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1995-12-13
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LINUX ALLOCATED DEVICES
Maintained by H. Peter Anvin <Peter.Anvin@linux.org>
Last revised: May 29, 1995
This list is the successor to Rick Miller's Linux Device List, which
he stopped maintaining when he lost network access in 1993. It is a
registry of allocated major device numbers, as well as the recommended
/dev directory nodes for these devices.
This list is available via FTP from ftp.yggdrasil.com in the directory
/pub/device-list; filename is devices.<format> where <format> is txt
(ASCII), tex (LaTeX), dvi (DVI) or ps (PostScript). In cases of
discrepancy, the LaTeX version has priority.
This document is included by reference into the Linux Filesystem
Standard (FSSTND). The FSSTND is available via FTP from
tsx-11.mit.edu in the directory /pub/linux/docs/linux-standards/fsstnd.
To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations
where that applies (e.g. busmice), please contact me. Also, if you
have additional information regarding any of the devices listed below,
I would like to know.
Allocations marked (68k) apply to Linux/68k only.
0 Unnamed devices (NFS mounts, loopback devices)
0 = reserved as null device number
1 char Memory devices
1 = /dev/mem Physical memory access
2 = /dev/kmem Kernel virtual memory access
3 = /dev/null Null device
4 = /dev/port I/O port access
5 = /dev/zero Null byte source
6 = /dev/core OBSOLETE - replaced by /proc/kcore
7 = /dev/full Returns ENOSPC on write
block RAM disk
1 = /dev/ramdisk RAM disk
2 char Reserved for PTY's <tytso@athena.mit.edu>
block Floppy disks
0 = /dev/fd0 First floppy disk autodetect
1 = /dev/fd1 Second floppy disk autodetect
2 = /dev/fd2 Third floppy disk autodetect
3 = /dev/fd3 Fourth floppy disk autodetect
To specify format, add to the autodetect device number:
0 = /dev/fd? Autodetect format
4 = /dev/fd?d360 5.25" 360K in a 360K drive
20 = /dev/fd?h360 5.25" 360K in a 1200K drive
48 = /dev/fd?h410 5.25" 410K in a 1200K drive
64 = /dev/fd?h420 5.25" 420K in a 1200K drive
24 = /dev/fd?h720 5.25" 720K in a 1200K drive
80 = /dev/fd?h880 5.25" 880K in a 1200K drive
8 = /dev/fd?h1200 5.25" 1200K in a 1200K drive
40 = /dev/fd?h1440 5.25" 1440K in a 1200K drive
56 = /dev/fd?h1476 5.25" 1476K in a 1200K drive
72 = /dev/fd?h1494 5.25" 1494K in a 1200K drive
92 = /dev/fd?h1600 5.25" 1600K in a 1200K drive
12 = /dev/fd?u360 3.5" 360K Double Density
120 = /dev/fd?u800 3.5" 800K Double Density
52 = /dev/fd?u820 3.5" 820K Double Density
68 = /dev/fd?u830 3.5" 830K Double Density
84 = /dev/fd?u1040 3.5" 1040K Double Density
88 = /dev/fd?u1120 3.5" 1120K Double Density
28 = /dev/fd?u1440 3.5" 1440K High Density
124 = /dev/fd?u1600 3.5" 1600K High Density
44 = /dev/fd?u1680 3.5" 1680K High Density
60 = /dev/fd?u1722 3.5" 1722K High Density
76 = /dev/fd?u1743 3.5" 1743K High Density
96 = /dev/fd?u1760 3.5" 1760K High Density
116 = /dev/fd?u1840 3.5" 1840K High Density
100 = /dev/fd?u1920 3.5" 1920K High Density
32 = /dev/fd?u2880 3.5" 2880K Extra Density
104 = /dev/fd?u3200 3.5" 3200K Extra Density
108 = /dev/fd?u3520 3.5" 3520K Extra Density
112 = /dev/fd?u3840 3.5" 3840K Extra Density
36 = /dev/fd?CompaQ Compaq 2880K drive; obsolete?
