman soldiers.  Mithraic
temple remains have been found extensively in Rome and also in Ger-
many and London.  Some Roman Catholic basilicas were erected over
Mithraic caverns in Rome.
10. PANTHEON
  A term to describe all the deities.  In Rome, a great
columned building built in 27 AD and dedicated to all the gods.  It
was rededicated to the Virgin Mary in 609 AD and is still standing
with an Egyptian obelisk in front of it.
11. SEMIRAMIS
  According to Greek mythology, the daughter of a
Syrian goddess.  She married Ninus (Nimrod?), King of Assyria and
built Babylon.
12. SERAPIS
  The state god of Egypt during the rule of the Greek
Ptolemies whose worship spread along the Mediterranean and to
Britain.  Represented in different ways, he was considered the god
of fertility and the underworld.
 Josephus -
Antiquites of the Jews.
A History of London
 by Robert Gray.

World War II
     In order to document the existence of a supra-national commer-
cial organization operating as a global governmental/military power,
the following footnotes from history are offered.
     Prior to the start of World War II, a military-industrial-
banking complex operating in the United States, Europe and Japan was
already well established.  It was comprised of names that were then,
as now, household words.  Without going into great historical
detail, a few brief snapshots should serve to clearly define their
goals and activities.
     During WWII, one of the frontline aircraft operated by the
Luftwaffe was the Junkers JU-88 nightfighter and bomber.  Approx-
imately 50% of the engines for this plane were manufactured in Rus-
selsheim, Germany by General Motors-Opel.  Later, this factory also
built the engines for the Messerschmitt ME-262, the first mass
produced jet aircraft of the war.  GM of Germany also built trucks
and cars for the Nazis.  Later, in 1967, the U.S. government awarded
GM a $33 million tax exemption to compensate them for losses sus-
tained when Allied aircraft bomber GM factories in Germany and
Austria during the war.
     Henry Ford, who was very pro-Hitler and anti-Jewish, also had
business in Europe.  Directed by his son Edsel, Ford operated fac-
tories in occupied Poissy, France; Algiers (supplying Rommel), and
in Germany that built trucks and armored cars for the Nazi army.
     SKF Ball Bearings of Sweden had a branch factory in Pennsyl-
vania that was under contract to the U.S. military.  SKF Sweden sold
bearing to both Britain and Germany throughout the war.
     Standard Oil of New Jersey, part of the Rockefeller empire,
sold aviation gasoline, Tetraethyl, diesel and fuel oil to the Nazis
by shipping it to South American ports where it was transhipped to
the Canary Islands and then on to Germany.  Sailors of the time
reported seeing these tankers refueling German U-Boats in the Canary
Islands.
     The Paris branch of Chase Bank of New York (Rockefeller) was
protected by and did business with the Nazis throughout the war.
Funding for the Nazis was handled primarily through the Bank for
International Settlements.  The BIS also handled the gold looted from
European countries by the Nazis.  Controlled by Hitler, the BIS was
originally founded in 1930 as a joint creation of the Federal Reserve
System, the Reichsbank, First National Bank of New York (Morgan), and
the Banks of England, Italy and France.
     In February of 1941, England's Duke of Windsor was interviewed
Liberty
 magazine regarding the war in Europe.  Windsor said,


B"Whatever happens, whatever the outcome, A New Order is

Bgoing to come into the world . . . It will be buttressed

Bwith police power . . When peace comes this time, there is

Bgoing to be a New Order of Social Justice - don't make any

Bmistake about that - and when that time comes, what is your

Bcountry going to do with its gold?"

     A more current manifestation of the ruling Merchant class are
the GATT and NAFTA trade agreements.  Although sold to the public
under the guise of treaties, the General Agreement on Trade and
Tariffs and the North American Free Trade Agreement are in fact
trading agreements between and among the world merchant class.
Nothing within them is intended to benefit the working class.  These
agreements are part of the overall plan to eliminate national
boundries and create a "Global Plantation".

