The term Renaissance, meaning "rebirth", is used to describe the momentous revival of art and literature which took place in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries influenced by the classical styles.
$A2
Michelangelo
Nationality:
Florentine.
Born:
6 March 1475 in Caprese, Tuscany, Republic of Florence (now in Italy).
Died:
18 February 1564 in Rome, Italy.
In 1488 Michelangelo became an apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the finest Florentine fresco painters of his day. Michelangelo joined Lorenzo de' Medici's "sculpture school" in 1489; Lorenzo de' Medici was effectively the ruler of Florence at that time, and he invited Michelangelo to live in the Medici household.
From 1497 to 1500 he worked on the St. Peter's "Pietα", and from 1501 to 1504 he carved the masterpiece "David" from a huge block of marble. "David" stands over 14 feet tall, and is depicted with a sling over his shoulder just before his biblical battle with Goliath.
Michelangelo began painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome under the commission of Pope Julius II in 1508. This vast piece of artwork took four arduous years to complete, and includes such details as "The Creation of Adam".
From 1536 to 1542 he painted "The Last Judgement", the largest fresco of the Renaissance, on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
$A3
Michelangelo
Nationality:
Florentine.
Born:
6 March 1475 in Caprese, Tuscany, Republic of Florence (now in Italy).
Died:
18 February 1564 in Rome, Italy.
In 1488 Michelangelo became an apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the finest Florentine fresco painters of his day. Michelangelo joined Lorenzo de' Medici's "sculpture school" in 1489; Lorenzo de' Medici was effectively the ruler of Florence at that time, and he invited Michelangelo to live in the Medici household.
From 1497 to 1500 he worked on the St. Peter's "Pietα", and from 1501 to 1504 he carved the masterpiece "David" from a huge block of marble. "David" stands over 14 feet tall, and is depicted with a sling over his shoulder just before his biblical battle with Goliath.
Michelangelo began painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome under the commission of Pope Julius II in 1508. This vast piece of artwork took four arduous years to complete, and includes such details as "The Creation of Adam".
From 1536 to 1542 he painted "The Last Judgement", the largest fresco of the Renaissance, on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
$A4
Leonardo da Vinci
Nationality:
Florentine.
Born:
15 April 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, Republic of Florence (now in Italy).
Died:
2 May 1519 in Cloux, France.
Leonardo was a versatile genius whose interests included architecture, engineering, science and inventions as well as painting and sculpture.
In about 1469 Leonardo was apprenticed to Verrochio, who reportedly gave up painting because he was so astounded at the young Leonardo's artistic abilities.
In 1483 he was commissioned to paint "The Virgin of the Rocks", and he actually painted it twice. The earlier version now hangs in the Louvre, Paris. The later version, which can be seen in the National Gallery, London, was completed in 1506; it's similar to the previous version but it includes a cross and halos which were added by an unknown artist.
"The Last Supper" was painted by Leonardo on the refectory wall of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan from about 1495 to 1497. Unfortunately the process which Leonardo used for the painting proved unstable and the work has been restored several times; in some areas of the picture none of Leonardo's original paint survives.
In about 1503 Leonardo painted the "Mona Lisa", probably the most famous painting in the world. Also known as "La Gioconda", this masterpiece shows Lisa Gherardini, the wife of the Florentine merchant Francesco di Zanobi del Giocondo. It can be seen in the Louvre, Paris.
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Sandro Botticelli
Nationality:
Florentine.
Born:
1445 in Florence, Tuscany, Republic of Florence (now in Italy).
Died:
17 May 1510 in Florence, Tuscany, Republic of Florence (now in Italy).
Botticelli's real name was Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, and the nickname Botticelli came from his brother Giovanni who was known as "Il Botticello" meaning "little barrel". Botticelli spent most of his life working for pre-eminent Florentine families, especially the Medici family.
His two most famous paintings are "The Birth of Venus" painted in about 1482 and "The Primavera" painted in about 1478.
$A6
Raphael
Nationality:
Italian.
Born:
6 April 1483 in Urbino, Italy.
Died:
6 April 1520 in Rome, Italy.
Raphael, whose actual name was Raffaello Sanzio, was given art training by his father, Giovanni. In 1499 he began working for the painter, Perugino.
Raphael is best known for his 1510-1511 Vatican Palace fresco "The School of Athens". He also painted a series of Madonnas including the "Madonna of the Goldfinch" in 1505. He died on his birthday at the age of 37.
$A7
Titian
Nationality:
Venetian.
Born:
c.1485 in Pieve di Cadore (now in Italy).
Died:
27 August 1576 in Venice (now in Italy).
Tiziano Vecellio, better known as Titian, was paramount in Venetian art for about 60 years. His most famous pieces of artwork are the 1538 painting "Venus of Urbino", and "Sacred and Profane Love" painted in about 1515. The latter is possibly an allegory with the clothed woman symbolising vanity and materialistic love whereas the nude woman represents high, pure love.
$A8
El Greco
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
1541 in Candia, now Iráklion, Crete.
Died:
7 April 1614 in Toledo, Spain.
Born Domenikos Theotokopoulos, he became known as El Greco, meaning "the Greek". He studied in Italy, and then settled in Toledo, Spain in 1577. El Greco painted mainly in the Mannerist style, which is a somewhat aritifical style characterised by lengthened slender figures shown in exaggerated postures, an unrealistic treatment of space, and an apparently arbitrary use of discordant colours.
One of his principal works is the "Assumption of the Virgin" (1577), in which the figures are not elongated as they were to become in his later work. El Greco's "The Burial of Count Orgaz" (1586) is an example of the Mannerist style, particularly the spatial distortion in the upper half of the painting.
$A9
Hiδronymus Bosch
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
c.1450 in Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
Died:
1516 in Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
Bosch seems to have stayed throughout his life in the prosperous town of Hertogenbosch, close to the Belgian border. He painted some conventionally styled pictures, but he is best known for his bizarre, nightmarish works such as "The Garden of Earthly Delights" which he painted from about 1505 to 1510.
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Jan van Eyck
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
c.1389 in Maaseik, Holy Roman Empire (now in Belgium).
Died:
1441 in Bruges (now in Belgium).
Jan van Eyck's most famous work is the altarpiece "The Adoration of the Lamb" painted in 1432. He is also renowned for his 1433 painting "Man in a Red Turban", which is possibly a self-portrait, and "Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife" from 1434.
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Italian, French and Spanish Baroque
Summary
** Italian Baroque **
Caravaggio (1573-1610)
Guido Reni (1575-1642)
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
Luca Giordano (1634-1705)
** French Baroque **
Georges de la Tour (1593-1652)
Nicholas Poussin (1594-1665)
Claude Lorrain (1600-1682)
** Spanish Baroque **
Diego Velazquez (1599-1660)
*** Principle Artwork ***
The "Flagellation of Christ"
c.1606: Caravaggio
"Adoration of the Golden Calf"
1634: Nicholas Poussin
"The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa"
1645-1652: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
"Las Meniñas (Maids of Honour)"
1656-1657: Diego Velazquez
Baroque art is typically highly ornate and extravagant. It is usually dynamic in comparison with the relatively passive classical style of the Renaissance.
$B2
Diego Velazquez
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
1599 in Seville, Spain.
Died:
6 August 1660.
Diego de Silva y Velazquez worked as an apprentice to Francisco Pacheco, a Sevillian mannerist painter, between 1611 and 1617. At the age of 24 he painted a portrait of King Philip IV, who became his patron. Subsequently Velazquez lived mainly in Madrid as court painter.
His paintings include landscapes, mythological subjects and religious themes, but mostly he painted portraits of court notables. In 1660 he organised the wedding festivities for the marriage of the Infanta Maria Theresa to Louis XIV of France. Exhausted from this elaborate ceremony, Velazquez contracted a fever and died later that year.
He is perhaps best known for his 1656-1657 painting "Las Meni±as (Maids of Honour)" which depicts the Infanta Margarita, her dwarf, her attendants and the artist himself with his easel. His other works include "The Waterseller of Seville" (1623), "The Forge of Vulcan" (1630), "Las Hilanderas (The Tapestry Weavers)" (c.1657), and "Venus and Cupid" (c.1658), which is also known as the "Rokerby Venus".
$B3
Diego Velazquez
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
1599 in Seville, Spain.
