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12.modem_setup
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1993-12-28
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Chapter 12: Modem Setup
12.1 Overview
In order for 4D-BBS to operate correctly, it must interact with your
modem correctly. This includes configuring 4D-BBS to know what commands to
send to your modem, and what commands your modem returns. If these two
options are not setup correctly, 4D-BBS will not be able to accept calls.
This chapter is set up into two parts. The first part is a
terminology section designed to give novice users information about modem
terms and operations. The second section goes into detail applying these
terms to 4D-BBS and explaining what the requirements for a modem are and
how it should be setup.
If you are familiar with modems, you may wish to skip the first
section, and go directly to section 12.4, which is the first section
specific to 4D-BBS.
12.2 Modems and Terminology
The word modem is an abbreviation of "MOdulator-DEModulator", and
stands for the action of taking data, changing it into an audible signal,
and then reconverting it back into data. This is a, of course, a simple
overview of what a modem really does.
There are several different types of modems available today. Although
most modems are compliant with the original Hayes "AT" command set, there
are several modems which use a derivative of the "AT" command set or use
their own proprietary method. Because of this when a command is talked
about in this chapter, both the long description and the "AT" equivalent
will be given. You may have to look up the appropriate command in your
modem's manual if it differs from the "AT" command given.
12.2.1 Speeds
There are basically two classifications of modems used today. A modem
of 9600 baud or faster is considered a "high speed" modem, whereas a modem
less than 9600 baud is considered a normal modem. Although this is
certainly not a clear line between the two, the major determining factor is
the speed at which the modem and computer communicate with each other.
There are two types of speeds (or data transfer rates) which need to
be clarified. The first is called the "serial" rate. This is the
communication rate at which the modem and computer talk to each other. The
other rate is called the "carrier" rate, and is the communication rate at
which the modem talks to the other modem. The two rates do NOT have to be
the same, and as we will see later, normally the serial rate must be faster
than that carrier rate when using advanced features of your modem.
As mentioned above, the two modem classifications are not clearly
defined. They can overlap, with the main determining factor being whether
the serial rate and the carrier rate are required to be the same. For high
speed modems, the serial rate is normally "locked" (or set to and never
changed) at a rate which is faster than the highest possible carrier rate.
With earlier modems, the serial rate had to "float" or change whenever the
carrier rate changed. Since this meant that the computer and modem had to
be constantly switching the rate at which they were communicating data, it
was easy to get them communicating at different rates causing a BBS not to
work properly.
Some modems however have the ability to work both ways. If they
receive a call at 2400 baud or less, the modem can change the serial rate
to the incoming baud rate. If the modem receives an incoming call above
2400, it will keep its serial rate locked at a designated rate. As a
result of this the user will see a more responsive system.
Another point to make is when two computers are connected using
modems, the serial rate of one computer can be different than the serial
rate of another computer (assuming high speed modems are being used). It
is the modem's responsibility to act as a transport between the computer
and the other modem.
Below is a chart of common serial and carrier baud rates. Note that
after 9600, the rates differ. This is roughly the distinction of the high
speed modem. The third column below shows the CCITT designated name for
that CARRIER rate.
Serial Carrier CCITT
300 300
1200 1200 V.22
2400 2400 V.22bis
4800 4800
9600 9600 V.32
19,200 12,000
14,400 V.32bis
16,800 (ZyXEL/HST)
19,200 (ZyXEL)
38,400 28,800 V.Fast
57,600
76,800
115,200
The CCITT protocols run the SAME speed on both channels the modem can
communicate on. Theoretically, this means that a bi-directional transfer
could send up to 14.4kbits/second each way when using V.32bis. Of course
these are in theory and actual transfer speeds would be lower.
It should also be noted that several modems offer a faster or
different carrier rate then those mentioned above. This is because there
are several proprietary protocol modems available. Some of these include
ZyXEL, USR, Compucom, Telebit, and Telcor.
Normally these modems will only communicate with each other using the
CCITT 2400 baud protocol, unless they also support a faster CCITT standard
or they are connecting with another modem made by the same manufacturer.
For example, an HST modem by USR can connect to a ZyXEL only at 2400
baud, but can connect to another HST using the HST protocol at 9600 or
14.4k/sec. A USR Dual standard can connect to a ZyXEL at 9600 or
14.4k/sec, since it supports either the V.32 or V.32bis protocol (depending
on the model of the Dual Standard).
An interesting note on the HST protocol is how it is designed. The
CCITT V.32 and V.32bis protocols, as a noted above, can transfer at full
speed BOTH WAYS. The HST protocol can only send full speed ONE WAY, while
the other channel is only able to send data at 450bits/second. This is a
definite caveat to the HST protocol. On the other hand, some protocols,
like the ZyXEL protocol can transfer on both channels (like the CCITT
protocols). A ZyXEL modem using the ZyXEL 19.2k protocol can transfer
information at 19.2kbits/second BOTH ways.
Please consult your modem's user guide for information on which
protocols it supports and which modems it can connect to.
12.2.2 Error Correction and Data Compression
There are several different types of error correction techniques used
by modems today. The most common two are MNP2-4 and LAP-M. One of the
main advantages of using error correction is that by itself it can give you
a faster transfer rate. The normal way of transferring information
requires two extra bits besides the normal 8 bits for the data to handle
error detection. Since the modems themselves handle the error correction,
these extra two bits are not needed any more and stripped by the modems.
This means a theoretical 20% increase in transfer speed.
Similar to error correction, there are several different types of data
compression used in today's modems. These vary by the maker, but usually
offer similar throughput. Since data compression and error correction are
normally bundled together (most data compression modes require an error
correction mode to be enabled in order for data compression to operate).
We will discuss them together in their CCITT proposals.
MNP2-4 was the first error correction protocol to be widely accepted.
It was mostly used with 2400-9600 baud modems. Together with MNP2-4, was
MNP5. MNP5 is a data compression technique which allows up to a 2:1
compression ratio. MNP5 does not have the ability to detect data which is
already compressed, and can result in a degradation of throughput when
transferring pre-compressed data. These two together are called by CCITT
"v.42".
LAP-M was the next error correction protocol to be adopted by the
CCITT. It had better detection and correction methods than MNP. It also
has data compression capabilities of up to 4:1. This is twice that of
MNP5, and LAP-M is intelligent enough to detect a stream of compressed
information and not try and compress it any further. When CCITT adopted
LAP-M, they packaged it together with V.42, calling it V.42bis. V.42bis
includes BOTH LAP-M and MNP2-4. The preferred protocol to use when two
V.42bis modems connect is LAP-M (because of its better features and high
intelligence), but this is normally configurable in the modem.
12.3 Computer-and-Modem Operations
The folloiwng mainly covers