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- DOCUMENT:Q100110 17-AUG-1993 [W_NT]
- TITLE :INF: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
- PRODUCT :Windows NT
- PROD/VER:3.10
- OPER/SYS:WINDOWS
- KEYWORDS:
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- The following information applies to:
-
- - Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server, version 3.1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Summary:
-
- This article explains the differences between redundant arrays of
- inexpensive disks (RAID) versions 0 through 5, and what Microsoft
- Windows NT Advanced Server supports. This article also explains some
- of the advantages and disadvantages of the various RAID
- configurations.
-
- More Information:
-
- Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server supports only RAID 0, RAID 1, and
- RAID 5. Fault tolerance and disk array implementations, while
- generally based on the design described here, vary considerably among
- manufacturers.
-
- RAID 0
- ------
-
- RAID 0 includes a disk array that implements striping without any
- drive redundancy. It offers no fault tolerance and is less reliable
- than a single-drive implementation; its only advantage is speed. RAID
- 0 is suitable for certain special applications, as in scientific
- analysis or imaging, where compromised system reliability can be
- tolerated.
-
- RAID 1
- ------
-
- RAID 1 is disk mirroring. Two drives store identical information so
- that one is a mirror of the other. For every disk operation, the
- system must write the same information to both disks. Because dual
- write operations can degrade system performance, many employ
- duplexing, where each mirror drive has it own host adapter. While the
- mirror approach provides good fault tolerance, it is relatively
- expensive to implement, because only half of the available disk space
- can be used for storage while the other is used for mirroring. Novell
- NetWare, in particular, incorporates support for disk mirroring.
-
- RAID 2
- ------
-
- RAID 2 uses extra check disks, with data bits striped across the data
- and check disks. The data includes an interleaved Hamming code, which
- can be used to detect and correct single bit errors as well as detect
- double bit errors. Because of the amount of information required for
- the check bits, several check disks are required to implement RAID 2.
- It is optimal for reading and writing large data blocks at high data
- transfer rates, but smaller block reads are inefficient. Read, modify,
- and write operations required for small block write operation also
- result in poor performance. RAID 2 is generally impractical for
- smaller systems and is not available with Microsoft Windows NT
- Advanced Server.
-
- RAID 3
- ------
-
- RAID 3 uses a single redundant check disk (sometimes referred to as a
- parity disk) for each group of drives. Data written to the RAID 3 disk
- array is bit striped across the data disks. The check disk receives
- the XOR (exclusive OR) of all the data values written to the data
- drives. Because data transfers to and from individual drives occur
- only in unit sector multiples, the minimum amount of data that can be
- written to or read from RAID 3 disk array is the number of data drives
- multiplied by the number of bytes per sector (this is known as a
- transfer unit). This option is not available with Microsoft Windows NT
- Advanced Server.
-
- RAID 4
- ------
-
- RAID 4 offers a disk array architecture that is better optimized for
- transaction processing applications than RAID 3. RAID 4 performs block
- striping or sector striping on the data on the drives, while RAID 3
- performs bit striping. Thus, with RAID 4, one entire sector is written
- to one drive, the next sector is written to the next drive, and so on.
- This technique allows multiple unrelated sectors to be read
- simultaneously, and it is particularly valuable for small reads that
- need to access only a single drive in the array. RAID 4 dedicates one
- entire disk for storing check data, allowing data from a failed drive
- to be easily recovered. While this approach allows multiple reads to
- occur simultaneously, with different sectors from different drives,
- write operations are bottlenecked. Because the single check disk
- operation must be written to during every write operation, only one
- write operation can take place at a time. This option is not available
- with Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server.
-
- RAID 5
- ------
-
- Unlike RAID 4, which dedicates a single physical disk for check data,
- RAID 5 dedicates the equivalent of one entire disk for storing check
- data but distributes the check data over all the drives in the group.
- For example, sector 1 of disk 5 may be assigned to hold the check data
- for sector 1 of the remaining data drives and so on. Because the check
- data is simply the XOR of all the write data values for the
- corresponding sector on each of the data disks, as long as the old
- sector data and the old check data values are known, the new check
- data for a single sector write can be calculated without having to
- read the corresponding sectors from the other data disks. Thus, only
- two disks are involved in a single sector write operation: the target
- data disk and the corresponding disk that holds the check data for
- that sector. This is in contrast to the RAID 3 implementation, which
- requires all drives in a group to be read and written when a single
- sector size write occurs. The primary benefit of the RAID 5
- distributed check data approach is that it permits write operations to
- take place simultaneously. It also allows multiple reads to take place
- simultaneously and is efficient in handling small amounts of
- information. This is the preferred option when setting up fault
- tolerance in Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server.
-
- How RAID 3, RAID 4, and RAID 5 Recover and Rebuild
- --------------------------------------------------
-
- RAID 3, RAID 4, and RAID 5 disk array designs allow for data recovery.
- When data is written to multiple data disks, the XOR or all the data
- values is written to the check disk. If any one disk fails, the
- missing data from that disk can be determined (recovered) by taking
- the XOR of the data values from the remaining data drives and the
- check disk. This operation can be implemented in either the system
- software or the host adapter.
-
- Additional reference words: 3.10 hrdwr filsys
-
- =============================================================================
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-
- Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1993.