Died:
6 August 1660.
Diego de Silva y Velazquez worked as an apprentice to Francisco Pacheco, a Sevillian mannerist painter, between 1611 and 1617. At the age of 24 he painted a portrait of King Philip IV, who became his patron. Subsequently Velazquez lived mainly in Madrid as court painter.
His paintings include landscapes, mythological subjects and religious themes, but mostly he painted portraits of court notables. In 1660 he organised the wedding festivities for the marriage of the Infanta Maria Theresa to Louis XIV of France. Exhausted from this elaborate ceremony, Velazquez contracted a fever and died later that year.
He is perhaps best known for his 1656-1657 painting "Las Meni±as (Maids of Honour)" which depicts the Infanta Margarita, her dwarf, her attendants and the artist himself with his easel. His other works include "The Waterseller of Seville" (1623), "The Forge of Vulcan" (1630), "Las Hilanderas (The Tapestry Weavers)" (c.1657), and "Venus and Cupid" (c.1658), which is also known as the "Rokerby Venus".
$B4
Nicholas Poussin
Nationality:
French.
Born:
June 1594 near Les Andelys, Normandy, France.
Died:
19 November 1665 in Rome, Italy.
Poussin was born of a peasant family, and he studied painting in Paris before going to Rome in 1624, where he lived for most of the remainder of his life,
In about 1634 he painted the famous "Adoration of the Golden Calf" which can now be seen in the National Gallery, London. His other works include "Landscape with the Burial of Phocion" (1648), "Holy Family on the Steps" (1648), the Arcadian Shepherd (c.1656).
His paintings frequently have a historical, mythological or biblical theme. For example, his "Landscape with the Burial of Phocion" concerns the Greek hero Phocion, who was executed in 317 BC under false charges of treason.
$B5
Nicholas Poussin
Nationality:
French.
Born:
June 1594 near Les Andelys, Normandy, France.
Died:
19 November 1665 in Rome, Italy.
Poussin was born of a peasant family, and he studied painting in Paris before going to Rome in 1624, where he lived for most of the remainder of his life,
In about 1634 he painted the famous "Adoration of the Golden Calf" which can now be seen in the National Gallery, London. His other works include "Landscape with the Burial of Phocion" (1648), "Holy Family on the Steps" (1648), the Arcadian Shepherd (c.1656).
His paintings frequently have a historical, mythological or biblical theme. For example, his "Landscape with the Burial of Phocion" concerns the Greek hero Phocion, who was executed in 317 BC under false charges of treason.
$B6
Claude Lorrain
Nationality:
French.
Born:
1600 in Chamagne, France.
Died:
23 November 1682 in Rome, Italy.
His real name was Claude GΩlΘe, and he is believed to have trained as a pastry cook before moving to Italy in about 1613. Claude is known as one of the greatest masters of landscape painting, and his work influenced J.M.W. Turner, who painted his "Dido Building Carthage" in emulation of him.
Claude's painted "Harbour Scene" (1634), "Seaport" (1638), and "Landscape: The Marriage of Isaac and Rebekah" (1648). He also produced about 30 etchings including "Le Bouvier" which the 19th century English art writer, Philip Hamerton, described as "the finest landscape etching in the world".
$B7
Claude Lorrain
Nationality:
French.
Born:
1600 in Chamagne, France.
Died:
23 November 1682 in Rome, Italy.
His real name was Claude GΩlΘe, and he is believed to have trained as a pastry cook before moving to Italy in about 1613. Claude is known as one of the greatest masters of landscape painting, and his work influenced J.M.W. Turner, who painted his "Dido Building Carthage" in emulation of him.
Claude's painted "Harbour Scene" (1634), "Seaport" (1638), and "Landscape: The Marriage of Isaac and Rebekah" (1648). He also produced about 30 etchings including "Le Bouvier" which the 19th century English art writer, Philip Hamerton, described as "the finest landscape etching in the world".
$B8
Caravaggio
Nationality
Italian.
Born:
28 September 1573 in Caravaggio, Lombardy, Italy.
Died:
18 July 1610 in Porto Ercole, Tuscany, Italy.
His full name was Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. He trained in Milan, and moved to Rome in the 1590s. He introduced "chiaroscuro" (dramatic light-and-dark effects) into his artwork, which influenced many other European artists.
His early works include "The Musicians" painted in about 1592, and the "Fortune Teller" from 1594. He painted the "Calling of Saint Matthew" in about 1600, which was followed by artwork depicting the "Conversion of Saint Paul" and the "Crucifixion of Saint Peter".
In 1606 Caravaggio was charged with murder and he fled from Rome to Naples, where he painted his famous work, the "Flagellation of Christ". He spent most of the rest of his life moving between Naples, Sicily and Malta. He was wounded in 1610 when he was returning to Rome, caught a fever, and died on the beach at Porto Ercole.
$B9
Caravaggio
Nationality
Italian.
Born:
28 September 1573 in Caravaggio, Lombardy, Italy.
Died:
18 July 1610 in Porto Ercole, Tuscany, Italy.
His full name was Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. He trained in Milan, and moved to Rome in the 1590s. He introduced "chiaroscuro" (dramatic light-and-dark effects) into his artwork, which influenced many other European artists.
His early works include "The Musicians" painted in about 1592, and the "Fortune Teller" from 1594. He painted the "Calling of Saint Matthew" in about 1600, which was followed by artwork depicting the "Conversion of Saint Paul" and the "Crucifixion of Saint Peter".
In 1606 Caravaggio was charged with murder and he fled from Rome to Naples, where he painted his famous work, the "Flagellation of Christ". He spent most of the rest of his life moving between Naples, Sicily and Malta. He was wounded in 1610 when he was returning to Rome, caught a fever, and died on the beach at Porto Ercole.
$B10
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Nationality:
Italian.
Born:
1598 in Naples, Italy.
Died:
1680.
Bernini is mainly known for his sculpture, but he was also an accomplished architect, painter, draughtsman, designer, and playwright.
His sculpture "The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa" (1645-1652), made of marble and bronze, is his most famous work.
$C1
Dutch and German Baroque
Summary
** Dutch Baroque **
Frans Hals (c.1580-1666)
Jan van Goyen (1596-1656)
Rembrandt (1606-1669)
Jacob van Ruisdael (c.1628-1682)
Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)
** German Baroque **
Adam Elsheimer (1578-1610)
Johann Liss (1597-1630)
*** Principle Artwork ***
"Married Couple in a Garden"
1622: Frans Hals
"The Laughing Cavalier"
1624: Frans Hals
"The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp"
1632: Rembrandt
"The Night Watch"
1642: Rembrandt
"Maidservant Pouring Milk"
c.1659: Jan Vermeer
"Self-Portrait by Rembrandt"
1669: Rembrandt
Baroque art is typically highly ornate and extravagant. It is usually dynamic in comparison with the relatively passive classical style of the Renaissance.
$C2
Rembrandt
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
15 July 1606 in Leiden, the Netherlands.
Died:
4 October 1669 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn, the son of a prosperous miller, established a reputation as a great portrait painter.
He is commonly regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time, and his works include: "The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp" (1632), "Belshazzar's Feast" (c.1635), "The Three Crosses" (an etching of 1653), "Moses Smashing the Commandments" (1659), and "Self-Portrait by Rembrandt" (1669), which was painted in the last year of his life.
His most famous painting, "The Night Watch", was painted in 1642. Its original title was "The Militia Company of Captain Banning Cocq" but it has been known as "The Night Watch" since the late 18th century. That name is something of a misnomer since the subject is the company "marching out" in daylight, as cleaning in 1946-7 revealed.
Rembrandt's personal financial situation declined over the last few years of his life, and he died a pauper.
$C3
Rembrandt
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
15 July 1606 in Leiden, the Netherlands.
Died:
4 October 1669 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn, the son of a prosperous miller, established a reputation as a great portrait painter.
He is commonly regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time, and his works include: "The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp" (1632), "Belshazzar's Feast" (c.1635), "The Three Crosses" (an etching of 1653), "Moses Smashing the Commandments" (1659), and "Self-Portrait by Rembrandt" (1669), which was painted in the last year of his life.
His most famous painting, "The Night Watch", was painted in 1642. Its original title was "The Militia Company of Captain Banning Cocq" but it has been known as "The Night Watch" since the late 18th century. That name is something of a misnomer since the subject is the company "marching out" in daylight, as cleaning in 1946-7 revealed.
