At the present time, there is no comprehensive analysis of Canadian immigration policy for the period 1896-1914. There are, however, several books which deal with certain aspects of the subject: most notably Norman Macdonald, Canada: Immigration and Colonization, 1841-1903 (Toronto, Macmillan, 1968) and Robert England, The Colonization of Western Canada (London, P.S. King, 1936). Two more specialized studies are John W. Dafoe, Clifford Sifton in Relation to His Times (Toronto, Macmillan, 1931) and John B. Hedges, Building the Canadian West (New York, Macmillan, 1939), an examination of the role assumed by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in land settlement. Two very useful studies in the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Series are Charles A. Dawson, Group Settlement: Ethnic Communities in Western Canada (Toronto, Macmillan, 1936); H.A. Inns, Settlement and the Mining Frontier (Toronto, Macmillan, 1936).
B. Specific Ethnic Groups
The Canadian Family Tree, (Ottawa, 1967) a Centennial publication of the Citizenship Branch of the Secretary of State offers a capsule history of all ethnic groups in Canada. It is available in paperback from all Information Canada outlets.
(1) American - The mass influx of American agricultural immigrants into Canada between 1896 and 1914 has been clearly described in two recent books: Karl Bicha, The American Farmer and the Canadian West, 1896-1914 (Lawrence, Coronado Press, 1968), and Harold Troper, 'Only Farmers Need Apply' (Toronto, Griffin House, 1972).
(2) British - Accounts of British immigration to Canada are disappointing. Even the most useful books such as Helen Cowan, British Emigration to British North America: The First Hundred Years (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1961) and Lloyd Reynolds, The British Immigrant (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1935) examine the period 1896-1914 in a cursory fashion.
(3) European Immigrants - The quality of books dealing with European immigrant groups varies according to the ethnic groups. The Canadian experience of the Ukrainians is well handled by Vladimir Kaye, Early Ukrainian Settlement in Canada, 1896-1900 (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1964), and Paul Yuzyk, The Ukrainians in Manitoba (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1953). There are three excellent studies of the sectarian groups: E.K. Francis, In Search of Utopia: the Mennonites in Manitoba (Altona, Man., D.W. Friesen and Sons, 1955); Victor Peters, All Things Common: The Hutterian Way of Life (Minneapolis, 1965); and George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, The Doukhobors (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1968). Of considerable interest are the following: Simon Belkin, Through Narrow Gates: A Review of Jewish Immigration Colonization and Immigrant Aid Work in Canada (Montreal. Jewish Colonization Ass'n. and Canadian Jewish Congress, 1966); J.M. Kirschbaum, Slovaks in Canada (Toronto, Canadian Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, 1967); Kohn Kosa, Land of Choice: the Hungarians in Canada (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967); and Victor Turek, Poles in Manitoba (Toronto, Polish Research Institute of Canada, 1969).
(4) Oriental and Black Immigration - Oriental immigration to Canada is admirably treated by C.J. Woodsworth, Canada and the Orient (Toronto, Macmillan, 1938). Robin Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal, McGill Queen's University Press, 1971) is an equally valuable study of Black immigration to Canada.
C. Immigration and Canadian Society
The economic and social implications of immigration in the period 1896-1914 has been the subject of many books and articles. Some of the more outstanding have recently been reprinted by the University of Toronto Press: Edmund Baldwin, The Bunkhouse Man: A Study of Work and Pay in the Camps of Canada, 1903-1914 (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972); and two books by J.S. Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1971) and My Neighbor (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972). One contemporary study which has not yet been reprinted, but which is invaluable for understanding the Anglo-Canadian position on cultural assimilation is J.T.M. Anderson, The Education of the New Canadian (Toronto, D.C.N.T., 1918). Robert C. Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada 1896-1921, A Nation Transformed (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1974) contains an excellent chapter on immigration, and presents a fine over-view of the whole period.
D. Audio-Visual Material
There are a number of film strips and 16mm. films produced by the National Film Board about the settlement of Western Canada and about various ethnic groups which could be used. For additional information consult the N.F.B. film catalogue.
