The following books and articles are suggested for students wishing to deepen or broaden their knowledge of local and national educational history and for teachers needing reference material for classroom activities. Some of the older works are useful mainly for colourful detail. For newer approaches to the history of education recent works are recommended.
BOOKS
Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class In a Mid-Nineteen-Century City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975). A study of the social structure of Hamilton in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, which also deals with questions in the history of education, growing up, and the family.
Michael B. Katz, and Paul H. Mattingly eds., Education and Social Change: Themes from Ontario's Past (New York: New York University Press, 1975). Contains articles on nineteenth and early twentieth century topics: the family and educational institutions, juvenile delinquency, the free school debate, higher education, literacy, patterns of school attendance, agricultural education and educational reform.
Minorities, Schools and Politics; essays by D.C. Crelghton [and others] (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969). A collection of essays on the politics of the separate school question in Ontario, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.
Charles Edward Phillips, The Development of Education in Canada (Toronto: Gage, 1957). An older, but still useful text, topically arranged.
Alison Prentice, The School Promoters: Education and Social Class in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Upper Canada (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977). An examination of the ideology of mid-century educational reform in Ontario.
Neil Sutherland, Children in English Canadian Society: Framing the Twentieth-Century Consensus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976). A comprehensive study of children and the institutions created for them, including schools, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
J. Donald Wilson, Robert M. Stamp, and Louis-Phillippe Audet, eds., Canadian Education: A History (Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall, 1970). A recent text, organized chronologically and, for the period prior to the late nineteenth century, by region. There are also useful introductory chapters on the European and American background.
Of the provincial histories of education, the following are most useful for the nineteenth century:
Louis-Philippe Audet, Le systÅme scolaire de la province de QuÄbec (OuÄbec: Les presses universitaires Laval, and Editions de l'Erable, 1950-). By 1956, six volumes had been issued.
-----, Histoire de l'enseignement au QuÄbec, 1608-1971 (Montreal: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971). Volume one covers the period 1608 to 1840, volume two 1840 to 1971.
F. Henry Johnson, A History of Public Education In British Columbia (Vancouver: Publications Centre, University of British Columbia, 1964).
Katherine F. MacNaughton, The Development of the Theory and Practice of Education In New Brunswick, 1784-1900; a study in historical background (Fredericton: University of New Brunswick Press, 1946).
Frederick Rowe, The Development of Education in Newfoundland (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1964).
Also recommended are the following documentary histories:
Lovell Clark, ed., The Manitoba School Question: Majority Rule or Minority Rights? (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1968). A collection of documents on and historians' assessments of the Manitoba School Question.
Ramsay Cook and Wendy Mitchinson, eds., The Proper Sphere: Woman's Place In Canadian Society (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1976). Part 3 is on education and women.
Douglas A. Lawr and Robert D. Gidney, eds., Educating Canadians: A Documentary History of Public Education (Toronto: Van Nostrand Rinehoid, 1973).
Alison L. Prentice and Susan E. Houston, eds., Family, School and Society in Nineteenth Century Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975).
ARTICLES
Ian Davey, "Trends in Female School Attendance in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Ontario," Histoire sociale/Social History, 8(1975), 238-254.
Frank Eames, "Pioneer Schools of Upper Canada," Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records, 18(1920), 91-103.
Judith Fingard, "Attitudes towards the Education of the Poor in Colonial Halifax," Acadiensis, 2 (1973), 15-42
R.D.Gidney, "Upper Canadian Public Opinion and Common School improvement in the 1830's," Histoire sociale/Social History, 5(1972), 48-60.
-----. "Centralization and Education: The Origins of an Ontario Tradition," Journal of Canadian Studies, 7(1972), no. 4,33-47.
-----, "Elementary Education in Upper Canada: A Reassessment," Ontario History, 65 (1973), 169-185.
Harvey J. Graff, "Literacy and Social Structure in Elgin County, Canada West, 1861," Histoire sociale/Social History, 6(1973), 25-48.
-----, "Literacy, Jobs and the Working Class," in Gregory S. Kealey and Peter Warrian, eds., Essays In Canadian Working Class History, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976), 58-82.
-----, "Pauperism, Misery and Vice: Illiteracy and Criminality in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Social History, II (1977-78). 245-268.
-----, "What the 1861 census can tell us about literacy," Histoire sociale/Social History, 8 (1975), 337-349.
Susan E. Houston, "Politics, Schools and Social Change in Upper Canada," Canadian Historical Review, 53(1972), 249-271.
C.J. Jaenen, "Foundations of Dual Education at Red River," Transactions of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Series Ill, 21(1964-65), 35-68.
Marcel Lajeunesse, "Espoirs et illusions d'une rÄforme scolaire au QuÄbec du XlXe siÅcle," Culture, 31 (1970), 149-159.
Genevieve Leslie, "Domestic Service in Canada, 1880-1920," in Women at Work, Ontario, 1850-1930, edited by Janice Acton, Penny Goldsmith and Bonnie Shepard (Toronto; Canadian Women's Educational Press, 1974), 71-125.
D.L.MacLaurin, "Education Before the Gold Rush," British Columbia Historical Quarterly, 2 (1938), 247-263.
