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OPLLINT
USER GUIDE
ADVANCED CHECKING UTILITY FOR OPL PROGRAMS
Version 2.20
Copyright PSION UK plc 1990,1991,1992.
The information contained within this document is the property
of PSION UK PLC and may not be copied or disclosed in whole or
part, except with the prior permission of PSION UK PLC.
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Psion endeavours to ensure that the information in this
document is correct, but does not accept liability for any
omissions or errors.
Specifications and statements as to performance in the
document are estimates only, provided for guidance.
Statements in the document are not part of a contract or
product licence insofar as they are incorporated into a
contract or licence by express reference. Issue of this
document does not entitle the recipient to access or use of
the products described, such access or use being subject to
separate contracts or licences.
OPLLINT User Guide
Issue: V1.20
Date: 15th September 1992
Copyright PSION UK plc 1990,1991,1992.
Trademarks
Psion and the Psion logo are registered trademarks. Psion
Mobile Computer, Psion MC, Psion Organiser II, Datapak and
Rampak are trademarks of PSION plc.
IBM PC, IBM XT and IBM AT are trademarks of International
Business Machines Corp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 ii
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WHAT IS A LINT? 1
1.2 WHY DOES OPL NEED A LINT? 1
2 WHAT OPLLINT CHECKS FOR 2
2.1 TYPES OF OPL 2
2.2 CHECKS ON VARIABLES 2
2.3 FILE RECORD FIELDS 3
2.4 PROCEDURE CALL CHECKS 3
2.5 REDUNDANCY CHECKS 4
2.6 PROGRAM EFFICIENCY 4
3 INSTALLING OPLLINT 5
4 USING OPLLINT 6
4.1 INVOKING OPLLINT 6
4.2 GETTING THE HELP SCREEN 6
4.3 INPUT FILES, -i FLAG 6
4.3.1 Using An OLL Input File 7
4.3.2 Using A BLDPACK Input File 7
4.3.3 Using An MC-OPL, OPL/g or OPL/w Module 8
4.4 SELECTING OPL OR PPO FILES: -f FLAG 8
4.5 SETTING OPL PATHS: -d FLAG 8
4.6 HOW OPLLINT PROCESSES FILES 8
4.7 PRODUCE OUTPUT BLD FILES: -b FLAG 9
4.8 SET A NEW ODB THRESHOLD: -T FLAG 9
4.9 INCLUDE A LANG EXTENSION FILE: -l FLAG 10
4.10 SET A LANG EXTENSION PATH: -s FLAG 10
4.11 DISABLE/ENABLE WARNINGS: -w FLAG 10
4.12 SPECIFY A START POINT: -r FLAG 11
4.13 PRODUCE A POPULARITY LIST: -p FLAG 11
4.14 RIGOUROUS GLOBAL CHECKS: -g FLAG 11
4.15 SPECIFY THE TARGET MACHINE: -t FLAG 12
4.15.1 Specific Target Machines 12
4.15.2 Finding Compatible Machines 12
4.15.3 Number Conflict When Using The -t? Flag 13
4.16 CALLING STRUCTURE FLAGS: -c AND -o 13
4.17 PREPROCESSOR FLAGS: -D, -I, -U 14
4.18 SOME EXAMPLE COMMAND LINES 14
4.19 THE OL ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE 14
4.20 OPLLINT FLAG SUMMARY 15
5 ERRORS AND WARNINGS 17
5.1 ERROR MESSAGES 17
5.2 WARNINGS 25
5.3 EXIT CODES 27
6 LANGUAGE EXTENSION FILES 28
6.1 STANDARD FILES 28
6.2 MAKING YOUR OWN LANGUAGE EXTENSION FILES 29
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 iii
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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7 ORDERING PROCEDURES 30
8 CUSTOMISING OPLLINT 31
9 THE PREPROCESSOR 32
10 FEATURES NEW TO V2.00 33
10.1 CHANGES FROM V1.12 TO V2.00 33
10.2 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.00 33
10.3 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.10 33
10.4 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.20 33
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 iv
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS A LINT?
LINT was a program written to run on UNIX systems. It was
developed to help debug programs written in C. LINT read
through the sources for a program and performed a whole set of
checks on the code, reporting potential errors.
1.2 WHY DOES OPL NEED A LINT?
When an OPL procedure is translated error checking is
performed only on that procedure. For instance when a variable
name is encountered: if it is not defined as a local variable
then it is assumed to be a global variable. The variable may
simply not exist or be spelt wrong. Such an error will only be
found at run time with an UNDEFINED EXTERNAL message. Similar
errors can occur with procedure calls.
The only way of fully testing the code is by carrying out an
exhaustive test of every line of code in the program. Where
there are several errors in different procedures it may take
several translate-build cycles to complete the testing.
These problems are all syntax errors that can be detected
before the program is run on the target machine. OPLLINT
carries out a variety of checks on an entire OPL system. It
provides early detection of errors and significantly reduces
program debugging and test time.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 1
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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2 WHAT OPLLINT CHECKS FOR
2.1 TYPES OF OPL
Psion produces two type of machines:
þ The Organiser II. Several models are available
including the XP, CM, LZ and LZ64.