Rembrandt's personal financial situation declined over the last few years of his life, and he died a pauper.
$C4
Rembrandt
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
15 July 1606 in Leiden, the Netherlands.
Died:
4 October 1669 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn, the son of a prosperous miller, established a reputation as a great portrait painter.
He is commonly regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time, and his works include: "The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp" (1632), "Belshazzar's Feast" (c.1635), "The Three Crosses" (an etching of 1653), "Moses Smashing the Commandments" (1659), and "Self-Portrait by Rembrandt" (1669), which was painted in the last year of his life.
His most famous painting, "The Night Watch", was painted in 1642. Its original title was "The Militia Company of Captain Banning Cocq" but it has been known as "The Night Watch" since the late 18th century. That name is something of a misnomer since the subject is the company "marching out" in daylight, as cleaning in 1946-7 revealed.
Rembrandt's personal financial situation declined over the last few years of his life, and he died a pauper.
$C5
Frans Hals
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
c.1582 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
29 August 1666 in Haarlem, the Netherlands.
Hals spent all in his adult life in Haarlem, and his earliest paintings date from about 1610. He was almost exclusively a portraitist, with his most famous painting being "The Laughing Cavalier" from 1624.
His other works include: "Nurse and Child" (c.1620), "Married Couple in a Garden" (1622), and the "Banquet of the Officers of the St Hadrian Civic Guard Company" (c.1627),
His younger brother, Dirck, was also a painter of great repute - known principally for lively interior scenes.
$C6
Frans Hals
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
c.1582 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
29 August 1666 in Haarlem, the Netherlands.
Hals spent all in his adult life in Haarlem, and his earliest paintings date from about 1610. He was almost exclusively a portraitist, with his most famous painting being "The Laughing Cavalier" from 1624.
His other works include: "Nurse and Child" (c.1620), "Married Couple in a Garden" (1622), and the "Banquet of the Officers of the St Hadrian Civic Guard Company" (c.1627),
His younger brother, Dirck, was also a painter of great repute - known principally for lively interior scenes.
$C7
Jan Vermeer
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
1632 in Delft, the Netherlands.
Died:
15 December 1675 in Delft, the Netherlands.
Vermeer was the son of an art dealer. He inherited his father's business and painted for pleasure.
Only 35 of his paintings have survived. This relatively small number is thought to be partly due to his careful, methodical work habits.
Some of his major works are: "Girl Asleep at a Table" (c.1656), "Soldier and Laughing Girl" (1657), "Maidservant Pouring Milk" (c.1659), "View of Delft" (c.1660) "Woman with a Water Jug (1663), and "Girl with a Red Hat" (1667).
$C8
Jan Vermeer
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
1632 in Delft, the Netherlands.
Died:
15 December 1675 in Delft, the Netherlands.
Vermeer was the son of an art dealer. He inherited his father's business and painted for pleasure.
Only 35 of his paintings have survived. This relatively small number is thought to be partly due to his careful, methodical work habits.
Some of his major works are: "Girl Asleep at a Table" (c.1656), "Soldier and Laughing Girl" (1657), "Maidservant Pouring Milk" (c.1659), "View of Delft" (c.1660) "Woman with a Water Jug (1663), and "Girl with a Red Hat" (1667).
$C9
Jan van Goyen
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
1596 in Leiden, the Netherlands.
Died:
1656.
Jan van Goyen is famous for his landscape paintings, such as "View of Dordrecht" (1650) and "View of The Hague" (1651).
$C10
Adam Elsheimer
Nationality:
German.
Born:
1578 in Frankfurt, Germany.
Died:
1610.
Elsheimer based his style on a close study of Tintoretto and other Italian masters. He worked in Venice after 1598 and Rome after 1600, and his pictures show stories from classical literature or the Bible.
$D1
Flemish Art
Summary
Pieter Brueghel (c.1525-1569)
Sir Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678)
Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641)
David Teniers (1610-1690)
*** Principle Artwork ***
"The Tower of Babel"
1563: Jacob Jordaens
"The Peasant Wedding"
1568: Jacob Jordaens
"Raising of the Cross"
1610-1611: Sir Peter Paul Rubens
"Descent from the Cross"
1611-1614: Sir Peter Paul Rubens
"Christ on the Cross"
1620: Sir Peter Paul Rubens
"The Judgement of Paris
c.1635: Sir Peter Paul Rubens
"Charles I in Three Positions"
1637: Sir Anthony van Dyck
"Five Children of Charles I"
1637: Sir Anthony van Dyck
"Flemish Country Fair"
1652: David Teniers
$D2
Sir Peter Paul Rubens
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
28 June 1577 in Siegen, Westphalia (now in Germany).
Died:
30 May 1640 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
A prolific painter, Rubens was also successful as a manager. He ran a thriving workshop that poured out a vast amount of artistic work.
He married twice, first to Isabella Brant in 1609, and later to HΘlΦne Fourment in 1630; and he painted both of these beautiful women. In 1629 he was knighted by King Charles I of England, for whom he produced several paintings and sketches.
Rubens famous artwork includes: the "Raising of the Cross" (1610-1611), the "Descent from the Cross" (1611-1614), "Christ on the Cross" (1620), "The Judgement of Paris (c.1635), and "The Three Graces" (1639).
$D3
Sir Peter Paul Rubens
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
28 June 1577 in Siegen, Westphalia (now in Germany).
Died:
30 May 1640 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
A prolific painter, Rubens was also successful as a manager. He ran a thriving workshop that poured out a vast amount of artistic work.
He married twice, first to Isabella Brant in 1609, and later to HΘlΦne Fourment in 1630; and he painted both of these beautiful women. In 1629 he was knighted by King Charles I of England, for whom he produced several paintings and sketches.
Rubens famous artwork includes: the "Raising of the Cross" (1610-1611), the "Descent from the Cross" (1611-1614), "Christ on the Cross" (1620), "The Judgement of Paris (c.1635), and "The Three Graces" (1639).
$D4
Sir Peter Paul Rubens
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
28 June 1577 in Siegen, Westphalia (now in Germany).
Died:
30 May 1640 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
A prolific painter, Rubens was also successful as a manager. He ran a thriving workshop that poured out a vast amount of artistic work.
He married twice, first to Isabella Brant in 1609, and later to HΘlΦne Fourment in 1630; and he painted both of these beautiful women. In 1629 he was knighted by King Charles I of England, for whom he produced several paintings and sketches.
Rubens famous artwork includes: the "Raising of the Cross" (1610-1611), the "Descent from the Cross" (1611-1614), "Christ on the Cross" (1620), "The Judgement of Paris (c.1635), and "The Three Graces" (1639).
$D5
Sir Anthony van Dyck
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
22 March 1599 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
9 December 1641 in London, England.
Van Dyck worked with Rubens in Antwerp for two years beginning in 1618. In 1624 he was commissioned to paint the "Madonna of the Rosary".
He settled in England in 1632 and was knighted by King Charles I that same year.
His famous artwork includes: "Christ Crowned with Thorns" (c.1620), "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt" (c.1630), "Charles I in Hunting Dress" (1635), "Charles I in Three Positions" (1637), and "Five Children of Charles I" (1637).
$D6
Sir Anthony van Dyck
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
22 March 1599 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
9 December 1641 in London, England.
Van Dyck worked with Rubens in Antwerp for two years beginning in 1618. In 1624 he was commissioned to paint the "Madonna of the Rosary".
He settled in England in 1632 and was knighted by King Charles I that same year.
His famous artwork includes: "Christ Crowned with Thorns" (c.1620), "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt" (c.1630), "Charles I in Hunting Dress" (1635), "Charles I in Three Positions" (1637), and "Five Children of Charles I" (1637).
$D7
Sir Anthony van Dyck
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
22 March 1599 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
9 December 1641 in London, England.
Van Dyck worked with Rubens in Antwerp for two years beginning in 1618. In 1624 he was commissioned to paint the "Madonna of the Rosary".
He settled in England in 1632 and was knighted by King Charles I that same year.
His famous artwork includes: "Christ Crowned with Thorns" (c.1620), "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt" (c.1630), "Charles I in Hunting Dress" (1635), "Charles I in Three Positions" (1637), and "Five Children of Charles I" (1637).
$D8
David Teniers
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
1610 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
1690.
Known as Teniers the Younger, he painted about 700 pictures. He is principally known for his scenes of peasant life, such as "Flemish Country Fair" (1652) and "Smokers in an Inn" (c.