SELECTED SCRIPTURE LIST
Tower of Babel
     Genesis 11.
Jezebel
     I Kings 16:29-34.
Return of Israel
     Ezra 1:1-11, Jeremiah 16:14-15, Micah 4:9-10, Zecheriah 2:1-9.
Babylon - Past and Future
     Isaiah 13:1 - 14:23, 21, 47, 48:12-22, Jeremiah 25:12-33,
     Jeremiah 50, 51, Habakkuk 2:1-8, Zecheriah 5:5-11.
Fall of Babylon
     Daniel 5, Nahum 3, Revelation 17 & 18.
     Isaiah 23, Ezekiel 26, 27, 28, Zechariah 9:3-4.
Four Empires
     Daniel 2:31-45, Daniel 7, Hosea 13:7-8, Revelation 13:1-4.
Anti-Christ
     Daniel 8, 11:30 - 12:12, Revelation 13.
Seventy Weeks Prophecy
     Daniel 9:24-27.
     The following text is taken from
A Student's Course on Legal
History
 by H.W. Bradlee.  Within the text I have inserted
Icommentary
intended to stimulate the reader's thinking as well as to tie the
relevant portions to the subject matter of Bible prophecy and cur-
rent events.  In some cases emphasis has been added in the form of
underlining
 print that did not appear in the original text.

A STUDENT'S COURSE ON LEGAL HISTORY
                                   by

Helen West Bradlee
                                 of the
                              SUFFOLK BAR
                              Boston 1929
                               Section II

HISTORY OF THE LAW MERCHANT

THE LAW MERCHANT or LEX MERCATORIA
Common Law
     The expression "Common Law" has several meanings.  First it is
used to distinguish law as practiced in the common law courts from
equity.  Second, it is used to distinguish the so-called unwritten
law, that is, traditional law, law which from custom has become the
law of the land, from the statute law or law declared by parliament.
Third, it is used to distinguish this law which is the law of
England, from the civil law which is the law of those countries who
have founded their system upon Roman Law.
     There is also another distinction.  In examining the reports of
the 17th century, hardly any commercial cases will be found.  For
example, under charter parties and bills of lading, there are very
few cases concerning merchants and ships despite the fact that these
matters have always been productive of litigation, the reason being
that the common law did not govern these types of cases; they were
left to be governed by the law merchant, a branch of the
law of na-
tions
.  Commercial matters were dealt with by special courts in and
under a special law which was at that time a well established law
and largely based on mercantile customs.
The Law Merchant
     The history of the law merchant or Lex Mercatoria is therefore
really the history of
private international law
 which grew in great
degree out of the transactions between different nations.  And at
one time, without doubt, it was the law of England simply because it
was the law of other nations.
Its Origin
     The exact place and time of its origin is uncertain.  Many
writers have stated that it began in Italy in the central part of
the Middle Ages.  But investigation of early documents show that it
goes back much further.  For instance, to the time when the Arabs
dominated the Mediterranean.  But they invented little and many of the
terms which they used came from the Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians, who
for many hundreds of years monopolized the sea commerce.