þ SIBO machines. SIBO is a generic name for Psion
machines that run the Psion EPOC operating system.
The following machines are all SIBO machines: MC200,
MC400, HC100, HC110, HC120 and the Series 3.
There are currently 5 variants of the OPL language:
þ XP-OPL running on Organiser IIs (Model XP and
compatibles).
þ LZ-OPL running on Organiser IIs (Model LZ and
compatibles). Contains some enhancements to XP-OPL.
þ MC-OPL running on older SIBO machines (MC200 and
MC400). Contains many enhancements over LZ-OPL.
þ OPL/g running on recent SIBO machines (MC200, MC400,
HC100, HC110, HC120). OPL/g includes all MC-OPL
enhancements plus commands to draw graphics.
þ OPL/w running currently only on the Series 3. OPL/w
includes all OPL/g enhancements plus new WIMP
commands.
OPLLINT will work with all these type of OPL. In addition it
will warn you if you are using a variable name that is a
keyword in another type of OPL (thus allowing you to produce
portable OPL). OPLLINT will also determine what types of OPL
a program is compatible with.
2.2 CHECKS ON VARIABLES
OPL has dynamic scope. There may be many variables in a
program. Not all these variables can be accessed at once. The
variables that the program can actually access at any given
point are said to be "in scope" at that point.
Thus if a variable is in scope the program can reference it.
If the variable is not in scope the program will not be
allowed to reference it.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 2
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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In an OPL procedure you can define variables as LOCAL or
GLOBAL. While you are inside a procedure all the variables you
defined in it are available to you: they are in scope. When
you return from the procedure all of these variables will be
discarded: they will all go out of scope.
The difference between LOCAL and GLOBAL variables occurs when
a second procedure is called from inside the first one. LOCAL
variables defined in the first procedure are not available in
the second. However, the GLOBAL variables defined in the first
procedure ARE in scope in the second procedure. The same
applies for a third procedure called from the second.
This means that the variables in scope in a function depend on
where the function was called from. All the variables defined
as GLOBAL in the functions that lead to this function being
called are in scope. This is how dynamic scope is defined.
OPLLINT will check that all variables used exist as either
local variables or global variables that are in scope.
OPLLINT will also check that a global is not in scope more
than once. This would happen if for instance a global was
declared with the same name in two procedures. If one
procedure called the other there would be two globals of the
same name in scope.
Whilst this is legal OPL code, it is bad programming practice
and could lead to obscure bugs that are difficult to detect.
2.3 FILE RECORD FIELDS
In OPL file records are treated as a set of variables with a
prefix (a,b,c or d and a dot): one variable for each field.
These present a problem because the variables available depend
on the file currently open. OPLLINT has no way of telling
which file will be open at a given point in the program and
can perform no checking on these variables. OPLLINT therefore
ignores them.
2.4 PROCEDURE CALL CHECKS
OPLLINT checks that when a procedure is used it is called with
the correct number of arguments and that each argument is of
the correct type. A type in OPL is either an integer, a
floating point number or a string. For MC-OPL, OPL/g and OPL/w
a type can also be a long integer.
OPLLINT will not check calls to built in OPL functions since
OPLTRAN (or TRAN for the MC/HC) will report these errors. All
the code given to OPLLINT must have been successfully
translated.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 3
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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When a procedure call is found the language extensions are
checked first, followed by the OPL procedures defined in the
system. The type and number of arguments to an OPL procedure
must match exactly the arguments listed when the procedure is
defined.
Language extensions are more flexible. They can have a
variable numbers of arguments and arguments of no fixed type.
Up to 16 files listing language extensions can be included.
See chapter 6 for more information on how to make these files.
Language extensions are used to define the arguments expected
by machine code procedures for XP-OPL and LZ-OPL and library
procedures for OPL on SIBO machines.
Note that if you use the "call procedure by name" feature (the
@ operator in OPL/g and OPL/w) OPLLINT will not perform any
checking on the procedure call since it will not know which
procedure is being called.
2.5 REDUNDANCY CHECKS
OPLLINT will warn you if any variables or procedures have been
declared and never used. Although they do no harm they are a
waste of memory.
2.6 PROGRAM EFFICIENCY
On the Organiser II procedures at the top of a datapak are
found and loaded much faster than those lower down the
datapak. OPLLINT keeps a count of the number of times a
procedure is called. This gives an indication of how widely
used a procedure is.
This information can be used by OPLLINT to order the position
of procedures on a pack. The program can produce output .BLD
files that can be used by BLDPACK to build the program pack
ordered in this way (for Organisers only). See chapter 7 for
more information about ordering procedures.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 4
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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3 INSTALLING OPLLINT
The disk supplied contains the OPLLINT program plus some
language extension files. To copy the program onto your system
follow these instructions:
Put the disk into drive A and type:
MD c:\opllint
XCOPY a:*.* c:\opllint /s /e
OPLLINT is now installed into a directory on your hard disk
called c:\opllint. If you wish to use another drive or
directory name you will need to change the supplied batch
files that run OPLLINT for you.
The two batch files that run OPLLINT are called OL.BAT and
OLR.BAT. In order for the system to work the c:\opllint
directory has to be put into the system path.