NOTE: THe letter in the device name (d, q, h or u)
signifies the type of drive: 5.25" Double Density (d),
5.25" Quad Density (q), 5.25" High Density (h) or 3.5"
(any model, u). The use of the capital letters D, H
and E for the 3.5" models have been deprecated, since
the drive type is insignificant for these devices.
3 char Reserved for pty's <tytso@athena.mit.edu>
block First MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
0 = /dev/hda Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
64 = /dev/hdb Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
For partitions, add to the whole disk device number:
0 = /dev/hd? Whole disk
1 = /dev/hd?1 First primary partition
2 = /dev/hd?2 Second primary partition
3 = /dev/hd?3 Third primary partition
4 = /dev/hd?4 Fourth primary partition
5 = /dev/hd?5 First logical partition
6 = /dev/hd?6 Second logical partition
7 = /dev/hd?7 Third logical partition
...
63 = /dev/hd?63 59th logical partition
4 char TTY devices
0 = /dev/console Console device
1 = /dev/tty1 First virtual console
...
63 = /dev/tty63 63rd virtual console
64 = /dev/ttyS0 First serial port
...
127 = /dev/ttyS63 64th serial port
128 = /dev/ptyp0 First pseudo-tty master
...
191 = /dev/ptysf 64th pseudo-tty master
192 = /dev/ttyp0 First pseudo-tty slave
...
255 = /dev/ttysf 64th pseudo-tty slave
Pseudo-tty's are named as follows:
* Masters are "pty", slaves are "tty";
* the fourth letter is one of p, q, r, s indicating
the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th series of 16 pseudo-ttys each, and
* the fifth letter is one of 0123456789abcdef indicating
the position within the series.
5 char Alternate TTY devices
0 = /dev/tty Current TTY device
64 = /dev/cua0 Callout device corresponding to ttyS0
...
127 = /dev/cua63 Callout device corresponding to ttyS63
6 char Parallel printer devices
0 = /dev/lp0 First parallel printer (0x3bc)
1 = /dev/lp1 Second parallel printer (0x378)
2 = /dev/lp2 Third parallel printer (0x278)
Not all computers have the 0x3bc parallel port; hence
the "first" printer may be either /dev/lp0 or
/dev/lp1.
7 char Virtual console capture devices
0 = /dev/vcs Current vc text contents
1 = /dev/vcs1 tty1 text contents
...
63 = /dev/vcs63 tty63 text contents
128 = /dev/vcsa Current vc text/attribute contents
129 = /dev/vcsa1 tty1 text/attribute contents
...
191 = /dev/vcsa63 tty63 text/attribute contents
NOTE: These devices permit both read and write access.
8 block SCSI disk devices
0 = /dev/sda First SCSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/sdb Second SCSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/sdc Third SCSI disk whole disk
...
240 = /dev/sdp Sixteenth SCSI disk whole disk
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
logical partitions is 11.
9 char SCSI tape devices
0 = /dev/st0 First SCSI tape
1 = /dev/st1 Second SCSI tape
...
128 = /dev/nst0 First SCSI tape, no rewind-on-close
129 = /dev/nst1 Second SCSI tape, no rewind-on-close
...
block Multiple disk devices
0 = /dev/md0 First device group
1 = /dev/md1 Second device group
...
The multiple devices driver is used to span a
filesystem across multiple physical disks.
10 char Non-serial mice, misc features
0 = /dev/logibm Logitech bus mouse
1 = /dev/psaux PS/2-style mouse port
2 = /dev/inportbm Microsoft Inport bus mouse
3 = /dev/atibm ATI XL bus mouse
4 = /dev/jbm J-mouse
4 = /dev/amigamouse Amiga Mouse (68k)
5 = /dev/atarimouse Atari Mouse (68k)
128 = /dev/beep Fancy beep device
129 = /dev/modreq Kernel module load request
The use of the suffix -mouse instead of -bm or -aux
has also been used.
