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- DOCUMENT:Q100108 01-SEP-1993 [W_NT]
- TITLE :INF: Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems
- PRODUCT :Windows NT
- PROD/VER:3.10
- OPER/SYS:WINDOWS
- KEYWORDS:
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- The following information applies to:
-
- - Microsoft Windows NT operating system version 3.1
- - Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server version 3.1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Summary:
-
- This article explains the differences between FAT, HPFS, and NTFS
- under Windows NT, and their advantages and disadvantages. It is
- divided into the following sections:
-
- - FAT Overview
- - HPFS Overview
- - NTFS Overview
-
- FAT Overview
- ============
-
- FAT is by far the most simplistic of the file systems supported by
- Windows NT. The FAT file system is characterized by the file
- allocation table (FAT), which is really a table that resides at the
- very "top" of the volume. To protect the volume, two copies of the FAT
- are kept in case one becomes damaged. In addition, the FAT tables and
- the root directory must be stored in a fixed location so that the
- system's boot files can be correctly located.
-
- A disk formatted with FAT is allocated in clusters, whose size are
- determined by the size of the volume. When a file is created, an entry
- is created in the directory and the first cluster number containing
- data is established. This entry in the FAT table either indicates that
- this is the last cluster of the file, or points to the next cluster.
-
- Updating the FAT table is very important as well as time consuming. If
- the FAT table is not regularly updated, it can lead to data loss. It
- is time consuming because the disk read heads must be repositioned to
- the drive's logical track zero each time the FAT table is updated.
-
- There is no organization to the FAT directory structure, and files are
- given the first open location on the drive. In addition, FAT supports
- only read-only, hidden, system, and archive file attributes.
-
- FAT Naming Convention
- ---------------------
-
- FAT uses the traditional 8.3 file naming convention and all filenames
- must be created with the ASCII character set. The name of a file or
- directory can be up to eight characters long, then a period (.)
- separator, and up to a three character extension. The name must start
- with either a letter or number and can contain any characters except
- for the following:
-
- . " / \ [ ] : ; | = ,
-
- If any of these characters are used, unexpected results may occur. The
- name cannot contain any spaces.
-
- The following names are reserved:
-
- CON, AUX, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, PRN, NUL
-
- All characters will be converted to uppercase.
-
- Advantages of FAT
- -----------------
-
- It is not possible to perform an undelete under Windows NT on any of
- the supported file systems. Undelete utilities try to directly access
- the hardware, which cannot be done under Windows NT. However, if the
- file was located on a FAT partition, and the system is restarted under
- MS-DOS, the file can be undeleted. The FAT file system is best for
- drives and/or partitions under approximately 200 MB, because FAT
- starts out with very little overhead. For further discussion of
- FAT advantages, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 18, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 20, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- Disadvantages of FAT
- --------------------
-
- Preferably, when using drives or partitions of over 200 MB the FAT
- file system should not be used. This is because as the size of the
- volume increases, performance with FAT will quickly decrease. It is
- not possible to set permissions on files that are FAT partitions. For
- further discussion of other disadvantages of FAT, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 18, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 20, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows
- NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- HPFS Overview
- =============
-
- The HPFS file system was first introduced with OS/2 1.2 to allow for
- greater access to the larger hard drives that were then appearing on
- the market. Additionally, it was necessary for a new file system to
- extend the naming system, organization, and security for the growing
- demands of the network server market. HPFS maintains the directory
- organization of FAT, but adds automatic sorting of the directory based
- on filenames. Filenames are extended to up to 254 double byte
- characters. HPFS also allows a file to be composed of "data" and
- special attributes to allow for increased flexibility in terms of
- supporting other naming conventions and security. In addition, the
- unit of allocation is changed from clusters to physical sectors (512
- bytes), which reduces lost disk space.