To do this modify your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. This is the file
that starts up your computer. Somewhere in this file there
will be a PATH command that sets the paths the computer
searches when you type a command. You will need to add
c:\opllint to this path. For instance a path that searches the
c:\dos directory as well as the opllint directory will look
like this:
PATH=c:\dos;c:\opllint;
Once you have changed AUTOEXEC.BAT and rebooted your system
you will be able to run OPLLINT from anywhere on your system
by typing OL or OLR.
For more information on the PATH command and writing
AUTOEXEC.BAT files see you MS-DOS manual.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 5
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4 USING OPLLINT
4.1 INVOKING OPLLINT
OPLLINT is started by typing OL at the MS-DOS prompt followed
by some filenames and flags. These filenames and flags are
covered in the next few sections. This is the syntax for the
command line:
OL infile [infile1] [flags]
OPLLINT can produce a lot of errors. Sometimes it is more
convenient to put these in a file that you can refer to or
print out. For this reason we have provided a second command
called OLR. Use it in just the same way as OL: the only
difference is that all the output from OPLLINT will be put
into a file called ERR.OUT which you can then inspect.
OL and OLR are in fact batch files that run the main OPLLINT
program. These batch files can be customised to your own
requirements. For more information see chapter 8.
4.2 GETTING THE HELP SCREEN
If you type OL with no filenames or you include a ? or a -? on
the command line you will get a help screen. It gives you a
summary of the flags used by OPLLINT and what they do. The
examples bellow will all produce a help screen:
OL
OL ?
OL -?
4.3 INPUT FILES, -i FLAG
In order to work OPLLINT needs a complete list of OPL files
used by your OPL system. You can give OPLLINT one or two input
filenames on the command line that give this list of OPL
files.
Three different types of input file can be used by OPLLINT. To
show which type of file you are using you must use the -i
flags shown below on the command line.
If you do not add an extension to the filename you give, the
appropriate one (shown in brackets below) will be
automatically added for you.
-ioll OPLLINT list file (.OLL)
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 6
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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-ibld BLDPACK format file (.BLD)
-imc MC-OPL, OPL/g or OPL/w Module (.OPL or .PPO : see -f
flag)
NOTE: all input files used by OPLLINT are preprocessed: even
the BLD and OLL files. See section 9 for more details.
4.3.1 Using An OLL Input File
The simplest option is the OPLLINT list file. This is the
default input file type. The file is just a list of the
filenames (one per line). The path given for each file is the
one that is used to access the file.
Data files and binary files can be included in this list -
they are not processed by OPLLINT but are included in the
output BLDPACK file if one is selected (see -b flag below).
Filenames given in this file may contain the standard
wildcards * and ?. Thus to include all the OPL files in a
directory called c:\source you would add this line to the OLL
input file:
c:\source\*.OPL
Command line options can also be given in the OLL file by
using the special directive OL: followed by a list of command
line flags. It is therefore possible to put all the flags you
normally type in on the command line into the OLL file. For
example:
OL: -rstart -lcomslink -p+
Since the OLL if the default input file it is possible to put
all the command line flags you need into the OLL file. Then to
run OPLLINT you just need to type OL followed by the name of
the OLL file:
ol test
4.3.2 Using A BLDPACK Input File
The BLDPACK file is slightly more complicated since the
BLDPACK file actually lists OB3 files. OPLLINT assumes that
files with an OB3 extension refer to an OPL (or PPO see -f
flag) file. OPLLINT will search for this OPL/PPO file using
first the path given in the BLDPACK file, and then the set of
paths given with the -d flag (see below).
Files with other extensions are not processed, but the
filenames are used to produce the output BLDPACK files (see -b
flag below).
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 7
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4.3.3 Using An MC-OPL, OPL/g or OPL/w Module
The third input file type applies only to OPL running on SIBO
machines: MC-OPL, OPL/g or OPL/w. The name of the top module
of the program is given. These modules contain commands that
load in other modules (the LOADM command). OPLLINT can look
for these commands and build up its own list of files to use.
For this system to work the filename must be included in
quotes after the LOADM command (if the filename is in a string
OPLLINT will not be able to extract it). Every module included
this way will also be searched for LOADM commands and these
files will also be loaded. Duplicated filenames are ignored.
The path given is stripped of the filename and the paths given
with the -d flag (see below) are used to find the file. If no
extension is given the extension .OPL or .PPO is added
(depending on the -f flag - see below).
Note that OPLLINT will given no error if the source file could
not be found.
4.4 SELECTING OPL OR PPO FILES: -f FLAG
The -f flag simply selects the default extension added to OPL
files when no extension is given. The default is to use the
extension OPL (-fopl flag). To use the PPO extension instead
put the -fppo flag on the command line.
4.5 SETTING OPL PATHS: -d FLAG
The -d flag is used to specify a path for OPLLINT to find OPL
or PPO files. Up to 8 of these paths can be specified. For
instance to use the paths c:\test\src1 and c:\test\src2 you
would add to the command line:
-dc:\test\src1 -dc:\test\src2
4.6 HOW OPLLINT PROCESSES FILES
Having obtained a list of OPL or PPO files OPLLINT will read
through the files in two passes and then check the scope of
variables in the system.