I     The cities of Tyre and Sidon which figure prominently in Bible
Iprophecy were Phoenician cities.
Magnitude of Trade of Arabs
     The magnitude of the trade of the Arabs between the time of
Mohammed and the Crusades was great.  They made voyages to China and
to India where they established colonies.  This trade was tem-
porarily interrupted by the Chinese insurrection of 875 A.D., but
the intermediate commerce was not disturbed and trade with Indo
China, East Persia and India continued.  By land there was a great
deal of traffic with Persia, India, Bokhara and Samarkand.  Until
the 11th century both their caravans and vessels carried their mer-
chandise along the North Coast of Africa while traders from Arabic
Spain and Sicily trafficked to Egypt and the intervening ports.
     At the time of the Crusades, the Arabs had an immensely heavy
trade.  This is attested by the fact that in 1191 during the Third
Crusade, Richard, Coeur De Lion, captured one of Saladin's caravans,
rashly traveling west of the Jordon and became possessed of "very
rich spoil of spices, gold, silver, silks, robes, arms of every
kind, together with 4700 camels, besides asses and mules without
number".  This reciprocal trade was almost entirely between those of
the same religion.  When the Arab fleets went elsewhere, they sailed
not for trade, but for rapine and conquest.  But the intercourse be-
tween the Christians and the Saracens of South Italy and Sicily was
not always hostile.  Frederic II was especially friendly to the lat-
ter, and there were  many treaties of peace and commerce between
Aragon and El Mogreb.
     It was into this rich eastern trade that the Italians and
others came to share; the first Genoese fleet bringing supplies ar-
riving in 1198, followed by the Pisans and Venetians and the men of
Amalfi.  Each nation seemed to have had its viscount with consuls in
several cities for the purpose of self government and protection,
observing their own laws and customs.  Whether before this time they
had adopted the sea law of the East or not, it is clear that it soon
became part of the law of the Western Mediterranean.
     Venice, as the chief distributing mart of the Middle Ages, be-
came in the 14th century the southern terminus of a great land trade
route.
First Treatise on Merchant Law in England - 1622
     The first work on merchant law in England was written by Gerard
Malynes published in 1622, entitled "Consultudo Vel Lex Mercatoria"
or the Ancient Law Merchant.  In his preface to this work, he stated
that he had entitled it Lex Mercatoria instead of Jus Mercatorum be-
cause it is customary law provided by the authority of all kingdoms
and Commonweals, and
not a law established by the sovereignty of any
prince
.  Blackstone stated that the affairs of commerce were regu-
lated by a law of their own called the Law Merchant or Lex Mer-
catoria "which all nations agree in and take notice of and it is
particularly held to be part of the law of England which justifies
the causes of merchants and the general rules which obtain in all
commercial countries."  Still later, Lord Mansfield stated that
"Mercantile law is not the law of a particular country but the law
of all nations"
On What Law Merchant Based
     The Lex Mercatoria would seem to be in part based on Roman law,
in part maritime custom, in part the law of the Medieval European
fairs, and to a great extent upon the last.
I     Here we have coupled together Roman Law (the State is God),
Imaritime law (International law of war and commerce) and Merchant
Ilaw which is the present day law of national and international bank-
Iing.
Contents of Lex Mercatoria
     There is some obscurity as to what constituted the substance of
the Lex Mercatoria, but it is definitely defined as the law ad-
ministered as between merchants and the consular or commercial
courts, some of it being substantive law and some rules of evidence
and procedure.
Distinctive Elements in the Law Merchant
     In every land during the 12th and following centuries, the
towns began to record their laws and customs, which everywhere con-
tain legal rules for commerce that differ from the common law of the
land.  In most of the Italian cities, commercial law is to be found
mainly in the Statutes of the Merchant Guilds.  These once con-
firmed, tacitly or expressly, had all the authority of state law,
binding on all who traded within the city.  As heads of the Guild,
the consules mercatorum administered the law, but the
city
magistrates were under a strict obligation to which they had to
swear on entering upon their office, to aid if necessary, the Guild
Consuls with all the powers of the state in securing the execution
of their judicial sentences.
I     Here begins the concept of using the power of the State to en-
Iforce the decrees of the Merchants OVER the local law of the land.
INote the "Consuls", who were forerunners of today's consulate ambas-
Isadors that officiate in the United Nations.  No country on earth
Itoday has a sovereign gold or silver coin circulating in its
Imarketplace - all use bank paper and credit which is governed by the
ILaw Merchant.  The effect is to replace local sovereignty in
Ieconomics with with the power and authority of international law as
Iadministered by bankers and U.N. ambassadors.
Effect of the Law Merchant on Common & Statute Law
     Many of the rules of the Law Merchant were directed to evade
inconvenient rules of the common law.
     For example, one of the first rules of the common law is that a
man cannot give what he himself has not.  Hence, a man who has no
title to goods cannot give title.  Consequently, when you buy a
thing, if you are to be sure that you have title to it, you must in-
quire into the title of that thing back to its remote possessors, to
make sure that no one in the chain of title stole it or obtained it
by fraud.  Whereas, the merchant said that commercial business
"cannot be carried on if we have to inquire into the title of
everybody who comes to us with documents of title."
     Lord Justice Bowen in Sanders v. McKlean, 11 Q.B.D. page 343
said, "The practice of merchants is not based on the supposition of
possible fraud.  The object of mercantile usage is to prevent the
risk of insolvency, not of fraud; and anyone who attempts to follow
and understand the Law Merchant will soon find himself lost, if he
begins by assuming that merchants conduct their business on the
basis of attempting to insure themselves against fraudulent dealing.
The contra is the case.
Credit
, not distrust, is the basis of com-