Fernand Ouellet, "L'enseignement primaire: responsibilitÄ des Äglises ou de l'Ätat? (1807-1836)," Recherches sociographiques, 2(1961), 171-187.
Alison Prentice, "The Feminization of Teaching in British North American and Canada, 1845-1875," Histoire sociale/Social History, 8 (1975), 5-20. Reprinted in Susan Mann Trofimenkoff and Alison Prentice, eds., The Neglected Majority: Essays in Canadian-Women's History (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977), 49-65 under the title "The Feminization of Teaching."
Marion V. Royce, "Arguments over the Education of Girls - Their Admission to Grammar Schools in this Province," Ontario History, 67(1975), 1-13.
George W. Spragge, "Elementary Education in Upper Canada," Ontario History, 43 (1951), 107-122.
Robert M. Stamp, "Empire Day in the Schools of Ontario: the Training of Young Imperialists," Journal of Canadian Studies, 8(1973) no. 3,32-42.
J.Donald Wilson, "The Teacher in Early Ontario" in F.H. Armstrong, H.A. Stevenson, J.D. Wilson, eds., Aspects of Nineteenth Century Ontario; Essays Presented to James J. Talman (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), 218-236.
-----, "'No Blanket to be Worn in School': The Education of Indians in Early Nineteenth Century Ontario," Histoire sociale/Social History, 7(1974), 293-305.
Robin Winks, "Negro School Segregation in Ontario and Nova Scotia," Canadian Historical Review, 50 (1969), 164-191.
1993 Update
CHILDREN AND SCHOOLS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY CANADA
Harvey J. Graff and Alison Prentice
Children and Schools in Nineteenth-Century Canada was indicative of a remarkable renaissance in the history of education that was taking place in Canada and elsewhere in the seventies, as historians brought new insight, critical skills and methodologies to the study of children and schooling in the past. The following bibliography of major works published since 1978 reveals the extent of this scholarly renewal, as does the birth of a new Canadian journal, Historical Studies in Education/Revue d'histoire de l'Äducation, in the spring of 1989. Readers searching for recent findings and new interpretations in the history of children and schools in Canada are urged to consult this journal, as well as other national and regional historical journals (in addition to the works listed below) because the periodical literature on the subject is now too vast to list here. Also of interest will be the education plates of volume 2 of the Historical Atlas of Canada, which document aspects of educational institution building in Canada from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1891.
Bibliography
Barman, Jean, Yvonne HÄbert, and Don McCaskell, eds. Indian Education in Canada. Volume 1. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1986.
Curtis, Bruce. Building the Educational State: Canada West, 1836-1871. London, Ontario: The Falmer Press/The Althouse Press, 1988.
Danylewycz, Marta. Taking the Veil: An Alternative to Marriage, Motherhood, and Spinsterhood in Quebec, 1840-1920. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1987.
Dorion, Jacques. Les Äcoles de rang au QuÄbec. MontrÄal: Les Äditions de l'homme, 1979.
Dumont, Micheline, and Nadia Fahmy-Eid, eds. Les couventines: L'Äducation des filles au QuÄbec dans les congrÄgations religieuses enseignantes, 1840-1960. MontrÄal: Les âditions du BorÄal Express, 1986.
Fahmy-Eid, Nadia, and Micheline Dumont, eds. Maötresses de maison, maötresses d'Äcole : Femmes, famille et Äducation dans l'histoire du QuÄbec. MontrÄal: Les âditions du BorÄal Express, 1983.
Gaffield, Chad. Language, Schooling, and Cultural Conflict: The Origins of the French-Language Controversy in Ontario. Kingston and MontrÄal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987.
Garneau, Claude. Les collÅges classiques au Canada franìais (1620-1970). MontrÄal: Fides, 1978.
Gidney, R.D., and W.J.P. Millar. Inventing Secondary Education: The Rise of the High School in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. MontrÄal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990.
Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Heap, Ruby, and Alison Prentice, eds. Gender and Education in Ontario: An Historical Reader. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 1991.
Houston, Susan E., and Alison Prentice. Schooling and Scholars in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988.
Malouin, Marie-Paule. Ma soeur, ê quelle Äcole allez-vous? MontrÄal: Fides, 1985.
Parr, Joy, ed. Childhood and Family in Canadian History. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1982.
Rooke, Patricia T., and R.L. Schnell. Discarding the Asylum: From Child Rescue to the Welfare State in English-Canada, 1800-1950. New York: University of America Press, 1983.
Samandych, Russell, Gordon Dodds, and Alvin Esau, eds. Dimensions of Childhood: Essays on the History of Childhood and Youth in Canada. University of Manitoba Press, 1991.
Sheehan, Nancy M., J. Donald Wilson, and David C. Jones, eds. Schools in the West: Essays in Canadian Educational History. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd., 1986.
Welton, Michael R., ed. Knowledge for the People: The Struggle for Adult Learning in English-Speaking Canada, 1828-1973. Toronto: OISE Press, 1987.
Wilson, J. Donald, ed. An Imperfect Past: Education and Society in Canadian History. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984.