-
- Under HPFS, directory entries hold more information than under FAT. As
- well as the attribute file, this includes information about the
- modification, creation, and access date and times. Instead of pointing
- to the first cluster of the file, the directory entries under HPFS
- point to the FNODE. The FNODE can contain the file's data, or pointers
- that may point to the file's data or to other structures that will
- eventually point to the file's data.
-
- HPFS attempts to allocate as much of a file in contiguous sectors as
- possible. This is done in order to increase speed when doing
- sequential processing of a file.
-
- HPFS organizes a drive into a series of 8 MB bands, and whenever
- possible a file is contained within one of these bands. Between each
- of these bands are 2K allocation bitmaps, which keep track of which
- sectors within a band have and have not been allocated. Banding
- increases performance because the drive head does not have to return
- to the logical top (typically cylinder 0) of the disk, but to the
- nearest band allocation bitmap to determine where a file is to be
- stored.
-
- Additionally, HPFS includes a couple of unique special data objects:
-
- Super Block
- -----------
-
- The Super Block is located in logical sector 16 and contains a pointer
- to the FNODE of the root directory. One of the biggest dangers of
- using HPFS is that if the Super Block is lost or corrupted due to a
- bad sector, so are the contents of the partition, even if the rest of
- the drive is fine. It would be possible to recover the data on the
- drive by copying everything to another drive with a good sector 16 and
- rebuilding the Super Block. However, this is a very complex task.
-
- Spare Block
- -----------
-
- The Spare Block is located in logical sector 17 and contains a table
- of "hot fixes" and the Spare Directory Block. Under HPFS, when a bad
- sector is detected, the "hot fixes" entry is used to logically point
- to an existing good sector in place of the bad sector. This technique
- for handling write errors is known as hot fixing.
-
- Hot fixing is a technique where if an error occurs because of a bad
- sector, the file system moves the information to a different sector
- and marks the original sector as bad. This is all done transparent to
- any applications that are performing disk I/O (that is, the
- application never knows that there were any problems with the hard
- drive). Using a file system that supports hot fixing will eliminate
- error messages such as the FAT "Abort, Retry, or Fail?" error message
- that occurs when a bad sector is encountered.
-
- Note: The version of HPFS that is included with Windows NT does not
- support hot fixing.
-
- Advantages of HPFS
- ------------------
-
- HPFS is best for drives in the 200-400 MB range. For more discussion
- of the advantages of HPFS, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 18, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 20, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- Disadvantages of HPFS
- ---------------------
-
- Because of the overhead involved in HPFS, it is not a very efficient
- choice for a volume of under approximately 200 MB. In addition, with
- volumes larger than about 400 MB, there will be some performance
- degradation. You cannot set security on HPFS under Windows NT. For
- additional disadvantages of HPFS, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 18, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 20, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- NTFS Overview
- =============
-
- From a user's point of view, NTFS continues to organize files into
- directories, which, like HPFS, are sorted. However, unlike FAT or
- HPFS, there are no "special" objects on the disk and there is no
- dependence on the underlying hardware, such as 512 byte sectors. In
- addition, there are no special locations on the disk, such as FAT
- tables or HPFS Super Blocks.
-
- The goals of NTFS are to provide:
-
- - Reliability, which is especially desirable for high end systems
- and file servers
-
- - A platform for added functionality
-
- - Support POSIX requirements
-
- - Removal of the limitations of the FAT and HPFS file systems
-
- Reliability
- -----------
-
- To ensure reliability of NTFS, three major areas were addressed:
- recoverability, removal of fatal single sector failures, and hot
- fixing.
-
- NTFS is a recoverable file system because it keeps track of
- transactions against the file system. When a CHKDSK is performed on
- FAT or HPFS, the consistency of pointers within the directory,
- allocation, and file tables is being checked. Under NTFS, a log of
- transactions against these components is maintained so that CHKDSK
- need only roll back transactions to the last commit point in order to
- recover consistency within the file system.