OPLLINT does not repeat checks made by OPLTRAN (or TRAN for
the MC/HC). It is assumed that all the OPL files have been
successfully translated.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 8
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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OPLLINT works in several stages. If errors occurred in the
previous stage the program will not continue. OPLLINT will
report if it completed successfully or if there were too many
errors for it to complete all its tests.
4.7 PRODUCE OUTPUT BLD FILES: -b FLAG
This flag has no meaning for code running on SIBO machines.
The -b flag is used to produce output BLDPACK (.BLD) files
with the OPL procedures in the most efficient order. The same
number of input and output files are needed. Following the -b
is the filename of the output file. The extension .BLD will be
automatically added if one is not given. To produce the output
file OUT.BLD you would include this on the command line:
-bout
If you are using two input files, you need two output files.
The second output file is given in the same way as the first.
For example to produce output files called ONE.BLD and TWO.BLD
you would use:
-bone -btwo
The order of the OB3 files is determined by the number of
calls made to each procedure. BIN files are put at the top of
the file.
All other files are assumed to be ODB or data files. These
files will be placed above all procedures that have less than
10 calls. This value of 10 is a default and can be changed
with the -T flag (see below).
See chapter 7 for more information on the ordering of
procedures on a pack.
4.8 SET A NEW ODB THRESHOLD: -T FLAG
This flag allows the default threshold value of 10 for ODB
files to be replaced with the value given after the -T flag.
This value determines the position of ODB files in the output
BLD files if the -b flag is used.
The ODB files are placed above all the procedures that have
less than this popularity value. To set the threshold value to
23 you would use:
-T23
All the procedures that were only called 23 or less times
would be placed below the ODB files in the output files
produced by the -b flag. See chapter 7 for more information.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 9
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4.9 INCLUDE A LANG EXTENSION FILE: -l FLAG
Language extensions can be used to define calls to procedures
to which you have no source code (for instance a set of
library procedures provided by a third party).
Language extensions are also used on Organisers to add special
features to OPL. OPLLINT needs to know what arguments these
extensions expect so that it can check calls made to them.
The -l flag must be followed by a filename. The extension .LEX
will be automatically be added to this name. The current
directory will be searched first. If the file was not found
the standard directories (set with the -s flag) will then be
searched.
The LEX file should contain a list of procedures with the
arguments these procedures expect defined in full. OPLLINT
uses the data in this file to check the arguments given to
language extensions. For more information see chapter 6.
Up to 16 language extension files can be included in this way.
For example to include the language extension files comslink
and myexts you would use:
-lcomslink -lmyexts
4.10 SET A LANG EXTENSION PATH: -s FLAG
The -s flag must be followed by a path (not ending in a
backslash). This path is used to find language extension files
not found in the current directory (see above).
There are several standard language extension files provided
with OPLLINT for various devices like the CommsLink on the
Organiser as well as the definitions of the library procedures
used on SIBO machines. All these files can be put in one
directory and the -s flag can be used to tell OPLLINT where
this directory is. This example would set the standard
directory to c:\std\langexts :
-sc:\std\langexts
The batch files that runs OPLLINT, OL.BAT and OLR.BAT,
actually use this flag to set the standard directory, so you
should only need to use it if you are customising the system.
4.11 DISABLE/ENABLE WARNINGS: -w FLAG
The -w flag disables or enables warning messages. It is
advised that warnings are left enabled since they can provide
a lot of useful information about potential problems with an
OPL program (they are on by default).
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 10
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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To disable warnings include this flag on the command line:
-w-
To enable them include this flag:
-w+ or -w
4.12 SPECIFY A START POINT: -r FLAG
The -r flag is followed by the name of a procedure. This
procedure name is used as a start point for the program. The
start points are needed for OPLLINT to be able to work through
the calling structure of the OPL program when it is checking
that globals are in scope.
OPLLINT requires at least one start point to be specified.
You may give up to 8 start points. For example to give boot
and debug as start points you would use:
-rboot -rdebug
4.13 PRODUCE A POPULARITY LIST: -p FLAG
The flag -p+ (or -p) will produce an output file of the same
name as the input file but with the extension .POP. The list
will show the number of times each procedure is called and
will be sorted into order with the most popular procedure
first.
The flag -p- disables the production of this list (the
default).
4.14 RIGOUROUS GLOBAL CHECKS: -g FLAG
When this flag is set to -g- (the default) globals of the same
name can be defined in several procedures. This allows for
procedures that need to return several variables to do so
using globals.
If this flag is set to -g+ (or -g) on the command line a more
rigourous approach is taken: globals can only be declared
once. Globals with duplicated names will be flagged as errors.
This would remove the possibility of mixing up which global
was being used. When this scheme is used the globals are often
all defined in the topmost procedure.
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COPYRIGHT, PSION UK PLC 1990,1991,1992 11
PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4.15 SPECIFY THE TARGET MACHINE: -t FLAG
4.15.1 Specific Target Machines
OPL works on several different machines. The keywords and
syntax for each machine differ slightly. You can use the -t
flag to specify which of the machines you wish it to run on:
-txp Organiser XP or CM
-tlz Organiser LZ or LZ64
-tmc Mobile Computer with standard OPL
-tmcg Mobile Computer with graphics (OPL/g)
-tmcw Mobile Computer with WIMP (OPL/w)
OPLLINT will warn you of you are using a variable name which
is a keyword on another type of machine.