11 block SCSI CD-ROM devices
0 = /dev/sr0 First SCSI CD-ROM
1 = /dev/sr1 Second SCSI CD-ROM
...
The prefix /dev/scd instead of /dev/sr has been used
as well, and might make more sense.
12 char QIC-02 tape
2 = /dev/ntpqic11 QIC-11, no rewind-on-close
3 = /dev/tpqic11 QIC-11, rewind-on-close
4 = /dev/ntpqic24 QIC-24, no rewind-on-close
5 = /dev/tpqic24 QIC-24, rewind-on-close
6 = /dev/ntpqic120 QIC-120, no rewind-on-close
7 = /dev/tpqic120 QIC-120, rewind-on-close
8 = /dev/ntpqic150 QIC-150, no rewind-on-close
9 = /dev/tpqic150 QIC-150, rewind-on-close
The device names specified are proposed -- if there
are "standard" names for these devices, please let me know.
block MSCDEX CD-ROM callback support
0 = /dev/dos_cd0 First MSCDEX CD-ROM
1 = /dev/dos_cd1 Second MSCDEX CD-ROM
...
13 char PC speaker
0 = /dev/pcmixer Emulates /dev/mixer
1 = /dev/pcsp Emulates /dev/dsp (8-bit)
4 = /dev/pcaudio Emulates /dev/audio
5 = /dev/pcsp16 Emulates /dev/dsp (16-bit)
block 8-bit MFM/RLL/IDE controller
0 = /dev/xda First XT disk whole disk
64 = /dev/xdb Second XT disk whole disk
Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
(see major number 3).
14 char Sound card
0 = /dev/mixer Mixer control
1 = /dev/sequencer Audio sequencer
2 = /dev/midi00 First MIDI port
3 = /dev/dsp Digital audio
4 = /dev/audio Sun-compatible digital audio
6 = /dev/sndstat Sound card status information
8 = /dev/sequencer2 Sequencer -- alternate device
16 = /dev/mixer1 Second soundcard mixer control
17 = /dev/patmgr0 Sequencer patch manager
18 = /dev/midi01 Second MIDI port
19 = /dev/dsp1 Second soundcard digital audio
20 = /dev/audio1 Second soundcard Sun digital audio
33 = /dev/patmgr1 Sequencer patch manager
34 = /dev/midi02 Third MIDI port
50 = /dev/midi03 Fourth MIDI port
block BIOS harddrive callback support
0 = /dev/dos_hda First BIOS harddrive whole disk
64 = /dev/dos_hdb Second BIOS harddrive whole disk
128 = /dev/dos_hdc Third BIOS harddrive whole disk
192 = /dev/dos_hdd Fourth BIOS harddrive whole disk
Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks
(see major number 3).
15 char Joystick
0 = /dev/js0 First joystick
1 = /dev/js1 Second joystick
block Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A CD-ROM
0 = /dev/sonycd Sony CDU-31a CD-ROM
16 char Reserved for scanners
block GoldStar CD-ROM
0 = /dev/gscd GoldStar CD-ROM
17 char Chase serial card
0 = /dev/ttyH0 First Chase port
1 = /dev/ttyH1 Second Chase port
...
block Optics Storage CD-ROM (under development)
0 = /dev/optcd Optics Storage CD-ROM
18 char Chase serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cuh0 Callout device corresponding to ttyH0
1 = /dev/cuh1 Callout device corresponding to ttyH1
...
block Sanyo CD-ROM (under development)
0 = ? Sanyo CD-ROM
19 char Cyclades serial card
32 = /dev/ttyC0 First Cyclades port
...
63 = /dev/ttyC31 32nd Cyclades port
It would make more sense for these to start at 0...
block "Double" compressed disk
0 = /dev/double0 First compressed disk
...
7 = /dev/double7 Eighth compressed disk
128 = /dev/cdouble0 Mirror of first compressed disk
...