mercial dealings.  Mercantile genius consists principally in knowing
whom to trust and with whom to deal . . ."
     The Law Merchant dealt with many choses in action, and it would
have been very inconvenient, for example, when a man took a bill of
exchange, if he were not able to sue on it in his own name or would
have to inquire into the title of all previous endorsers.
I     It is a uniform practice of banks, when processing checks, to
Istamp their endorsement on the back with the note "P.E.G." which
Istands for "Prior Endorsement Guaranteed".
Hence, the Law Merchant established certain documents or choses in
action which were transferable by delivery and endorsement, or by
delivery, so that the holder could sue in his own name and which
passed good title to the transferee who took them in good faith,
notwithstanding the transferor had no title.  They could be sued on
by the holder in his own name and were not affected by previous lack
of title.  This instrument was the original negotiable instrument.
Hence, the law of negotiable instruments, with a few exceptions, is
founded entirely upon the customs of merchants.
I     The law of negotiable instruments is known today as the Uniform
ICommercial Code and is a part of every state's law.
The Fairs of the Middle Ages
     A fair was an imposing assemblage occurring as rule once a
year, attended by merchants who traveled from far distant countries,
bringing wares from perhaps even more distant countries.
     It would be conducted for a consecutive period of several
weeks, would cover large space of ground on which would be erected
temporary buildings and streets for the booths, etc., the sale of
things in the different streets being carried on in the different
booths and offered every conceivable commodity which could be made
and sold.
     To regulate the currency and secure the country against the
loss of specie, as well as to prevent importation of spurious or
debased coin, the officer of the King's Exchange examined into the
mercantile transactions of the foreign traders.
Consuls and Consulados
     It is impossible to fix with certainty the origin of the in-
stitution of consuls, but it certainly goes back to the ancient
Greeks, since the proxenia of ancient Greeks corresponds to the
modern consular system.  The proxenoi, like the consul, supplied in-
formation to the government that appointed them, and also furnished
advice and assistance to the citizens who were subjects of that
government while residing temporarily in the territory of another
country.  The more modern institution of consuls is probably more of
Italian growth.  The duties of these consuls at first was merely to
attending the traveling merchants to the fairs, represent them
generally in all matters connected with the fairs, with jurisdiction
to settle all fair disputes which might arise between members of the
same nationality.
Hanseatic League  1241 - 1269
     This was a combination of merchants which provided rules and
regulations for their conduct and which was to protect them when the
law did not protect or recognize the rights of the traders.  It was
a merchant guild formed in Germany in 1241 to protect the merchants.
It came to control all the trade of Northern Europe and included
eighty-five leading cities, among which was London.  At its height
it had considerable power; it maintained an army and a navy, guarded
roads from city to city, kept a fortress and a storehouse in each
city, waged war, enforced the merchant's laws at the various fairs.
Its last general assembly is said to have been held about 1669.
I     A very analogous situation exists in the way that the United
INations maintains and employs military forces to protect the mercan-
Itile interests of the international merchant/bankers.  The invasion
Iof Panama was to protect the drug trade; Desert Storm was to protect
Ioil interests, etc.
Fairs in England
     It is probable that the Romans introduced fairs into England as
they did into so many other places.  Alfred directed alien merchants
to come only to the four fairs of London, York, Bristol and Win-
chester and to their remaining at each fair not more than 40 days.
Athelred II proclaimed peace for ships of merchants, even though
they be enemies
, coming with goods into any port.  Henry II granted
to the citizens of
London
 freedom from lestage, a due for leave to
sell at fairs and from other tolls.
I     During the Viet Nam war, U.S. pilots were routinely sent to at-
Itack inland targets at great personal risk to themselves, while at
Ithe same time being forbidden to attack the merchant ships of
Iseveral nations that were offloading war materials in Hai Phong har-
Ibor.  Fifty miles outside of Hai Phong is an oil refinery owned by
IStandard Oil.  It was never bombed, nor were the Goodyear rubber
Iplantations.
Bills of Exchange
     The earliest form of negotiable instrument was the Bill of Ex-
change.  Blackstone (2 Com. 467) says in regard to their origin,
"This method (bills of exchange) is said to have been brought into
general use by the Jews and Lombards
 when banished for their usury
and their vices, in order to more easily draw their finances out of
France and England into those countries in which they had chosen to
reside."  But the invention of it was earlier, for the Jews were ban-
ished from England in 1290, and in 1236 the use of paper credit was
introduced into the Mogul Empire in China. Daniels, in his work on
Negotiable Instruments states that "There is reason to believe that
bills of exchange were known in England as early as 1307 at least since
in that year King Edward I ordered certain money collected in England
for the Pope and it was to be remitted to him not by way of coin or
bullion, but by way of exchange."
     The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests a much more probable origin of
bills of exchange, viz: "The practice seems to have begun among the
Arab traders of the Levant in the 8th century and from them passed
to the Italian traders who followed the Crusades."
     Obviously, it was impossible for caravan commerce to be carried
on after the age of barter (sic) had passed, without some form of
documentary credits, the distances to be traveled and the dangers
traveled and the dangers of the routes making bills of some sort im-
perative.
     The relics which have come down to us, however, are few since
every great commercial center of the east has been thoroughly
destroyed more than once.  But there are some instances of certain
forms of bills of exchange at very early dates.