4.15.2 Finding Compatible Machines
If you specify the flag -t? (which is the default) OPLLINT
will work out which versions of OPL your code is compatible
with. Note that you cannot use variable names that are
keywords in any of the OPL versions if you use this flag.
For this test OPLLINT is only looking at the syntax and
keywords you are using in your program. This feature is
provided to give you an idea of how portable the OPL itself
is. It does not guarantee that the program will run on all the
machines it specifies, but that the OPL used is consistent
with the version of OPL used on that particular machine.
For instance to port a program from an Organiser to a SIBO
machine will require putting all the OPL procedures in a few
module files and adding the PROC and ENDP keywords round each
procedure as well as allowing for different filing systems and
displays. Even though the OPL may be compatible with both
machines it is unlikely to work without modification.
The keywords PROC, ENDP, LOADM and UNLOADM are considered
intrinsic to SIBO OPL modules and are ignored for these tests.
They would have to be removed anyway if the system was ported
to an Organiser version of OPL that does not use these
keywords.
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PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4.15.3 Number Conflict When Using The -t? Flag
When using the -t? flag OPLLINT converts all literal numbers
given in the program to types used by the Mobile Computer OPL.
Numbers that are bigger than the integer limit and smaller
than the long integer limit are taken to be long integers. The
OPL used by Organisers however does not support long integers,
so a conflict can occur. Here is an example:
test:(32768)
The number given is just bigger than the limit for an integer,
so OPLLINT regards this as a long integer. If the procedure
test was expecting a floating point value an error would be
produced since a long value cannot be passed to a floating
point argument.
To resolve this problem put a .0 on the end of the number: the
number is then forced to a floating point value.
test:(32768.0)
This problem does not occur when using the -txp or -tlz flags
since OPLLINT will only convert numbers to long integers if
the Mobile Computer OPL is being used.
4.16 CALLING STRUCTURE FLAGS: -c AND -o
OPLLINT will produce a printout of the calling structure used
by the OPL program. To produce the calling structure include
the flags -o or -o+ on the command line. To disable the
calling structure output put the flag -o- on the command line.
Since the calling structure can be nested up to many levels
the output is split up into several output files. These output
files can then be printed out and joined together to given the
complete structure.
The output files produced by OPLLINT use the name of the first
input file given on the command line. The output files are
given the extensions .P00 to .P15. Thus OPLLINT might produce,
for a fairly complex program, two output files called TEST.P00
and TEST.P01.
The output files are split up according to the size of your
printer. The default size is 80 columns. If you have a wide
carriage printer or are printing in condensed mode you can set
the column width with the -c flag. For instance to set the
width to 132 columns you would use:
-c132
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PSION CORPORATE GROUP OPLLINT USER GUIDE
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4.17 PREPROCESSOR FLAGS: -D, -I, -U
The -D flag defines a manifest constant. If an equal sign
follows the constant name then the text after the equal sign
is used as the constants definition. If no text is given the
constant is defined to be 1. Up to 16 -D flags can be put on
the command line. Here are some examples:
-DVERSION=V1.00 -DDEBUG
The -U flag undefines a previously defined constant. Up to 16
-U flags can be put on the command line. For example:
-UDEBUG -UVERSION
The -I flag sets the paths where the preprocessor looks for
include files. Up to 16 of these paths may be given on the
command line. For example:
-Ic:\test\include -Ic:\std\include
These defines, undefines and include paths are used for every
preprocessed file OPLLINT reads, including the BLD, OLL and
language extension files. See section 9 for more details.
The manifest constant _OPLLINT is defined by OPLLINT each time
it runs. This provides a way of inserting OPLLINT specific
code into a program.
4.18 SOME EXAMPLE COMMAND LINES
ol test -ioll -lext1 -lext2 -rboot
This command line tells OPLLINT to read the file TEST.OLL.
Language extension file EXT1.LEX and EXT2.LEX are read in and
the procedure boot is used as a starting point.
ol test test1 -ibld -bout -bout1 -lcomslink -rboot
This command line uses TEST.BLD and TEST1.BLD as input files.
Output files OUT.BLD and OUT1.BLD are produced. The language
extension file COMSLINK.LEX will be read in from the standard
directory (set by OL.BAT) assuming there is no COMSLINK.LEX in
the current directory. The starting procedure is boot.
4.19 THE OL ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE
OPLLINT also reads an environment variable called OL. This
variable is set with the MS-DOS command SET. It can contain
any flag or filename that you would put on the command line.
See your MS-DOS manual for more information on the SET command
and environment variables.
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Note that OPLLINT uses the last value of a flag it is given.
The OL variable is read first, followed by the command line,
followed by the command line in the OLL file (if one is being
used). If you put a -p- in the OL variable, then putting a -p+
on the command line would override it.