1650).
$D9
Jacob Jordaens
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
1593 in Antwerp, Flanders (now in Belgium).
Died:
1678.
Jordaens was head of Antwerp Art Guild by 1621, and Peter Paul Rubens employed him as an assistant for a time.
"The Triumph of Frederick Henry" (1652) is one of his most famous works. As well as painting, he also designed tapestries.
$D10
Pieter Brueghel (the Elder)
Nationality:
Flemish.
Born:
c.1525 in Brueghel, near Breda, Flanders (now in the Netherlands).
Died:
1569.
Brueghel's pictures are often highly sophisticated moral commentaries. His artwork includes: "The Tower of Babel" (1563), "The Blind Leading the Blind" (1568), "The Peasant Wedding" (1568) and "The Peasant Dance" (1568).
$E1
Rococo Art
Summary
** English Rococo Art **
William Hogarth (1697-1764)
Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)
Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)
** French Rococo Art **
Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)
Franτois Boucher (1703-1770)
Jean-HonorΘ Fragonard (1732-1806)
*** Principle Artwork ***
"The Embarkation for the Island of Cythera"
1717: Antoine Watteau
"A Harlot's Progress"
1731-1732: William Hogarth
"A Rake's Progress"
1735: William Hogarth
"Mr and Mrs Andrews"
1748: Thomas Gainsborough
"Gin Lane"
1751: William Hogarth
"Blue Boy
c.1779: Thomas Gainsborough
"George III and Queen Charlotte"
1781: Thomas Gainsborough
"Tragic Muse"
1784: Sir Joshua Reynolds
"Mrs Richard Brinsley Sheridan"
c.1785: Thomas Gainsborough
"Heads of Angels"
1787: Sir Joshua Reynolds
"Age of Innocence"
1788: Sir Joshua Reynolds
The rococo style of art is characterised by lightness, delicacy, floridity, and elaborate ornamentation.
$E2
Thomas Gainsborough
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1727 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England.
Died:
1788.
One of the foremost landscape and portrait painters, he studied drawing and etching under French engraver Hubert Gravelot and painting under Francis Hayman.
From 1745 to 1760 he lived and worked in Ipswich, then from 1760 to 1774 he lived in Bath where he painted many portraits and landscapes. He was elected as one of the original members of the Royal Academy in 1768.
His famous artwork includes: "Mr and Mrs Andrews" (1748), "Earl Nugent" (1760), "Blue Boy (c.1779), "George III and Queen Charlotte" (1781), and "Mrs Richard Brinsley Sheridan" (c.1785).
$E3
Thomas Gainsborough
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1727 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England.
Died:
1788.
One of the foremost landscape and portrait painters, he studied drawing and etching under French engraver Hubert Gravelot and painting under Francis Hayman.
From 1745 to 1760 he lived and worked in Ipswich, then from 1760 to 1774 he lived in Bath where he painted many portraits and landscapes. He was elected as one of the original members of the Royal Academy in 1768.
His famous artwork includes: "Mr and Mrs Andrews" (1748), "Earl Nugent" (1760), "Blue Boy (c.1779), "George III and Queen Charlotte" (1781), and "Mrs Richard Brinsley Sheridan" (c.1785).
$E4
Thomas Gainsborough
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1727 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England.
Died:
1788.
One of the foremost landscape and portrait painters, he studied drawing and etching under French engraver Hubert Gravelot and painting under Francis Hayman.
From 1745 to 1760 he lived and worked in Ipswich, then from 1760 to 1774 he lived in Bath where he painted many portraits and landscapes. He was elected as one of the original members of the Royal Academy in 1768.
His famous artwork includes: "Mr and Mrs Andrews" (1748), "Earl Nugent" (1760), "Blue Boy (c.1779), "George III and Queen Charlotte" (1781), and "Mrs Richard Brinsley Sheridan" (c.1785).
$E5
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1723 in Plympton Earls near Plymouth, Devon, England.
Died:
1792.
Reynolds, the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster, is credited with painting more than 2000 portraits. He was sent to study art in London in 1740, and settled in Plymouth Dock, now Davenport, in 1747. In Rome from 1749 to 1752 he studied Raphael and Michelangelo. Then he established himself in London and was at the height of his fame by 1760. In 1789 he ceased to paint after his sight became impaired.
His famous artwork includes: "Nelly O'Brien" (1760-1762), the "Tragic Muse" (1784), "Heads of Angels" (1787), "Age of Innocence" (1788), "The Strawberry Girl", and "Simplicity".
$E6
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1723 in Plympton Earls near Plymouth, Devon, England.
Died:
1792.
Reynolds, the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster, is credited with painting more than 2000 portraits. He was sent to study art in London in 1740, and settled in Plymouth Dock, now Davenport, in 1747. In Rome from 1749 to 1752 he studied Raphael and Michelangelo. Then he established himself in London and was at the height of his fame by 1760. In 1789 he ceased to paint after his sight became impaired.
His famous artwork includes: "Nelly O'Brien" (1760-1762), the "Tragic Muse" (1784), "Heads of Angels" (1787), "Age of Innocence" (1788), "The Strawberry Girl", and "Simplicity".
$E7
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Nationality:
English.
Born:
1723 in Plympton Earls near Plymouth, Devon, England.
Died:
1792.
Reynolds, the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster, is credited with painting more than 2000 portraits. He was sent to study art in London in 1740, and settled in Plymouth Dock, now Davenport, in 1747. In Rome from 1749 to 1752 he studied Raphael and Michelangelo. Then he established himself in London and was at the height of his fame by 1760. In 1789 he ceased to paint after his sight became impaired.
His famous artwork includes: "Nelly O'Brien" (1760-1762), the "Tragic Muse" (1784), "Heads of Angels" (1787), "Age of Innocence" (1788), "The Strawberry Girl", and "Simplicity".
$E8
William Hogarth
Nationality:
English.
Born:
10 November 1697 in Smithfield, London, England.
Died:
26 October 1764 in Chiswick, London, England.
Hogarth's paintings and engravings were often satirical. He painted "A Harlot's Progress" (1731-1732), which was destroyed by fire in 1755, and "A Rake's Progress" (1735).
His other works include: "The Good Samaritan" (1735), "The Pool of Bethesda" (1735), "Gin Lane" (1751), and "Beer Street" (1751).
$E9
Antoine Watteau
Nationality:
French.
Born:
10 October 1684 in Valenciennes, France.
Died:
18 July 1721 in Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
Watteau's famous artwork includes: "Harlequin and Columbine" (1715), "The Embarkation for the Island of Cythera" (1717), and "The Italian Comedians" (1720).
$E10
Jean-HonorΘ Fragonard
Nationality:
French.
Born:
5 April 1732 in Grasse, France.
Died:
22 August 1806 in Paris, France.
Fragonard's artwork includes: "The Bathers" (c.1760), "The Study" (1769), "The Pursuit" (1771-1773), and "The Lover Crowned" (1771-1773).
$F1
Romanticism
Summary
** English Romantic Art **
William Blake (1757-1827)
J.M.W. Turner (1775-1831)
John Constable (1776-1837)
** French Romantic Art **
Baron Jean-Antoine Gros (1771-1835)
EugΦne Delacroix (1798-1863)
** German Romantic Art **
Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840)
*** Principle Artwork ***
"The Ancient of Days"
1794: William Blake
"Glad Day"
c.1795: William Blake
"The Cross in the Mountains"
c.1807: Caspar David Friedrich
"Boatbuilding"
1815: John Constable
"The Hay Wain"
1821: John Constable
"The Leaping Horse"
1825: John Constable
"The Cornfield"
1826: John Constable
"The Body of Abel Found by Adam and Eve"
c.1826: William Blake
"Liberty Leading the People"
1830: EugΦne Delacroix
"The Stages of Life"
1835: Caspar David Friedrich
"The Fighting Temeraire"
1838: J.M.W. Turner
"Snow Storm: Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth"
1842: J.M.W. Turner
"Rain, Steam and Speed"
1844: J.M.W. Turner
$F2
John Constable
Nationality:
English.
Born:
11 June 1776 in East Bergholt, Suffolk, England.
Died:
31 March 1837 in Hampstead, London, England.
In 1799 Constable, who is often described as the greatest painter of the English landscape, entered the Royal Academy school, and he exhibited his first landscapes in 1802. He was elected a full member of the Royal Academy at the age of 52, just eight years before his death.