135 = /dev/cdouble7 Mirror of eighth compressed disk
See the Double documentation for the meaning of the
mirror devices.
20 char Cyclades serial card - alternate devices
32 = /dev/cub0 Callout device corresponding to ttyC0
...
63 = /dev/cub31 Callout device corresponding to ttyC31
block Hitachi CD-ROM (under development)
0 = /dev/hitcd Hitachi CD-ROM
21 char Generic SCSI access
0 = /dev/sg0 First generic SCSI device
1 = /dev/sg1 Second generic SCSI device
...
22 char Digiboard serial card
0 = /dev/ttyD0 First Digiboard port
1 = /dev/ttyD1 Second Digiboard port
...
block Second MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface
0 = /dev/hdc Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
64 = /dev/hdd Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)
Partitions are handled the same way as for the first
interface (see major number 3).
23 char Digiboard serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cud0 Callout device corresponding to ttyD0
1 = /dev/cud1 Callout device corresponding to ttyD1
...
block Mitsumi proprietary CD-ROM
0 = /dev/mcd Mitsumi CD-ROM
24 char Stallion serial card
0 = /dev/ttyE0 Stallion port 0 card 0
1 = /dev/ttyE1 Stallion port 1 card 0
...
64 = /dev/ttyE64 Stallion port 0 card 1
65 = /dev/ttyE65 Stallion port 1 card 1
...
128 = /dev/ttyE128 Stallion port 0 card 2
129 = /dev/ttyE129 Stallion port 1 card 2
...
192 = /dev/ttyE192 Stallion port 0 card 3
193 = /dev/ttyE193 Stallion port 1 card 3
...
block Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM
0 = /dev/cdu535 Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM
25 char Stallion serial card - alternate devices
0 = /dev/cue0 Callout device corresponding to ttyE0
1 = /dev/cue1 Callout device corresponding to ttyE1
...
64 = /dev/cue64 Callout device corresponding to ttyE64
65 = /dev/cue65 Callout device corresponding to ttyE65
...
128 = /dev/cue128 Callout device corresponding to ttyE128
129 = /dev/cue129 Callout device corresponding to ttyE129
...
192 = /dev/cue192 Callout device corresponding to ttyE192
193 = /dev/cue193 Callout device corresponding to ttyE193
...
block First Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
0 = /dev/sbpcd0 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 0
1 = /dev/sbpcd1 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 1
2 = /dev/sbpcd2 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 2
3 = /dev/sbpcd3 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 3
26 char Frame grabbers
0 = /dev/wvisfgrab Quanta WinVision frame grabber
block Second Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
0 = /dev/sbpcd4 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 0
1 = /dev/sbpcd5 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 1
2 = /dev/sbpcd6 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 2
3 = /dev/sbpcd7 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 3
27 char QIC-117 tape
0 = /dev/ftape QIC-117 tape
block Third Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
0 = /dev/sbpcd8 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 0
1 = /dev/sbpcd9 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 1
2 = /dev/sbpcd10 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 2
3 = /dev/sbpcd11 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 3
28 char Stallion serial card - card programming
0 = /dev/staliomem0 First Stallion card I/O memory
1 = /dev/staliomem1 Second Stallion card I/O memory
2 = /dev/staliomem2 Third Stallion card I/O memory
3 = /dev/staliomem3 Fourth Stallion card I/O memory
block Fourth Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM
0 = /dev/sbpcd12 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 0
1 = /dev/sbpcd13 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 1
2 = /dev/sbpcd14 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 2
3 = /dev/sbpcd15 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 3
block ACSI disk (68k)
0 = /dev/ada First ACSI disk whole disk
16 = /dev/adb Second ACSI disk whole disk
32 = /dev/adc Third ACSI disk whole disk
...
240 = /dev/adp 16th ACSI disk whole disk
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE
disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on
logical partitions is 11.
29 char Universal frame buffer
0 = /dev/fb0current First frame buffer
1 = /dev/fb0autodetect
...
