This lithograph by Edwin Whitefield (1816-1892) dates from 1852 and illustrates the very substantial changes that had occurred since 1760. The city now extends so far beyond the old town that it is very difficult to identify the suburbs. The work shows quite clearly that urban growth had been mainly along the St. Lawrence River. However, there are distinct signs of movement toward the north: St. Patrick's Church had just been opened for worship (it is situated to the right of Notre-Dame with its twin towers on the facade); close by, the ColIÅge Sainte-Marie had also just opened its doors; in addition to other structures, one can distinguish the first buildings of McGill University. With urban expansion, land for agricultural use was constantly diminishing: some pasture can still be seen, and one of the last orchards appears on the right. Churches had sprung up all over the city in response to British immigration which had brought a large number of new denominations to Montreal. New public buildings were also appearing. Prominent amongst them was the Bonsecours market, the cupola of which can be seen to the left of the towers of Notre-Dame, just under the tip of St. Helen's Island; the trees in front of the market bordered a favourite walking place of Montrealers, the Champ de Mars. In spite of all this progress, however, the city still had not occupied all the expansion area anticipated in 1791. Industrialization had only just begun, and smoke from the first industrial smokestacks can be seen along the Lachine canal.