His most famous work is the "Hay Wain", painted in 1821, which shows a hay wain (wagon) in a shallow fording place on the River Stour between Flatford Mill and Willie Lott's cottage
"Boatbuilding" (1815), "Wivenhoe Park, Essex" (1816), "Flatford Mill" (1817), "The Leaping Horse" (1825), "The Cornfield" (1826), and "Valley Farm" (1835) are amongst his other notable works of art.
$F3
John Constable
Nationality:
English.
Born:
11 June 1776 in East Bergholt, Suffolk, England.
Died:
31 March 1837 in Hampstead, London, England.
In 1799 Constable, who is often described as the greatest painter of the English landscape, entered the Royal Academy school, and he exhibited his first landscapes in 1802. He was elected a full member of the Royal Academy at the age of 52, just eight years before his death.
His most famous work is the "Hay Wain", painted in 1821, which shows a hay wain (wagon) in a shallow fording place on the River Stour between Flatford Mill and Willie Lott's cottage
"Boatbuilding" (1815), "Wivenhoe Park, Essex" (1816), "Flatford Mill" (1817), "The Leaping Horse" (1825), "The Cornfield" (1826), and "Valley Farm" (1835) are amongst his other notable works of art.
$F4
John Constable
Nationality:
English.
Born:
11 June 1776 in East Bergholt, Suffolk, England.
Died:
31 March 1837 in Hampstead, London, England.
In 1799 Constable, who is often described as the greatest painter of the English landscape, entered the Royal Academy school, and he exhibited his first landscapes in 1802. He was elected a full member of the Royal Academy at the age of 52, just eight years before his death.
His most famous work is the "Hay Wain", painted in 1821, which shows a hay wain (wagon) in a shallow fording place on the River Stour between Flatford Mill and Willie Lott's cottage
"Boatbuilding" (1815), "Wivenhoe Park, Essex" (1816), "Flatford Mill" (1817), "The Leaping Horse" (1825), "The Cornfield" (1826), and "Valley Farm" (1835) are amongst his other notable works of art.
$F5
J.M.W. Turner
Nationality:
English.
Born:
23 April 1775 in Covent Garden, London, England.
Died:
19 December 1851 in Chelsea, London, England.
Aged 15, Joseph Mallord William Turner exhibited his first work at the Royal Academy in 1790. He was elected an associate member of the Royal Academy in 1799, and was made professor of perspective at the Royal Academy in 1807.
He reached his artistic peak during his third period (from 1835 to 1845), and one of Turner's most famous works is "The Fighting Temeraire" painted in 1838, which depicts the warship "Temeraire", which had fought heroically in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
His other work includes: "Calais Pier: an English Packet Arriving" (1803), "Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps" (1812), "Venice, from the Canale della Giudecca" (1840), "The Slave Ship" (1840), "Snow Storm: Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth" (1842), "Peace - Burial at Sea" (1842), and "Rain, Steam and Speed" (1844) - a picture of an early steam train on the Great Western Railway.
$F6
J.M.W. Turner
Nationality:
English.
Born:
23 April 1775 in Covent Garden, London, England.
Died:
19 December 1851 in Chelsea, London, England.
Aged 15, Joseph Mallord William Turner exhibited his first work at the Royal Academy in 1790. He was elected an associate member of the Royal Academy in 1799, and was made professor of perspective at the Royal Academy in 1807.
He reached his artistic peak during his third period (from 1835 to 1845), and one of Turner's most famous works is "The Fighting Temeraire" painted in 1838, which depicts the warship "Temeraire", which had fought heroically in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
His other work includes: "Calais Pier: an English Packet Arriving" (1803), "Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps" (1812), "Venice, from the Canale della Giudecca" (1840), "The Slave Ship" (1840), "Snow Storm: Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth" (1842), "Peace - Burial at Sea" (1842), and "Rain, Steam and Speed" (1844) - a picture of an early steam train on the Great Western Railway.
$F7
J.M.W. Turner
Nationality:
English.
Born:
23 April 1775 in Covent Garden, London, England.
Died:
19 December 1851 in Chelsea, London, England.
Aged 15, Joseph Mallord William Turner exhibited his first work at the Royal Academy in 1790. He was elected an associate member of the Royal Academy in 1799, and was made professor of perspective at the Royal Academy in 1807.
He reached his artistic peak during his third period (from 1835 to 1845), and one of Turner's most famous works is "The Fighting Temeraire" painted in 1838, which depicts the warship "Temeraire", which had fought heroically in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
His other work includes: "Calais Pier: an English Packet Arriving" (1803), "Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps" (1812), "Venice, from the Canale della Giudecca" (1840), "The Slave Ship" (1840), "Snow Storm: Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth" (1842), "Peace - Burial at Sea" (1842), and "Rain, Steam and Speed" (1844) - a picture of an early steam train on the Great Western Railway.
$F8
William Blake
Nationality:
English.
Born:
28 November 1757 in London, England.
Died:
12 August 1827 in London, England.
Blake was a brilliant poet as well as being a great painter and engraver. During his lifetime his genius was appreciated by only a small number of admirers, and he spent much of his life in poverty.
His famous artwork includes "The Ancient of Days" (1794), "Glad Day" (c.1795), and "The Body of Abel Found by Adam and Eve" (c.1826).
$F9
EugΦne Delacroix
Nationality:
French.
Born:
26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint Maurice, France.
Died:
13 August 1863 in Paris, France.
Delacroix's most famous work is probably "Liberty Leading the People" (1830). His other works include "The Massacre at Chios" (1824) and "The Execution of Faliero".
$F10
Caspar David Friedrich
Nationality:
German.
Born:
5 September 1774 in Greifswald, Pomerania (now in Germany).
Died:
7 May 1840 in Dresden, Prussia (now in Germany).
Friedrich's most famous artwork includes "The Cross in the Mountains" (c.1807), "Abbey in the Oakwoods" (1810), "Shipwreck in the Ice" (1822), and "The Stages of Life" (1835).
$G1
Impressionism
Summary
** Development **
Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)Spanish
╔douard Manet (1832-1883) French
** Impressionist Art **
Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)French
James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903) American
Edgar Degas (1834-1917) French
Alfred Sisley (1839-1899) French
Claude Monet (1840-1926) French
Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) French
Mary Cassatt (1844-1926) American
*** Principle Artwork ***
"Third of May, 1808"
1814: Francisco de Goya
"Le dΘjeuner sur l'herbe"
1863: ╔douard Manet
"Olympia"
1863: ╔douard Manet
"Impression: Sunrise"
1872: Claude Monet
"Wild Poppies"
1873: Claude Monet
"The Dancing Class"
c.1873-1875: Edgar Degas
"The Bridge at Argenteuil"
1874: Claude Monet
"Boating"
1874: ╔douard Manet
"The Luncheon of the Boating Party"
1881: Pierre Auguste Renoir
"A Bar at the Folies-BergΦre"
1882: ╔douard Manet
"The Bathers"
1884-1887: Pierre Auguste Renoir
"Haystacks, End of Summer, Morning Effect"
1891: Claude Monet
"Boulevard Montmartre"
1897: Camille Pissarro
"Waterlillies"
1916-1926: Claude Monet
$G2
╔douard Manet
Nationality:
French.
Born:
23 January 1832 in Paris, France.
Died:
30 April 1883 in Paris, France.
After serving in the navy for two years, in 1850 Manet enrolled at the Paris studio of the respected painter Thomas Couture.
Manet's artwork, some of which caused great controversy, includes "Le dΘjeuner sur l'herbe" (Luncheon on the Grass) (1863), "Olympia" (1863), "Boating" (1874), and "A Bar at the Folies-BergΦre" (1882).
$G3
╔douard Manet
Nationality:
French.
Born:
23 January 1832 in Paris, France.
Died:
30 April 1883 in Paris, France.
After serving in the navy for two years, in 1850 Manet enrolled at the Paris studio of the respected painter Thomas Couture.
Manet's artwork, some of which caused great controversy, includes "Le dΘjeuner sur l'herbe" (Luncheon on the Grass) (1863), "Olympia" (1863), "Boating" (1874), and "A Bar at the Folies-BergΦre" (1882).
$G4
Claude Monet
Nationality:
French.