-
- Under FAT or HPFS, if a sector that is the location of one of the file
- system's special objects fails, then a single sector failure will
- occur. NTFS avoids this in two ways: first, by not using special
- objects on the disk and tracking and protecting all objects that are
- on the disk. Secondly, under NTFS, multiple copies (the number depends
- on the volume size) of the Master File Table are kept.
-
- Similar to OS/2 versions of HPFS, NTFS supports hot fixing.
-
- Added Functionality
- -------------------
-
- One of the major design goals of Windows NT at every level is to
- provide a platform that can be added to and built upon, and NTFS is no
- exception. NTFS provides a rich and flexible platform for other file
- systems to be able to use. In addition, NTFS fully supports the
- Windows NT security model and supports multiple data streams. No
- longer is a data file a single stream of data. Finally, under NTFS, a
- user can add his or her own user-defined attributes to a file.
-
- POSIX Support
- -------------
-
- NTFS is the most POSIX.1 compliant of the supported file systems
- because it supports the following POSIX.1 requirements:
-
- Case Sensitive Naming:
-
- Under POSIX, README.TXT, Readme.txt, and readme.txt are all
- different files.
-
- Additional Time Stamp:
-
- The additional time stamp supplies the time at which the file was last
- accessed.
-
- Hard Links:
-
- A hard link is when two different filenames, which can be located in
- different directories, point to the same data.
-
- Removing Limitations
- --------------------
-
- First, NTFS has greatly increased the size of files and volumes, so
- that they can now be up to 264. NTFS has also returned to the FAT
- concept of clusters in order to avoid HPFS problem of a fixed sector
- size. This was done because Windows NT is a portable operating system
- and different disk technology is likely to be encountered at some
- point. Therefore, 512 bytes per sector was viewed as having a large
- possibility of not always being a good fit for the allocation. This
- was accomplished by allowing the cluster to be defined as multiples of
- the hardware's natural allocation size (see Cluster Factor in the NTFS
- module for more details). Finally, in NTFS all filenames are Unicode
- based, and 8.3 filenames are kept along with long filenames.
-
- Advantages of NTFS
- ------------------
-
- NTFS is best for use on volumes of about 400 MB or more. This is
- because performance does not degrade under NTFS, as it does under FAT,
- with larger volume sizes.
-
- The recoverability designed into NTFS is such that a user should
- never have to run any sort of disk repair utility on an NTFS
- partition. For additional advantages of NTFS, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 18, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 20, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- Disadvantages of NTFS
- ---------------------
-
- It is not recommended to use NTFS on a volume that is smaller than
- approximately 400 MB, because of the amount of space overhead involved
- in NTFS. This space overhead is in the form of NTFS system files that
- typically use at least 4 MB of drive space on a 100 MB partition.
-
- Currently, there is no file encryption built into NTFS. Therefore,
- someone can boot under MS-DOS, or another operating system, and use
- a low-level disk editing utility to view data stored on an NTFS
- volume.
-
- It is not possible to format a floppy disk with the NTFS file system;
- Windows NT formats all floppy disks with the FAT file system because
- the overhead involved in NTFS will not fit onto a floppy disk.
-
- For further discussion of NTFS disadvantages, see the following:
-
- - Windows NT "System Guide," Chapter 19, section titled "Selecting a
- File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "System Guide," Chapter 21, section
- titled "Selecting a File System for the Windows NT Partition"
-
- - Windows NT Advanced Server "Concepts and Planning Guide," Chapter
- 5, section titled "Choosing a File System"
-
- NTFS Naming Conventions
- -----------------------
-
- File and directory names can be up to 255 characters long, including
- any extensions. Names preserve case, but are not case sensitive. NTFS
- makes no distinction of filenames based on case. Names can contain any
- characters except for the following:
-
- ? " / \ < > * | :
-
- Note: Currently, from the command line, you can only create filenames
- of up to 253 characters.
-
- Additional reference words: 3.10
-
- =============================================================================
-
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-
- Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1993.