Most of the Slavic settlers who located in western Canada had very meagre financial resources. However, by following traditional agricultural practices, the Ukrainian homesteader soon became self-sufficient by raising enough poultry, livestock, root crops, and grains to supply his family's needs. In contrast with his Anglo-Canadian neighbor, who was usually committed to commercial agriculture, the Ukrainian settler was primarily engaged in subsistence farming and maintained the peasant's fierce attachment to the land. Here the men separate the grain from the chaff with a flail. It will then be ground and used as food for the family. In the bottom photo a woman places her bread in an outdoor bake oven.
