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- THE WHITE GODDESS IN CELTIC AND GERMANIC REALMS
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- Ben Blumenberg
- Reality Software
- P.O. Box 105
- Waldoboro, Me 04572
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- January 26, 1992
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- Table of Contents
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- The Mare Goddess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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- The Irish Ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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- Macha and Cuchulainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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- Celtic Goddesses: Ritual & Myth in Britain . . . . . . . . . . 5
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- The Irish Goddess of Sovereignty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
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- The Irish Celtic Goddess of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
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- The Irish Goddess and Celtic Sovereignty: Love and Power . . 20
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- The Celtic Goddess of Sovereignty as Warrior . . . . . . . . .27
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- The Power of Three and Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
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- The Celtic Goddess as Weaver of Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
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- Christianity and the Death of the Goddess in Ireland . . . . .38
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- The White Goddess as Sovereignty in Medieval Wales:
- The First Branch of the Mabinogi. . . . 40
- The Second Branch of the Mabinogi:
- The Goddess of Sovereignty is Weakened
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- The Death of the Goddess in Gaul: and the Origin of Witches
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- Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
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- The Mare Goddess
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- Striking similarities have been pointed out for over
- seven decades between horse sacrifices in ancient India and
- Celtic Ireland. These similarities quickly became one of the
- important pieces of evidence which indicated that both the
- Aryans, who invaded India and began the Vedic Period
- (c.1500-2,000 B.C.), and the Celts evolved from a common
- population which began to fission and expand during the Neolithic
- (Dillon 1963). This stem culture we now know to be the
- Indo-Europeans, who are sometimes called the Kurgan Culture;
- their apparent origin was the area now known as southwest Russia
- sometime prior to 4,000 B.C. Common features in ritual and
- linguistics survived enormous differences of time, place
- and environment.
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- As O'Flaherty (1980: ch.6) says, there are two basic
- questions about the horse sacrifices that demand consideration.
- "1) Why did the Irish ritual involve a mare and a king,
- while the Indian ritual involved a queen and a stallion? 2) Why
- was the horse killed in the ritual but rarely in the myth? ...
- The ritual began with symbolic copulation between the royal
- figure and the equine figure and ended with the slaughter of the
- animal and the eating of its flesh or fluid.
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- "The skeleton of the myth may be read as follows. A goddess
- in the form of a white mare or a water bird assumed human form
- and mated with an aging sun king. Impregnated by him through her
- mouth, she gave birth to hippomorphic twins, male and female, who
- incestously begat the human race. The goddess or evil black
- alter ego injured or threatened to devour her children or the
- king. She then disappeared. The myth ends there, but the ritual
- elaborates upon the simple disappearance of the mare and the
- simultaneous mutilation of the king or the stallion or the son:
- in the ritual, the king killed the mare and ate her to restore
- his waning powers." (O'Flaherty 1980: 149-150)
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- O'Flaherty does not present this tale as the possible Indo-
- European prototype, that is the single myth that existed in
- parental Indo-European culture before it began to fission and
- spread. Rather, this is a "thematic rather than a historic
- core."(O'Flaherty 1980: 151). It contains those elements that
- may be identified within many variations from a variety of
- Indo-European cultures: Indian, Irish, Greek, Roman, Gallic,
- Welsh, and Russian.
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- I also wish to further complicate the interpretive
- challenge by suggesting that this myth originated after Old
- Europe with its religion of the Great Goddess had been invaded
- and apparently culturally swamped by various Indo-European
- peoples. I believe this myth to be syncretic, that is an attempt
- to reconcile potentially hostile and adversarial mytho-poetics
- who found themselves close neighbors after the Indo-European
- migrations. To call this a pure or "characteristic"
- Indo-European myth misses the point. After the Indo-European
- invasions, I believe several cultural regions saw the rise of
- mytho-poetics which attempted to integrate major themes from both
- the Thunder God mythic structure of the Indo-Europeans and the
- indigenous Neolithic religion of the Great Goddess. These
- cultural regions are listed above and are those cultures where
- the myth of the "Indo-European mare" may be found, the earliest
- of which appear in written records is Vedic India c.2,000 B.C.
- Furthermore, while the Indo-European peoples apparently swamped
- much of Old Europe, some Indo-European tribes would be in contact
- for some time with "islands of Great Goddess religion" which
- survived the migrations such as in classical Crete and several
- localities on the European mainland. The mare is decidely not
- Indo-European in metaphor although the choice of animal to use as
- a mythic symbol is characteristically Indo-European. Old Europe
- did not domesticate the horse and it played no prominent role in
- their "pure" mythic structures, although wild horses may have
- been occasional food animals. The Goddess is ever-present in the
- myth and ritual of horse sacrifice. When her epiphany is that of
- a water bird and not of a horse, then this is "pure" Old European
- metaphor (Gimbutas, 1989). The fact that she is no longer
- reproductively self-contained, and therefore no longer
- parthenogenetic, reveals the power of the Indo-European invaders;
- she mates with a sun king to become pregnant. However, her power
- remains absolute in the ritual, for the king must eat her flesh
- or drink broth made from it in order to restore his powers.
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- "The incident at the heart of it all involves two basic
- processes: a sacrifice and a marriage. The sacrifice brings gods
- and humans together through food that is obtained by slaughter.
- The marriage brings men and women together through sex (here, as
- elsewhere, expressed through metaphors of food and eating). The
- emotional components of lust and fear/agression, which we have
- seen to underlie so much of the mythology of the Goddess, are
- present in this compound ceremony, ..." (O'Flaherty 1980:
- op.cit.)
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- The Irish Ritual
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- "In the Irish ritual (recorded A.D. 1185 by Giraldus
- Cambrensis), a white mare was led before the king in the presence
- of his people. Then, 'He, seeking to elevate himself not into a
- prince but a beast, not into a king but an outlaw, approaching
- like an animal, professes as shamelessly as irrationally that he
- too is a beast' ... That is, he behaved like a beast (mounting
- her on all fours and from the rear) for copulation with the
- mare). The mare was then killed, cut into pieces, and boiled,
- and the king bathed in the broth, drinking it by lapping it up
- directly with his mouth, not using a cup and he also ate the
- mare's flesh." (O'Flaherty 1980: 152). This is an eyewitness
- account whose veracity is not questioned by scholars. It
- contains three essential elements of the core myth: the mating of
- the king with a white mare, the slaughter of the mare, and the
-