4.20 OPLLINT FLAG SUMMARY
The following flags are accepted by OPLLINT:
? or -? Produce a help screen
-bout Produce a .BLD output file (Max 2)
-cnn Set width of printer to nn columns
-dpath Set a path for OPL sources (Max 16)
-Dname Define a preprocessor manifest constant (Max
16)
-fopl Use OPL as default extension
-fppo Use PPO as default extension
-g+ or -g Enable rigourous global checks
-g- Disable rigourous global checks
-ibld Use BLDPACK format input file
-ioll Use OPLLINT list file format input file
-imc Use an MC-OPL, OPL/g or OPL/w module and find
other module names
-Ipath Add an include path for the preprocessor to
find include files (Max 16)
-lfile Include language extension file (Max 16)
-o+ or -o Produce calling structure of OPL system.
-o- Produce no calling structure
-p+ or -p Produce popularity lists
-p- Produce no popularity lists
-rname Set starting procedure (Max 8)
-spath Set path for language extensions (Max 16)
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-t? Find machines compatible with the OPL used in
this system
-tlz Target is an Organiser LZ or LZ64
-tmc Target is a Mobile Computer (MC-OPL)
-tmcg Target is a Mobile Computer (with graphics:
OPL/g)
-tmcw Target is a Mobile Computer (with WIMP:
OPL/w)
-txp Target is an Organiser XP or CM
-Tnn Set new ODB threshold level
-Uname Undefine a preprocessor manifest constant
(Max 16)
-w+ or -w Enable warnings
-w- Disable warnings
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5 ERRORS AND WARNINGS
OPLLINT produces several error and warning messages. Each
message is explained below.
5.1 ERROR MESSAGES
All error message lines have this format:
Error FFFF LL: message
where FFFF is the name of the file and LL the line number
where the error occurred. Only the error message is given
below. Error messages produced by the preprocessor are not
repeated here. For details of these messages see the TRAN user
guide.
A maximum of xx 'xxxx' flags may be given
Too many flags of this type have been put on the command
line, the OL environment variable or in an OLL file.
Argument NN in call to RRRR wrong type
Argument number NN in the call to procedure RRRR was the
wrong type.
Argument too long
An argument given on the command line (or in the OL
environment variable or OLL file) is too long.
Character expected after % sign
A character is required after the % sign to give an ASCII
value. Check OPL files have been successfully translated.
Could not convert number following 'xxxx' flag
The number following this flag could not be converted
successfully.
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Could not find name of language extension
Invalid name given in language extension definition.
Could not open file FFFF
The file FFFF could not be opened.
Different number of input and output files
The number of output files given with the -b flag must be
the same as the number of input files.
Duplicated global VVVV
The global VVVV has been declared more that once. This
error will only be produced if the -g flag is enabled.
Expected + or - sign after 'xxxx' flag
This type of flag requires a + or - sign after it to switch
the option on or off respectively.
Global VVVV defined as both an array and a non-array
The global given has been declared as an array in one place
and a normal variable in another. This is legal in OPL but
means that OPLLINT can not check if the variable is being
used as an array or a normal variable. Thus OPLLINT will
not allow globals of the same name to be declared as arrays
and normal variables.
Global VVVV does not exist
This global VVVV has never been declared within the system.
Global VVVV in scope more than once (called by RRRR line LL)
The global VVVV is in scope more than once: i.e. more than
one procedure has declared this as a global before
returning. This procedure was called by the procedure RRRR
at line LL.
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Global VVVV not in scope (called by RRRR line LL)
The global VVVV is not in scope at this point of the
program. This procedure was called by the procedure RRRR at
line LL.
Global VVVV not in scope (this is a starting procedure)
The global VVVV is not in scope. This procedure is a
starting procedure and so was never called by another
procedure first.
Identifier 'xxxx' too long
This variable or procedure name has too many characters.
Insufficient memory to continue
There is not enough memory to allow the program to run. If
there are any memory resident programs installed on your
machine remove them and try again.
Invalid hexadecimal number 'xxxx' given
The number given is not a valid hexadecimal number.
Invalid number 'xxxx' given
The number given is not a valid decimal number.
Invalid number of columns given: nn
The number given after a -c flag is not a valid number of
columns for a printer.
Invalid ODB file threshold of xx given
An invalid number was given as a threshold with the -T
flag.
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Invalid procedure argument 'xxxx' given
An invalid argument has been given for this procedure.
Invalid procedure name 'RRRR' given
An invalid procedure name has been given.
Invalid variable name 'VVVV' given
An invalid variable name has been given.
Language extension RRRR redeclared with different arguments
The language extension RRRR has been declared more than
once, with a different set of arguments.
Line too complex to parse
The line given is too complicated for OPLLINT to
understand.
Local variable VVVV redeclared
The local name given has been used more than once. It is
legal in OPL to use the same name for an array and a normal
variable. This is however bad practice and OPLLINT will
treat it as an error. This allows OPLLINT to check that
variables declared as arrays are always used as arrays.
Mismatched ')' in line
Closing bracket has been given without corresponding
opening bracket.
Mismatched PROC and ENDP statements
A PROC or ENDP statement is missing.
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Missing " in line
The ending quote mark (") surrounding a literal string is
missing from this line.
Missing ENDV statement
An ENDV command has been found without a matching VECTOR
command.
No ENDP found before end of file
The end of a file has been reached before an ENDP statement
was found.