Born:
14 November 1840 in Paris, France.
Died:
5 December 1926 in Giverny, France.
Monet's painting called "Impression: Sunrise" (1872), a view of the harbour at Le Havre, gave Impressionism its name.
His other works include "Wild Poppies" (1873), "The Bridge at Argenteuil" (1874), "Gare Saint-Lazare" (1877), "Haystacks, End of Summer, Morning Effect" (1891), "Poplars" (1891), "Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight" (1894), and "Waterlillies" (1916-1926). He painted the waterlily pond at the bottom of his garden many times during the last 20 years of his life.
$G5
Claude Monet
Nationality:
French.
Born:
14 November 1840 in Paris, France.
Died:
5 December 1926 in Giverny, France.
Monet's painting called "Impression: Sunrise" (1872), a view of the harbour at Le Havre, gave Impressionism its name.
His other works include "Wild Poppies" (1873), "The Bridge at Argenteuil" (1874), "Gare Saint-Lazare" (1877), "Haystacks, End of Summer, Morning Effect" (1891), "Poplars" (1891), "Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight" (1894), and "Waterlillies" (1916-1926). He painted the waterlily pond at the bottom of his garden many times during the last 20 years of his life.
$G6
Francisco de Goya
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
30 March 1746 in Fuendetodos, Spain.
Died:
16 April 1828 in Bordeaux, France.
In 1814 Goya painted two large works commemorating the uprising in 1808 of the citizens of Madrid against the occupying French army. The "Second of May, 1808" depicts street fighting. The more well-known "Third of May, 1808" shows the brutal reprisals taken by the French the following day.
His other artwork includes "The Naked Maja" (c.1800) and "The Clothed Maja" (c.1800), "The Colossus" (c.1808-1812), and "Saturn Devouring One of His Sons" (1820-1823).
$G7
Pierre Auguste Renoir
Nationality:
French.
Born:
25 February 1841 in Limoges, France.
Died:
3 December 1919 in Cagnes, France.
Renoir's artwork includes "Madame Charpentier and Her Children" (1878), "The Luncheon of the Boating Party" (1881), "The Bathers" (1884-1887), and "After the Bath" (c.1888).
$G8
Edgar Degas
Nationality:
French.
Born:
19 July 1834 in Paris, France.
Died:
27 September 1917 in Paris, France.
Degas is most well known for his ballet pictures such as "The Dancing Class" (c.1873-1875), "Two Dancers on Stage" (1874) and "Fin d'arabesque" (1877).
$G9
Camille Pissarro
Nationality:
French.
Born:
10 July 1830 in Saint Thomas, Danish West Indies.
Died:
13 November 1903 in Paris, France.
Pissarro, who moved to Paris in 1855, is best known for his famous painting of the "Paris: the Boulevard Montmartre at Night" (1897). He also painted "Vegetable Garden at the Hermitage, Pontoise" (1879), "Place de la Rpublique, Rouen" (1886), and "Bather in the Woods" (1895).
$G10
Mary Cassatt
Nationality:
American.
Born:
22 May 1844 in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, USA.
Died:
14 June 1926 in ChΓteau de Beaufresne, near Paris, France.
Mary Cassatt worked mainly in France, where she was a close friend of Edgar Degas. Her artwork includes "Girl Arranging Her Hair" (1886) and "Mother and Child".
$H1
Postimpressionism
Summary
Paul CΘzanne (1839-1906) French
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) French
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Dutch
Georges Seurat (1859-1891) French
Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) Austrian
Paul Signac (1863-1935) French
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) French
*** Principle Artwork ***
"The Man with a Straw Hat"
1870-1871: Paul CΘzanne
"Bathing at AsniΦres"
1883-1884: Georges Seurat
"La Grande Jatte"
1884-1886: Georges Seurat
"The Potato Eaters"
1885: Vincent van Gogh
"The Card Players"
c.1885-1890: Paul CΘzanne
"The Chair and the Pipe"
1888: Vincent van Gogh
"Sunflowers"
1888: Vincent van Gogh
"The Starry Night"
1889: Vincent van Gogh
"Irises"
1889: Vincent van Gogh
"Yellow Christ"
1889: Paul Gauguin
"Doctor Gachet"
1890: Vincent van Gogh
"Wheat Fields under Clouded Skies"
1890: Vincent van Gogh
"Le Cirque"
1891: Georges Seurat
"Spirit of the Deadwatching"
1892: Paul Gauguin
"La Goulou Entering the Moulin Rouge"
1892: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
"Monsieur Boileau at the CafΘ"
1892: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
"The Large Bathers"
c.1899-1906: Paul CΘzanne
"The Kiss"
1907-1908: Gustav Klimt
$H2
Vincent van Gogh
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, the Netherlands.
Died:
29 July 1890 in Auvers-sur-Oise, near Paris, France.
Van Gogh was the son of a Dutch Protestant pastor. He painted for only about ten years, during which time he was often scorned or ignored; only one of his paintings was sold during his lifetime.
After a quarrel with the painter Paul Gauguin in 1989, Van Gogh cut off part of one of his own ears and presented it to a prostitute telling her to keep it carefully. He was subsequently placed in an asylum at St. RΘmy for about a year where, in between repeated spells of madness, he painted pictures of the grounds.
In 1890 Van Gogh discharged himself and he moved to Auvers-sur-Oise. On 27 July 1890 he shot himself at the scene of his ominous "Wheat Fields under Threatening Skies with Crows" (1890), which is thought to be his last painting. He died two days later.
He painted ten versions of "Sunflowers" (1888), one of which was sold at auction in 1987 for almost ú25 million. His other famous works include "The Potato Eaters" (1885), "Vincent's Bedroom" (1888), "The Bridge" (1888), "The Chair and the Pipe" (1888),"The Starry Night" (1889), "Irises" (1889), "Doctor Gachet" (1890), "Wheat Fields under Clouded Skies" (1890), and several self-portraits.
$H3
Vincent van Gogh
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, the Netherlands.
Died:
29 July 1890 in Auvers-sur-Oise, near Paris, France.
Van Gogh was the son of a Dutch Protestant pastor. He painted for only about ten years, during which time he was often scorned or ignored; only one of his paintings was sold during his lifetime.
After a quarrel with the painter Paul Gauguin in 1989, Van Gogh cut off part of one of his own ears and presented it to a prostitute telling her to keep it carefully. He was subsequently placed in an asylum at St. RΘmy for about a year where, in between repeated spells of madness, he painted pictures of the grounds.
In 1890 Van Gogh discharged himself and he moved to Auvers-sur-Oise. On 27 July 1890 he shot himself at the scene of his ominous "Wheat Fields under Threatening Skies with Crows" (1890), which is thought to be his last painting. He died two days later.
He painted ten versions of "Sunflowers" (1888), one of which was sold at auction in 1987 for almost ú25 million. His other famous works include "The Potato Eaters" (1885), "Vincent's Bedroom" (1888), "The Bridge" (1888), "The Chair and the Pipe" (1888),"The Starry Night" (1889), "Irises" (1889), "Doctor Gachet" (1890), "Wheat Fields under Clouded Skies" (1890), and several self-portraits.
$H4
Paul Gaugin
Nationality:
French.
Born:
7 June 1848 in Paris, France.
Died:
9 May 1903 in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia.
After exhibiting with the impressionists in the 1880s, Gauguin gradually evolved his own style, which he called synthesism. He was inspired by primitive art, medieval stained glass, and Japanese prints.
He mainly lived in Tahiti from 1891 to 1901, then moving to the Marquesas Islands for the remainder of his life.
His artwork includes: "Yellow Christ" (1889), "On the Beach" (1891), "Spirit of the Deadwatching" (1892), and "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?" (1897), which he painted shortly before an unsuccessful arsenic suicide attempt in January 1898.
$H5
Paul Gaugin
Nationality:
French.
Born:
7 June 1848 in Paris, France.
Died:
9 May 1903 in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia.
After exhibiting with the impressionists in the 1880s, Gauguin gradually evolved his own style, which he called synthesism. He was inspired by primitive art, medieval stained glass, and Japanese prints.
He mainly lived in Tahiti from 1891 to 1901, then moving to the Marquesas Islands for the remainder of his life.
His artwork includes: "Yellow Christ" (1889), "On the Beach" (1891), "Spirit of the Deadwatching" (1892), and "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?" (1897), which he painted shortly before an unsuccessful arsenic suicide attempt in January 1898.
