home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Fresh Fish 8
/
FreshFishVol8-CD1.bin
/
gnu
/
info
/
calc.info-17
(
.txt
)
< prev
next >
Wrap
GNU Info File
|
1994-12-22
|
42KB
|
707 lines
This is Info file calc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the input
file calc.texinfo.
This file documents Calc, the GNU Emacs calculator.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included
exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License"
may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in
the original English.
File: calc.info, Node: Vector and Matrix Formats, Prev: Reducing and Mapping, Up: Matrix Functions
Vector and Matrix Display Formats
=================================
Commands for controlling vector and matrix display use the `v' prefix
instead of the usual `d' prefix. But they are display modes; in
particular, they are influenced by the `I' and `H' prefix keys in the
same way (*note Display Modes::.). Matrix display is also influenced
by the `d O' (`calc-flat-language') mode; *note Normal Language
Modes::..
The commands `v <' (`calc-matrix-left-justify'), `v >'
(`calc-matrix-right-justify'), and `v =' (`calc-matrix-center-justify')
control whether matrix elements are justified to the left, right, or
center of their columns.
The `v [' (`calc-vector-brackets') command turns the square brackets
that surround vectors and matrices displayed in the stack on and off.
The `v {' (`calc-vector-braces') and `v (' (`calc-vector-parens')
commands use curly braces or parentheses, respectively, instead of
square brackets. For example, `v {' might be used in preparation for
yanking a matrix into a buffer running Mathematica. (In fact, the
Mathematica language mode uses this mode; *note Mathematica Language
Mode::..) Note that, regardless of the display mode, either brackets
or braces may be used to enter vectors, and parentheses may never be
used for this purpose.
The `v ]' (`calc-matrix-brackets') command controls the "big" style
display of matrices. It prompts for a string of code letters;
currently implemented letters are `R', which enables brackets on each
row of the matrix; `O', which enables outer brackets in opposite
corners of the matrix; and `C', which enables commas or semicolons at
the ends of all rows but the last. The default format is `RO'.
(Before Calc 2.00, the format was fixed at `ROC'.) Here are some
example matrices:
[ [ 123, 0, 0 ] [ [ 123, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, 123, 0 ] [ 0, 123, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, 123 ] ] [ 0, 0, 123 ] ]
RO ROC
[ 123, 0, 0 [ 123, 0, 0 ;
0, 123, 0 0, 123, 0 ;
0, 0, 123 ] 0, 0, 123 ]
O OC
[ 123, 0, 0 ] 123, 0, 0
[ 0, 123, 0 ] 0, 123, 0
[ 0, 0, 123 ] 0, 0, 123
R blank
Note that of the formats shown here, `RO', `ROC', and `OC' are all
recognized as matrices during reading, while the others are useful for
display only.
The `v ,' (`calc-vector-commas') command turns commas on and off in
vector and matrix display.
In vectors of length one, and in all vectors when commas have been
turned off, Calc adds extra parentheses around formulas that might
otherwise be ambiguous. For example, `[a b]' could be a vector of the
one formula `a b', or it could be a vector of two variables with commas
turned off. Calc will display the former case as `[(a b)]'. You can
disable these extra parentheses (to make the output less cluttered at
the expense of allowing some ambiguity) by adding the letter `P' to the
control string you give to `v ]' (as described above).
The `v .' (`calc-full-vectors') command turns abbreviated display of
long vectors on and off. In this mode, vectors of six or more
elements, or matrices of six or more rows or columns, will be displayed
in an abbreviated form that displays only the first three elements and
the last element: `[a, b, c, ..., z]'. When very large vectors are
involved this will substantially improve Calc's display speed.
The `t .' (`calc-full-trail-vectors') command controls a similar
mode for recording vectors in the Trail. If you turn on this mode,
vectors of six or more elements and matrices of six or more rows or
columns will be abbreviated when they are put in the Trail. The `t y'
(`calc-trail-yank') command will be unable to recover those vectors.
If you are working with very large vectors, this mode will improve the
speed of all operations that involve the trail.
The `v /' (`calc-break-vectors') command turns multi-line vector
display on and off. Normally, matrices are displayed with one row per
line but all other types of vectors are displayed in a single line.
This mode causes all vectors, whether matrices or not, to be displayed
with a single element per line. Sub-vectors within the vectors will
still use the normal linear form.
File: calc.info, Node: Algebra, Next: Units, Prev: Matrix Functions, Up: Top
Algebra
*******
This section covers the Calc features that help you work with algebraic
formulas. First, the general sub-formula selection mechanism is
described; this works in conjunction with any Calc commands. Then,
commands for specific algebraic operations are described. Finally, the
flexible "rewrite rule" mechanism is discussed.
The algebraic commands use the `a' key prefix; selection commands
use the `j' (for "just a letter that wasn't used for anything else")
prefix.
*Note Editing Stack Entries::, to see how to manipulate formulas
using regular Emacs editing commands.
When doing algebraic work, you may find several of the Calculator's
modes to be helpful, including algebraic-simplification mode (`m A') or
no-simplification mode (`m O'), algebraic-entry mode (`m a'), fraction
mode (`m f'), and symbolic mode (`m s'). *Note Mode Settings::, for
discussions of these modes. You may also wish to select "big" display
mode (`d B'). *Note Normal Language Modes::.
* Menu:
* Selecting Subformulas::
* Algebraic Manipulation::
* Simplifying Formulas::
* Polynomials::
* Calculus::
* Solving Equations::
* Numerical Solutions::
* Curve Fitting::
* Summations::
* Logical Operations::
* Rewrite Rules::
File: calc.info, Node: Selecting Subformulas, Next: Algebraic Manipulation, Prev: Algebra, Up: Algebra
Selecting Sub-Formulas
======================
When working with an algebraic formula it is often necessary to
manipulate a portion of the formula rather than the formula as a whole.
Calc allows you to "select" a portion of any formula on the stack.
Commands which would normally operate on that stack entry will now
operate only on the sub-formula, leaving the surrounding part of the
stack entry alone.
One common non-algebraic use for selection involves vectors. To work
on one element of a vector in-place, simply select that element as a
"sub-formula" of the vector.
* Menu:
* Making Selections::
* Changing Selections::
* Displaying Selections::
* Operating on Selections::
* Rearranging with Selections::
File: calc.info, Node: Making Selections, Next: Changing Selections, Prev: Selecting Subformulas, Up: Selecting Subformulas
Making Selections
-----------------
To select a sub-formula, move the Emacs cursor to any character in that
sub-formula, and press `j s' (`calc-select-here'). Calc will highlight
the smallest portion of the formula that contains that character. By
default the sub-formula is highlighted by blanking out all of the rest
of the formula with dots. Selection works in any di