No extension given for file 'FFFF'
The filename given did not have an extension. In the OLL
input file all filenames must have an extension.
No start point given: use -r flag
At least one starting point must be specified with the -r
flag before OPLLINT can commence.
No text given after 'xxxx' flag
The command line flag shown requires a text string after
it.
Procedure RRRR does not exist
The procedure RRRR has never been declared within the
system. You many have forgotten to include the file in the
input BLD file.
Procedure RRRR redeclared
The procedure RRRR has been declared more than once.
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Starting procedure RRRR not found
The starting procedure RRRR given with the -r flag was not
declared in the system.
String and numeric types mixed
String and numeric types found in an expression. Check OPL
files have been successfully translated.
Syntax error in declaration of variable VVVV
An invalid variable name has been given in a GLOBAL or
LOCAL declaration. Check OPL files have been successfully
translated.
Syntax error in language extension definition
There is a syntax error in the definition of a language
extension.
Syntax error in procedure call from string
An error was found in a function call from a string using
the @ command.
Syntax error in procedure definition
There is a syntax error in the definition of a procedure.
Check OPL files have been successfully translated.
Syntax error in variable declaration list
GLOBAL or LOCAL declaration is invalid. Check OPL files
have been successfully translated.
Text following 'xxxx' flag is too long
The text given after the command line flag shown was too
long.
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Too many arguments given
Too many filenames were specified on the command line (or
in the OL environment variable or OLL file).
Too many arguments in language extension definition
Too many arguments were given in the definition of a
language extension.
Unexpected character 'xx' in line
An invalid character was found whilst reading a line. Check
OPL code has been successfully translated.
Unexpected characters after 'xxxx' flag
Invalid characters followed the flag given on the command
line (or in the OL environment variable or OLL file).
Unexpected separator ':' in line
A colon was found in an invalid position whilst reading a
line. Check OPL code has been successfully translated.
Unknown flag 'xxxx'
This flag given on the command line (or in the OL
environment variable or OLL file) is not recognised by
OPLLINT.
Variable VVVV was declared as an array
You have used a variable that was declared as an array as
if it were a normal variable.
Variable VVVV was not declared as an array
You have used a normal variable as if it were an array
variable.
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Wrong number of arguments in call to RRRR
The wrong number of arguments were used in a call to
procedure RRRR.
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5.2 WARNINGS
All warning lines have this format
Warning FFFF LL: message
where FFFF is the name of the file and LL the line number
where the warning occurred. Only the warning message is given
below.
VVVV is a keyword in other OPL versions
The variable name VVVV is used as a keyword in a different
OPL version on another machine. This just warns you that
your OPL code is not portable if you use this variable
name.
Global VVVV declared in procedure RRRR but never used
This global VVVV is declared in procedure RRRR but never
used.
Local VVVV has same name as a global
This local VVVV has the same name as a global variable.
This is bad programming practice and should be avoided
since it is easy to confuse the two variables.
Local VVVV has same name as a global array
This local VVVV has the same name as a global array
variable. Moreover the global is declared as an array
whilst the local is not. Although it is legal in OPL to
have a array and a non-array with the same name, it is bad
programming practice.
Local VVVV has same name as a global non-array
This local VVVV has the same name as a global variable.
Moreover the local is declared as an array whilst the
global is not. Although it is legal in OPL to have a array
and a non-array with the same name, it is bad programming
practice.
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Local VVVV never used in procedure RRRR
The local VVVV is declared in procedure RRRR but never
used.
Parameter VVVV never used in procedure RRRR
This formal parameter is declared but never used.
Procedure RRRR declared but never called
This procedure RRRR is declared but never called anywhere
within the system.
Procedure RRRR declared but never reached
The procedure has been declared and calls have been made to
it from within the code, yet these calls are never actually
reached when the system is run.
Procedure name RRRR is different from file name
This file contains a procedure which has a different name
to that of the file. This is not an error, but usually the
filenames and procedure names match.
OPLLINT uses the procedure name to identify a procedure. If
the procedure name and the filename are different it can be
confusing. This message will warn you if the names do not
match up.
Procedure RRRR has been renamed to RRRR with a BLDPACK alias
The alias field in the a BLDPACK file has been used to
rename a procedure. The alias name is now used in all
references to the procedure. This message is just to warn
that this change has occurred since it can only be seen by
looking at the input BLD file.
Unknown preprocessor command 'xxxx'
The preprocessor command given is not recognised by the
system and has been ignored.
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5.3 EXIT CODES
Exit codes can be used by other programs to see if OPLLINT
completed successfully or not. The following codes are set:
0 Program completed successfully OR only warnings
occurred.
2 Errors occurred.
The environment pseudo-variable ERRORLEVEL will be given one
of these values upon the termination of OPLLINT. See your MS-
DOS manual for more information about ERRORLEVEL and how to
use it.
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6 LANGUAGE EXTENSION FILES
6.1 STANDARD FILES
There are several language extension files supplied with
OPLLINT that define the language extensions used in standard
PSION products. These files are all kept in the
c:\opllint\langexts directory. If you use the OL batch file it
will automatically set the standard directory to this
directory for you.