$H6
Paul CΘzanne
Nationality:
French.
Born:
19 January 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France.
Died:
22 October 1906 in Aix-en-Provence, France.
CΘzanne was the son of a wealthy banker. He was a close friend of ╔mile Zola, and worked for a time with Camille Pissarro.
His artwork includes: "The Man with a Straw Hat" (1870-1871), "The Card Players" (c.1885-1890) "Aix: Paysage rocheux (c.1887), "Peaches and Pears" (1888), "La Vielle au chapelet" (c.1897-1898), "The Large Bathers" (c.1899-1906), and "Le Jardiner" (c.1906).
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Paul CΘzanne
Nationality:
French.
Born:
19 January 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France.
Died:
22 October 1906 in Aix-en-Provence, France.
CΘzanne was the son of a wealthy banker. He was a close friend of ╔mile Zola, and worked for a time with Camille Pissarro.
His artwork includes: "The Man with a Straw Hat" (1870-1871), "The Card Players" (c.1885-1890) "Aix: Paysage rocheux (c.1887), "Peaches and Pears" (1888), "La Vielle au chapelet" (c.1897-1898), "The Large Bathers" (c.1899-1906), and "Le Jardiner" (c.1906).
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Nationality:
French.
Born:
24 November 1864 in Albi, France.
Died:
9 September 1901 in MalromΘ, France.
At the age of 14 Toulouse-Lautrec broke both legs, which then ceased to grow due to a congenital calcium deficiency. In 1884 he settled in the Montmartre district of Paris, and began to paint the cabaret stars, barmaids, clowns and actors which he saw in the area.
His artwork includes "La Goulou Entering the Moulin Rouge" (1892), "Jane Avril Entering the Moulin Rouge" (1892), "Monsieur Boileau at the CafΘ" (1892), "Divan Japonais" (1893) and "The Bar" (1898).
$H9
Georges Seurat
Nationality:
French.
Born:
2 December 1859 in Paris, France.
Died:
29 March 1891 in Paris, France.
Seurat is best known for his technique of painting in tiny dots of colour - known as "pointillism". His artwork includes "Bathing at AsniΦres" (1883-1884), "La Grande Jatte" (1884-1886), "Les Poseuses" (1887-1888), and "Le Cirque" ("The Circus") (1891).
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Gustav Klimt
Nationality:
Austrian.
Born:
14 July 1862 in Vienna, Austria.
Died:
6 February 1918 in Vienna, Austria.
Klimt is famous for his elaborately patterned, richly decorative treatment of the background or clothing in his paintings. His most famous work is the "The Kiss" (1907-1908), with his other major works including "Frau Fritza Riedler" (1906) and "Danaδ" (1907-1908).
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Fauvism, Expressionism and Cubism
Summary
** Fauvism **
Henri Matisse 1869-1954 French
** Expressionism **
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) French
Edvard Munch (1863-1944) Norwegian
Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Russian
Paul Klee (1879-1940) Swiss
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) German
** Cubism **
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Spanish
Georges Braque (1882-1963) French
Juan Gris (1887-1927) Spanish
*** Principle Artwork ***
"The Scream"
1893: Edvard Munch
"Puberty"
1895: Edvard Munch
"The Kiss"
1898: Auguste Rodin
"The Thinker"
1904: Auguste Rodin
"Woman with the Hat"
1905: Henri Matisse
"Green Stripe"
1905: Henri Matisse
"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon"
1907: Pablo Picasso
"Nude"
1907-1908: Georges Braque
"Landscape at L'Estaque"
1908: Georges Braque
"Still-life with Herrings"
c.1909-1911: Georges Braque
"Girl with Mandoline"
1910: Pablo Picasso
"Ambroise Vollard"
1910: Pablo Picasso
"Women Running on the Beach"
1922: Pablo Picasso
"Three Dancers"
1925: Pablo Picasso
"Guernica"
1937: Pablo Picasso
"Portrait of Dora Maar"
1937: Pablo Picasso
"Ma∩a with a Doll"
1938: Pablo Picasso
"Night Fishing at Antibes"
1939: Pablo Picasso
"Portrait of Jacqueline in Turkish Dress"
1955: Pablo Picasso
"The Goat"
1950: Pablo Picasso
"Baboon with Young"
1951: Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Picasso
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
25 October 1881 in Mßlaga, Spain.
Died:
8 April 1973 near Mougins, France.
Often considered to be the greatest artist of the 20th century, Picasso produced paintings, sculptures, collages and engravings. Together with Georges Braque, he developed the style known as cubism.
In 1901 Picasso set up a studio in the Montmartre area of Paris, and his blue period (1901-1904) includes artwork such as "The Blue Room" (1901) and "La Vie" (1903).
During his rose period (1904-1906) he painted actors, harlequins and acrobats. "The Actor" (1904) and "Family of Saltimbanques" (1905) being two examples.
In 1907 Picasso painted the epoch-making "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", considered by some to be the first full-blown exemplar of analytical cubism. Regarding the distinctive sideways nose which he used in the painting Picasso said: "I did that on purpose. I did it that way sopeople will be forced to see a nose."
In 1937 he painted "Guernica", a large painting measuring over 11 feet by 25 feet, which expressed his horror at the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica on 26 April 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.
His other major artwork includes "Seated Nude" (1909-1910), "Girl with Mandoline" (1910), "Ambroise Vollard" (1910), "Women Running on the Beach" (1922), "Three Dancers" (1925), "Crucifixion" (1930), "Portrait of Dora Maar" (1937), "Ma∩a with a Doll" (1938), "Night Fishing at Antibes" (1939), "Portrait of Jacqueline in Turkish Dress" (1955), and the sculptures "Man with Sheep" (1943), "The Goat" (1950), "Baboon with Young" (1951), and "The Bathers" (1956).
$I3
Pablo Picasso
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
25 October 1881 in Mßlaga, Spain.
Died:
8 April 1973 near Mougins, France.
Often considered to be the greatest artist of the 20th century, Picasso produced paintings, sculptures, collages and engravings. Together with Georges Braque, he developed the style known as cubism.
In 1901 Picasso set up a studio in the Montmartre area of Paris, and his blue period (1901-1904) includes artwork such as "The Blue Room" (1901) and "La Vie" (1903).
During his rose period (1904-1906) he painted actors, harlequins and acrobats. "The Actor" (1904) and "Family of Saltimbanques" (1905) being two examples.
In 1907 Picasso painted the epoch-making "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", considered by some to be the first full-blown exemplar of analytical cubism. Regarding the distinctive sideways nose which he used in the painting Picasso said: "I did that on purpose. I did it that way sopeople will be forced to see a nose."
In 1937 he painted "Guernica", a large painting measuring over 11 feet by 25 feet, which expressed his horror at the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica on 26 April 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.
His other major artwork includes "Seated Nude" (1909-1910), "Girl with Mandoline" (1910), "Ambroise Vollard" (1910), "Women Running on the Beach" (1922), "Three Dancers" (1925), "Crucifixion" (1930), "Portrait of Dora Maar" (1937), "Ma∩a with a Doll" (1938), "Night Fishing at Antibes" (1939), "Portrait of Jacqueline in Turkish Dress" (1955), and the sculptures "Man with Sheep" (1943), "The Goat" (1950), "Baboon with Young" (1951), and "The Bathers" (1956).
$I4
Henri Matisse
Nationality:
French.
Born:
31 December 1869 in Le Cateau-CambrΘsis, France.
Died:
3 November 1954 in Nice, France.
Matisse's painted the celebrated "Woman with the Hat" (1905) and "Green Stripe" (1905), and he exhibited his paintings along with works from other artists including AndrΘ Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Raoul Dufy. This group was irreverently dubbed "les fauves" (meaning "wild beasts") by the critics because of their use of strong, vivid colours and distorted shapes.
Matisse's other works include "Luxury I" (1907) and "Nude with a Tambourine" (1926).
$I5
Henri Matisse
Nationality:
French.
Born:
31 December 1869 in Le Cateau-CambrΘsis, France.
Died:
3 November 1954 in Nice, France.
Matisse's painted the celebrated "Woman with the Hat" (1905) and "Green Stripe" (1905), and he exhibited his paintings along with works from other artists including AndrΘ Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Raoul Dufy. This group was irreverently dubbed "les fauves" (meaning "wild beasts") by the critics because of their use of strong, vivid colours and distorted shapes.
