Since industrialization was a process which transformed the entire Western world during the nineteenth century, it is worthwhile to read some general treatments of the industrial revolution. A well-illustrated introduction to this subject is W.O. Henderson's The Industrialization of Europe 1780-1914 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969). Other possibilities include American and British Technology in the 19th Century by H.J. Habakkuk (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962), The Unbound Prometheus, Technological and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present by David S. Landes (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), The Age of Capital by E.J. Hobsbawm (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975) and The Making of the English Working Class by E.P. Thompson (London, 1963). Those who are interested may also consult any available edition of Karl Marx's Capital.
b)Working and Living Conditions in Canada
For analyses of the conditions faced by working-class people in two Canadian cities, consult Terry Copp, The Anatomy of Poverty: the Condition of the Working Class in MontrÄal 1897-1927 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974) and Michael J. Piva, The Condition of the Working Class in Toronto, 1900-1921 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1979). A booklet by Gregory S. Kealey, Hogtown: Working class Toronto at the turn of the century (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1974) is also available. Michael J. Doucet has published his study of "Working Class Housing in a Small Nineteenth-Century Canadian City: Hamilton, Ontario 1852-1881" in Essays in Canadian Working Class History, Gregory S. Kealey and Peter Warrian, editors, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1976). Peter DeLottinville's article "Joe Beef" of MontrÄal: Working-Class Culture and the Tavern, 1869-1889 in Labour/Le Travailleur, 8/9 (1981/82), pp. 9-40, provides additional details of this colourful nineteenth-century figure. Two excellent collections of extracts from primary documents culled from across Canada also provide insight into working-class living conditions: The Workingman in the Nineteenth Century, Michael S. Cross, editor (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974) and The Canadian Worker in the Twentieth Century, Irving Abella and David Millar, editors (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1978). A valuable collection of extracts from the Report of the 1889 Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital, probably the most important single document in the history of the Canadian working classes, has been edited by Gregory S. Kealey: Canada investigates industrialism: The Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital, 1889 (Abridged), (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973). The testimony of the women workers who appeared before the Royal Commission has been analyzed by Susan Mann Trofimenkoff in "One Hundred and Two Muffled Voices: Canada's Industrial Women in the 1880s" , Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal, Fall 1977, v.3, no.1, pp. 66-82. For additional information on women workers see Women at Work: Ontario 1880-1930, edited by Janice Acton et al. (Toronto: Canadian Women's Educational Press, 1974). Child labour in QuÄbec has been treated briefly by Fernand Harvey in "Children of the Industrial Revolution in QuÄbec", pp. 195-204 in R. Douglas Francis and Donald B. Smith, Readings In Canadian History. Post-Confederation (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982). For addditional material consult relevant volumes of the Canada's Visual History series.
c)The Labour Movement
A well-illustrated introductory treatment of this topic is Edward E. Seymour's An Illustrated History of Canadian Labour 1880-1974 (Ottawa: Mutual Press Ltd., 1976). Two useful booklets have been published by the Canadian Historical Association: Eugene A. Forsey, The Canadian Labour Movement 1812-1902 (Historical Booklet No. 27,1974) and Irving AbelIa, The Canadian Labour Movement 1902-1960 (Historical Booklet No. 28,1975). Forsey has also authored Trade Unions in Canada 1812-1902 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982). A collection of informative articles on various facets of the labour movement has been assembled by Gregory S. Kealey and Peter Warrian, editors of Essays in Canadian Working Class History (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1976). Primary documents may be consulted directly in The Workingman in the Nineteenth Century, Michael S. Cross, editor, (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974) and The Canadian Worker in the Twentieth Century, Irving AbelIa and David Millar, editors (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1978). A new work of major importance in the development of Canadian labour history is Gregory S. Kealey's Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism 1867-1892 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980). Also of interest is Donald Avery's 'Dangerous Foreigners': European Immigrant Workers and Labour Radicalism in Canada 1896-1932 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1979). A useful treatment of the relationship between women workers and the labour movement has been published in booklet form: Honest womanhood: feminism, femininity and class consciousness among Toronto working women, 1896-1914, Wayne Roberts (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1977).