16 = /dev/fb1current Second frame buffer
17 = /dev/fb1autodetect
...
block Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM
0 = /dev/aztcd Aztech CD-ROM
The universal frame buffer device is currenly only
supported on Linux/68k. The "current" device accesses
the fame buffer at current resolution; the
"autodetect" one at bootup (default) resolution.
Minor numbers 2-15 within each frame buffer assignment
are used for specific device-dependent resolutions.
There appears to be no standard naming for these devices.
30 char iBCS-2 compatibility devices
0 = /dev/socksys Socket access
1 = /dev/spx SVR3 local X interface
2 = /dev/inet/arp Network access
2 = /dev/inet/icmp Network access
2 = /dev/inet/ip Network access
2 = /dev/inet/udp Network access
2 = /dev/inet/tcp Network access
iBCS-2 requires /dev/nfsd to be a link to
/dev/socksys, and /dev/X0R to be a link to /dev/null.
block Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM
0 = /dev/cm205cd Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM
/dev/lmscd is an older name for this device. This
driver does not work with the CM-205MS CD-ROM.
31 char MPU-401 MIDI
0 = /dev/mpu401data MPU-401 data port
1 = /dev/mpu401stat MPU-401 status port
block ROM/flash memory card
0 = /dev/rom0 First ROM card (rw)
...
7 = /dev/rom7 Eighth ROM card (rw)
8 = /dev/rrom0 First ROM card (ro)
...
15 = /dev/rrom7 Eighth ROM card (ro)
16 = /dev/flash0 First flash memory card (rw)
...
23 = /dev/flash7 Eighth flash memory card (rw)
24 = /dev/rflash0 First flash memory card (ro)
...
31 = /dev/rflash7 Eighth flash memory card (ro)
The read-write (rw) devices support back-caching
written data in RAM, as well as writing to flash RAM
devices. The read-only devices (ro) support reading
only.
32 block Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM
0 = /dev/cm206cd Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM
33 block Modular RAM disk device
0 = /dev/ram0 First modular RAM disk
1 = /dev/ram1 Second modular RAM disk
...
255 = /dev/ram255 256th modular RAM disk
34-223 UNALLOCATED
224-254 LOCAL USE
Allocated for local/experimental use
Please note that MAX_CHRDEV and MAX_BLKDEV in
linux/include/linux/major.h must be set to a value
greater than the highest used major number. For a
kernel using local/experimental devices, it is
probably easiest to set both of these equal to 256. The
memory cost above using the default value of 64 is 3K.
255 RESERVED
ADDITIONAL /dev DIRECTORY ENTRIES
This section details additional entries that should or may exist in
the /dev directory. It is preferred that symbolic links use the same
form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here. Links are
classified as "hard" or "symbolic" depending on the preferred type of
link; if possible, the indicated type of link should be used.
Compulsory links
These links should exist on all systems:
/dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic File descriptors
/dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic stdin file descriptor
/dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic stdout file descriptor
/dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic stderr file descriptor
Recommended links
It is recommended that these links exist on all systems:
/dev/X0R null symbolic Used by iBCS-2
/dev/nfsd socksys symbolic Used by iBCS-2
/dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic Backward compatibility
/dev/scd? /dev/cd? hard Alternate SCSI CD-ROM name
Locally defined links
The following links may be established locally to conform to the
configuration of the system. This is merely a tabulation of existing
practice, and does not constitute a recommendation. However, if they
exist, they should have the following uses.
/dev/mouse mouse port symbolic Current mouse device
/dev/tape tape device symbolic Current tape device
/dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic Current CD-ROM device
/dev/modem modem port symbolic Current dialout device
/dev/root root device symbolic Current root filesystem
/dev/swap swap device symbolic Current swap device
/dev/modem should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as
well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems. If it
exists, /dev/modem shold point to the appropriate dialout (alternate)
device.
Sockets and pipes
Non-transient sockets and named pipes may exist in /dev. Common entries are:
/dev/printer socket lpd local socket
/dev/log socket syslog local socket