Matisse's other works include "Luxury I" (1907) and "Nude with a Tambourine" (1926).
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Edvard Munch
Nationality:
Norwegian.
Born:
12 December 1863 in Lóten, Norway.
Died:
23 January 1944 in Oslo, Norway.
Munch's most famous artwork is "The Scream" painted in 1893. His other works include "The Sick Child" (1881-1886), "Death and the Maiden" (1893), "Puberty" (1895), "Madonna" (1895-1902), and "Between Clock and Bed" (1940).
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Wassily Kandinsky
Nationality:
Russian.
Born:
4 December 1866 in Moscow, Russia.
Died:
13 December 1944 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
Kandinsky was one of the first explorers of abstract art. His early paintings were in a naturalistic style, but a watercolour which he produced in 1910 could be considered to be "abstract", and his 1920s works were the first to contain no representational elements whatsoever.
His artwork includes "On the Outskirts of the City" (1908), "Improvisation 28" (1912), "Large Study" (1914), "Composition VIII No. 260" (1923), and "Circles and Squares" (1943).
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Georges Braque
Nationality:
French.
Born:
13 May 1882 in Argenteuil-sur-Seine, near Paris, France.
Died:
31 August 1963 in Paris, France.
Braque is known as one of the founders of cubism and was a close friend of Pablo Picasso from 1908 to 1914. Braque's work of 1908 was the first to be called cubist.
His artwork includes "Nude" (1907-1908), "Landscape at L'Estaque" (1908), "Still-life with Violin and Pitcher" (1909-1910), and "Still-life with Herrings" (c.1909-1911).
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Auguste Rodin
Nationality:
French.
Born:
12 November 1840 in Paris, France.
Died:
17 November 1917 at Meudon, near Paris, France.
Regarded as the foremost sculptor of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Rodin is most well-known for his bronze sculpture "The Thinker" (1904). His other works include "Balzac" (1892-1897) and "The Kiss" (1898).
$I10
Juan Gris
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
23 March 1887 in Madrid, Spain.
Died:
11 May 1927 in Boulogne-sur-Seine, France.
Gris moved to Paris in 1906 where he associated with Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Henri Matisse. His first cubist paintings were exhibited in 1912.
His works include "Sunblind" (1914), "Still-life with Fruit and Bottle of Water" (1914), "The
Chessboard" (1917) and "Still-life with Dice" (1922).
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Modern Art
Summary
** Neoplasticism **
Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) Dutch
** Dada **
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) French
** Surrealism **
Max Ernst (1891-1976) French
Salvador Dali (1904-1989) Spanish
** Abstract Expressionism **
Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) American
** Pop Art **
Roy Lichtenstein (1923- ) American
Andy Warhol (1926-1987) American
Claes Oldenburg (1929- ) American
David Hockney (1937- ) English
*** Principle Artwork ***
"Sad Young Man in a Train"
1911: Marcel Duchamp
"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2"
1912: Marcel Duchamp
"The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even"
1915-1923: Marcel Duchamp
"Celebes"
1921: Max Ernst
"The Persistence of Memory"
1931: Salvador Dali
"Giraffe in Flames"
1935: Salvador Dali
"Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue"
1937-1942: Piet Mondrian
"The Robing of the Bride"
1939-1940: Max Ernst
"Broadway Boogie Woogie"
1942-1943: Piet Mondrian
"The She-Wolf"
1943: Jackson Pollock
"One"
1950: Jackson Pollock
"Marilyn Diptych"
1962: Andy Warhol
"Green Coca-Cola Bottles"
1962: Andy Warhol
"Whaam!"
1963: Roy Lichtenstein
"Campbell's Soup Cans"
1965: Andy Warhol
"A Bigger Splash"
1967: David Hockney
"California Seascape"
1968: David Hockney
"Large Interior, Los Angeles"
1988: David Hockney
$J2
Andy Warhol
Nationality:
American.
Born:
6 August 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Died:
22 February 1987 in New York City, USA.
Originally named Andrew Warhola and born of Czech parents, he was an artist and filmmaker, and considered to be a leader of the pop art movement.
His innovative works include "Marilyn Diptych" (1962), "Green Coca-Cola Bottles" (1962), "Campbell's Soup Cans" (1965), and the films "Sleep" (1963), "The Chelsea Girls" (1966), "Flesh" (1968), "Lonesome Cowboys" (1969), "Trash" (1970), "Frankenstein" (1973) and "Dracula" (1974).
$J3
Andy Warhol
Nationality:
American.
Born:
6 August 1928? in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Died:
22 February 1987 in New York City, USA.
Originally named Andrew Warhola and born of Czech parents, he was an artist and filmmaker, and considered to be a leader of the pop art movement.
His innovative works include "Marilyn Diptych" (1962), "Green Coca-Cola Bottles" (1962), "Campbell's Soup Cans" (1965), and the films "Sleep" (1963), "The Chelsea Girls" (1966), "Flesh" (1968), "Lonesome Cowboys" (1969), "Trash" (1970), "Frankenstein" (1973) and "Dracula" (1974).
$J4
Salvador Dali
Nationality:
Spanish.
Born:
11 May 1904 in Figueras, Catalonia, Spain.
Died:
23 January 1989 in Figueras, Catalonia, Spain.
Dali's most famous painting is probably "The Persistence of Memory" (1931) which features limp, melting watches in an eerily calm landscape. His other works include "The Dismal Sport" (1929), "Giraffe in Flames" (1935), "Impressions of Africa" (1938), "Crucifixion" (1954), and "The Sacrament of the Last Supper" (1955).
He also published several books, including "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali" (1942), the surrealist novel "Hidden Faces" (1944) and "Diary of a Genius" (1965).
He collaborated with Luis Buñuel in producing the surreal films "Le Chien Andalou" (1928) and "L'Age d'Or" (1930).
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David Hockney
Nationality:
English.
Born:
9 July 1937 in Bradford, Yorkshire, England.
A painter, draughtsman, photographer and set designer, Hockney's major works include "Tea Painting in an Illusionistic Style" (1962), "A Bigger Splash" (1967), "California Seascape" (1968), "David Hockney photographs" (1982), "Henry Moore" (1982) and "Large Interior, Los Angeles" (1988).
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Piet Mondrian
Nationality:
Dutch.
Born:
7 March 1872 in Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
Died:
1 February 1944 in New York City, USA.
Mondrian began by painting landscape in a traditional manner. After moving to Paris in 1911 he moved through a cubist-influenced style into an abstract style involving radical simplification of colour and composition.
His works include "Oval Composition" (1913-1914), "Composition in Colour A" (1917), "Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue" (1937-1942), and "Broadway Boogie Woogie" (1942-1943).
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Marcel Duchamp
Nationality:
French.
Born:
28 July 1887 in Blainville, France.
Died:
1 October 1968 in Paris, France.
Duchamp's works were often innovative and sometimes shocked. His major artwork includes "Sad Young Man in a Train" (1911), "Coffee-Mill" (1911), "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2" (1912), "Bicycle Wheel" (1913), and "The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)" (1915-1923).
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Jackson Pollock
Nationality:
American.
Born:
28 January 1912 in Cody, Wyoming, USA.
Died:
11 August 1956 in East Hampton, New York, USA.
Pollock's works, sometimes involving the "drip" technique, include "The Flame" (1937), "The She-Wolf" (1943), "Grey Composition" (1946), "Full Fathom Five" (1947), "Lucifer" (1947), "Cathedral" (1947), "One" (1950), "Blue Poles" (1953), and "Ocean Grayness" (1953).
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Roy Lichtenstein
Nationality:
American.
Born:
27 October 1923 in New York City, USA.
Lichtenstein is a painter, graphic artist and sculptor, who is best known for comic-strip art such as "Whaam!" (1963).
His works include "Chop" (1962), "Good Morning, Darling" (1964), "Blonde Waiting" (1964).
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Max Ernst
Nationality:
German.
Born:
2 April 1891 in Brⁿhl, near Cologne, Germany.
Died:
1 April 1976 in Paris, France.
Ernst invented the technique of frottage (pencil rubbings of objects) and later used grattage (the scraping or troweling of pigment from a canvas).
His works include "Celebes" (1921), "Of This Men Shall Know Nothing" (1923), "Head" (1925), The Bride of the Wind" (1926-1927), "Forest and Dove" (1927) and "The Robing of the Bride" (1939-1940).