To use any of these files you simply use the -l flag when you
run OPLLINT. For instance to use the comslink file you would
add the following to your command line:
-lcomslink
The following files are supplied:
LIBRARY Definitions for all the procedures used in the
SIBO OPL library.
COMSLINK Standard Organiser ComsLink language extensions.
BARCODE For Organiser bar code readers.
PARALLEL Organiser parallel printer interface.
MAGSWIPE Organiser magnetic card swipe.
PRINTER Organiser Printer extensions.
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6.2 MAKING YOUR OWN LANGUAGE EXTENSION FILES
OPLLINT reads in language extension definitions from language
extension files. These files have the extension .LEX. They
contain a list of procedures with the arguments that they
expect.
These files are preprocessed. See section 9 for more details.
The types of the arguments are important. A type in OPL can be
an integer, a long (for SIBO machines), a floating point
number or a string. OPLLINT will check that all calls made to
this extension use the correct type for each argument.
For example to define the language extension XTSEND the file
would contain a line like this:
XTSEND:(remote$,local$,type%)
The names of the variables used to give the arguments are not
important: they are just used to determine the type of each
argument, but they must not be keywords. Thus if the variable
name does not end in a %, &, or $ sign it is taken to be a
floating point value.
In addition to the standard OPL data types the asterisk (*)
symbol can be used to denote an argument of no fixed type.
OPLLINT will not check the type of this argument when the
procedure is called.
An ellipsis (...) denotes a variable number of arguments to a
procedure. OPLLINT will only check the arguments specified
before the ellipsis.
For a language extension with a variable number of arguments
and one argument of no fixed type the file might contain:
STRANGE:(string$,notfixed*,number%,...)
Calls to this language extension would then be allowed to have
3 or more arguments, and the second argument could be of any
type.
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7 ORDERING PROCEDURES
If you are using an Organiser OPLLINT has two features to help
you order your procedures on a datapak in the most efficient
way. Procedures at the top of the datapak run faster, and thus
should be those most frequently used.
OPLLINT keeps a count of how many times a procedure is called
in a program. This count can be seen as a procedures'
popularity. This popularity count does not take account of a
call made within a loop: it is just the number of times the
procedure call appears in the program text.
OPLLINT will produce a list of all the procedures use in the
system along with the popularity count for each procedure.
This is done by using the -p flag.
OPLLINT can also take your original BLD or OLL file and re-
order it using the popularity counts. The most popular
procedures will go to the top of the BLD file and hence the
datapak.
Data files such as ODB files will be given an arbitrary
popularity count. This value is by default 10, but can be set
using the -T flag. With a value of 10 the ODB files will
usually be put in the middle of the pak.
The best place to put the data files depends on the program
and how often the files are used.
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8 CUSTOMISING OPLLINT
As mentioned earlier OPLLINT is actually run from two batch
files OL.BAT and OLR.BAT.
These batch files simply call the OPLLINT program with the
command line they are given, except that they add a -s flag to
tell OPLLINT where the standard language extension files are
kept.
If you require different defaults for your system you can
simply add flags to this batch file.
The OL environment variable is also useful for setting up a
new set of defaults or commonly used flags (for instance a
commonly used language extension file).
OLR.BAT is exactly the same as OL.BAT except that output is
redirected to a file called ERR.OUT (redirection commands are
not passed when batch files are called).
Note that a maximum of 16 arguments can be given to OL or OLR
due to limits in the number of arguments that can be passed to
batch files.
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9 THE PREPROCESSOR
All files that OPLLINT reads are passed through a C style
preprocessor. The preprocessor provides C style comments using
the /* */ characters:
PRINT A$ /* this is a comment */
The preprocessor supports all the standard C preprocessor
directives like #define, #include etc. For instance you can
define symbolic constants which are then replaced in the main
text of the program:
#define FALSE -1
...
if A = FALSE
PRINT "it was false"
endif
For more information on the preprocessor see the TRAN user
guide in the OPL development kit.
OPLLINT defines a symbolic constant _OPLLINT when it runs the
preprocessor. This allows you to put OPLLINT specific code in
your programs:
#ifdef _OPLLINT
LOADM "one" /* so that OPLLINT can get the names */
LOADM "two"
#else
LOADM A$ /* the real program */
#endif
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10 FEATURES NEW TO V2.00
10.1 CHANGES FROM V1.12 TO V2.00
þ The -x flag has now been replaced by the -txp flag.
10.2 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.00
þ All OPL input files are now preprocessed, including
the OLL, BLD and language extension files.
þ Multiple OPL and language extension paths are now
supported.
þ Exact redefinitions of language extensions are now
supported.
þ Portability warnings are now produced.
þ OPLLINT can now determine which target machines a
system is compatible with.
þ A simple list file input, the OLL file, can be used
instead of a BLD file.
þ SIBO OPL modules can be automatically located and
loaded given the first module.
þ OPLLINT now supports MC-OPL and OPL/g in addition to
the Organiser OPLs.
þ The number of language extension files allowed has
been increased to 16.
10.3 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.10
þ OPLLINT will produce a calling structure of a program.
10.4 FEATURES ADDED TO OPLLINT V2.20
þ Support for OPL/w added.
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