     Five tablets
 were some time ago dug up in one of the ancient
Assyrian capitals
, the first of which expresses a certain simple
obligation by debtor to creditor, which was duly signed and witnessed
and payable with interest; the second in which was an obligation
payable at short maturity with a penalty clause; third was an
obligation secured by a credit on a third person, who was to pay in
case the debtor did not; fourth, reciting that signer had delegated
to third person the right to recover the debt; and fifth, was a
fully developed bill of exchange drawn up by one person at one place
on another at another place and containing the name of the payee,
date when payment was to be made, the bill being signed and wit-
nessed.  These clay documents were evidently issued before the use
of coins.
  There are other examples extant of
Babylonian
 letters
of credit or bills of exchange in other tablets dating from 677 to
179 B.C.
IHabakkuk   2:
I 6  Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a
Itaunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that increaseth
I[that which is] not his! how long? and to him that ladeth himself
Iwith
thick clay!
IThe terms "thick clay" are the english rendering of a Hebrew word
Ithat refers to mortgage pledges.
Second Instrument to be made Negotiable
     The Promissory Note was the next document which obtained the
feature of negotiability.  The first case in which a promissory note
was recognized by the courts of England as negotiable instruments
was that of Sheldon v. Hently, 2 Showers 160, decided in 1680, in
which case the court held a promissory note to be a negotiable in-
strument expressly stating ". . it was the custom of merchants that
made them good."
Bank Notes become Negotiable
     The next instruments to become negotiable were the promissory
notes payable on demand issued by bankers, that is, bank notes.  To
this again, the custom of merchants very speedily gave nego-
tiability, and in the leading case of Miller v. Race, Lord Mansfield
decided that bank notes also were negotiable instruments, holding
that it was necessary for the purposes of commerce that their cur-
rency be established and secured.
     Next, the banks besides issuing their promissory notes payable
on demand, accepted and honored bills of exchange drawn on them by
their customers payable on demand, that is, the check came into ex-
istence, and the practice of merchants made it negotiable.
Conclusion
     The influence of the
fairs
 on the public law and their in-
fluence on the relationship of international law was great.  The
term fair was practically equivalent to the term peace.  The reac-
tion against the principals of primitive hostility was working under
the influence of commercial needs.  Thanks to the progress of the
peace of the fairs and their safe conducts, the communications of
foreigner with foreigner became more certain; international rela-
tions multiplied; transactions were surrounded by guarantees, and
the idea of good faith and of the loyalty which should preside over
commerce were more and more developed.  Means of transport were per-
fected.  Men, hitherto thrown back upon themselves in a family group
came into contact with each other; original mistrust was weakening.
Little by little the last vestiges of primitive hostility disap-
peared.
     They are the first places where the exchanges for value were
able to develop; the law of supply and demand,
the law of the
balance of trade
, find there their first application.  It was at the
fairs and markets that money ceased to be mere objects of consump-
tion, and became capital.  Due to them, traffic was regularized and
submitted to the great law of competition..
I     Due note should be given to he above comment about "balance of
Itrade."  Trade imbalances between the U.S. and other countries are
Ifrequently used by the government to hammer the people into accept-
Iing policies and programs that they would not otherwise yield to.
IUnderstand that a trade imbalance is NOT a problem for the average
IU.S. citizen.  It is a concern for the international merchant and
Ibanker.  Also remember that when people do business with money
I(gold & silver), there can be no "imbalance".
 Hebrew (Strong's 6148) `arab {aw-rab'} a primitive root; v
1) to pledge, exchange, mortgage, engage, occupy, undertake for, give
pledges, be/become surety, take on pledge, give in pledge.
 See also
Called to Serve
 by James "Bo" Gritz.
 Lombards - A name given to the merchants of Italy, numbers of whom,
during the 12th and 13th centuries, were established as merchants and
bankers in the principal cities of Europe.  (Lombard Street, London).
Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Ed.
 There are now (1993) thousands of such tablets in existance.
 But not, however, before the use of gold and silver money.