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- DOCUMENT:Q99767 09-JUN-1993 [W_NT]
- TITLE :INF: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
- PRODUCT :Windows NT
- PROD/VER:3.10
- OPER/SYS:WINDOWS
- KEYWORDS:
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- The information in this article applies to:
-
- - Microsoft Windows NT operating system version 3.10
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- The current public phone system is based on analog signals used
- primarily for voice transmission. The Integrated Services Digital
- Network (ISDN) specification is a digital replacement for the analog
- phone system. An ISDN phone system is similar to a computer network.
- Currently, to send data you must use a modem to convert from digital
- signals generated by computers to analog signals that can be
- transferred on analog phone lines. Since ISDN is digital, no modem is
- needed.
-
- Starting in the 1960's, phone carriers began to install digital
- backbone networks in their phone systems. ISDN extends this digital
- network to the consumer site. Some phone systems still do not provide
- support for ISDN, but many do; contact your local phone carrier for
- more information. Windows NT Remote Access Service (RAS) supports ISDN
- functionality. This article discusses the following topics:
-
- - ISDN at Hardware Level
- - ISDN at Service Level
- - Optimizing RAS on ISDN
- - ISDN Setup Options
-
- ISDN AT HARDWARE LEVEL
- ======================
-
- An ISDN network requires ISDN lines and adapters. Each ISDN line is
- divided into the one of the following categories:
-
- - Two B-channels for voice and data that can transfer data at 64K BPS
- (bits per second) per channel.
-
- - One D-channel for signaling and line control. This channel is used
- for out-of-band signaling for call setup. It is possible to
- transfer data on the D-channel also. The X.25 protocol is sometimes
- available over the D-channel. Currently, neither Digiboard nor
- Windows NT support this capability.
-
- Digiboard makes three ISDN adapters that are supported by Windows NT:
-
- - Digiboard PCIMAC ISA
- - Digiboard PCIMAC/4 ISA. Expandable from 1 to 4 ports.
- - Digiboard PCIMAC MCA
-
- ISDN AT SERVICE LEVEL
- =====================
-
- There are two ISDN protocols: primary rate interface (PRI) and basic
- rate interface (BRI). Digiboard and Windows NT currently support only
- BRI. BRI uses two B-channels and one D-channel. The European
- implementation of PRI uses 32 B-channels, while the United States
- version uses 23. PRI uses a different style of signaling and type of
- interface that is not compatible with BRI. PRI is more prevalent in
- Europe than in the United States at this time.
-
- Currently Digiboard is the only company providing ISDN drivers for
- Windows NT and Windows NT Advanced Server. You can install the
- Digiboard drivers from the Networks option of Control Panel. Choose
- Add Adapter and select one of the three Digiboard adapters.
-
- The driver is actually a network media access control (MAC) driver. It
- talks with the ISDN hardware on the bottom and exposes an NDIS 3.0
- interface on the top. The ISDN MAC driver binds with the RASHUB driver
- on top. RASHUB is then bound with the transport (that is, NBF).
-
- The ISDN MAC driver does not use the Windows NT serial I/O driver and,
- therefore, does not need to work with the ASYNCMAC driver that
- normally converts between serial I/O and NDIS 3.0.
-
- OPTIMIZING RAS ON ISDN
- ======================
-
- RAS can use one or more B-channels per connection. You can optimize
- RAS for the maximum number of connections or the best throughput. To
- maximize the number of connections, use one B-channel per incoming
- call. This transfers data at a rate of 64K per second. The 16K D-
- channel control is shared between the two B-channels, and control
- information is passed over the D-channel so that the adapter knows
- what B-channel is being referenced.
-
- You can maximize throughput by using multiple B-channels per
- connection. (This will reduce the number of possible connections.) On
- a one ISDN port Windows NT RAS client, you can transfer data using two
- B-channels, giving you an effective rate of 128K BPS. If you have more
- ISDN ports available, as in the case of the Digiboard adapter that has
- four ports, you can increase the throughput even further:
-
- 4 <ISDN ports> * 2 <B-channels> * 64K BPS = 512K BPS
-
- To do this, you need hardware support on both the client and server
- side. The incoming call determines how many channels are used. If
- there are not enough channels available, the call fails. (Currently
- you cannot instruct the server to limit the number of B-channels to
- use per connection.)
-
- Because of Digiboard's proprietary method of aggregating B-channels,
- Digiboard drivers cannot connect to other vendors' ISDN drivers.
- Currently there is no standard protocol for B-channel aggregation, but
- a group is putting one together. It is called Bandwidth On Demand
- (BONDING). If this becomes an industry standard, Digiboard may support
- it in the future.
-
- ISDN SETUP OPTIONS
- ==================
-
- ISDN Setup options for a RAS client can be found in the Remote Access
- application and in the Networks portion of Control Panel.
-
- From Remote Access, choose Add, Advanced, and ISDN for configuration
- options. The following options are available:
-
- Line Type
- ---------
-
- Determines the highest line type to try when initially dialing an ISDN
- connection.
-
- Negotiate Protocol
- ------------------
-
- This enables RAS to attempt to use multiple line types. The following
- notes apply to this setting:
-
- - Intermediate devices may not allow a connection to go through at a
- certain rate or line type.
- - RAS first attempts to make the connection by using the line type
- specified (via the D-channel).
- - If you enable Negotiate Protocol and an intermediate device rejects
- the line type, the call is terminated and a lower line type is
- tried.
- - Attempt order: 64K digital, 56K digital, 56K voice.
- - If 56K Voice is accepted, RAS still sends data, not voice. The
- connection only seems to be voice to the intermediate device.
- - The server is reached after the intermediate device has accepted
- the line type. The RAS ISDN server then accepts that rate and does
- not need to be manually configured.
-
- Enable Hardware Compression
- ---------------------------
-
- This enables hardware compression on the ISDN card. This could allow
- throughput speeds to be effectively doubled, depending on data type.
- For example: A two B-channel connection (2 * 64 BPS = 128 BPS) could
- yield an effective BPS rate of over 200K.
-
- Channels in Use
- ---------------
-
- This indicates the number of B-channels that the client ISDN
- connection should use.
-
- From Control Panel, choose Networks, select the Digiboard driver in
- use, and choose Configure. The following options are available:
-
- IRQ
- ---
-
- This option is set to Disable by default. The driver can poll the card
- using a system timer instead of an interrupt request. Testing has
- shown that this provides very good performance. Disabling the IRQ also
- frees an IRQ for another device to use. If you want to use an IRQ, it
- is software configurable.
-
- I\O Address
- -----------
-
- This must match the switch settings on the card. Each ISDN card must
- have a unique I\O address.
-
- Memory Address
- --------------
-
- This address is software configurable. Shared memory is used to
- transfer data and can be shared between multiple Digiboard ISDN cards.
-
- Switch Type
- -----------
-
- You must contact your local phone carrier to determine what switch
- type to specify. There is no way the Digiboard driver or adapter can
- get this information from the switch service.
-
- The following are the currently supported ISDN switch types:
-
- - ATT (AT&T)
- - NI-1 (National ISDN-1)
- - NTI (Northern Telecom)
- - Generic (CCITT Standard)
- - Auto (Attempts auto-detection)
-
- Line Options
- ------------
-
- These settings vary depending on the ISDN line configuration. You
- should ask your local phone carrier for more information on these
- settings. The defaults are correct for an AT&T line.
-
- Additional reference words: 3.10
-
- =============================================================================
-
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- PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. MICROSOFT DISCLAIMS
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- OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO
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- OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES
- SO THE FOREGOING LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY.
-
- Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1993.