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MANUAL.DOC
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1990-01-13
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LIST OF FEATURES
EQUIPIMENT:
IBM-PC, CGA, EGA, or Hercules Card, 512K memory
OUTPUT:
Printers--Epson FX-LQ, HP LaserJet
Files--HP LaserJet file, Lotus PIC file
GRAPH TYPES:
Line, XY, Scatter, Needle, Bar
GRAPH SCALES:
Linear, Log, Probability, Time Series, or mixed
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1)--READ DATA FROM FILE:
32,000 x,y pairs
ASCII Columnar, Lotus WK1, 'SHELL' to DOS
2)--ENTER, EDIT, SORT OR SAVE DATA:
Enter or edit, swap & copy, insert & delete
X values not required for time series
Choose Y2 values as labels
Sort data on X
3)--SPLINE CURVE FITTING:
Smoother interpolated values at user specified intervals
4)--STATISTICS & OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS:
Sample size, Mean, Median, Min & Max, Variance, Std.
Deviation, Std. Error of Mean, Skewness, Kurtosis
Other Distributions:
Frequency Histogram, Cumulative %, Mass, Double Mass,
Moving Average (centered or lagged)
5)--REGRESSION:
Y=a+bX, Y=a+bX+cX^2, Y=a+bLogX, LogY=a+bX, Y=aX^b,
Y=a(X+e)^b, Plot regression or errors
6)--PROBABILITY:
Compute probability of Y values or user probability as X
Add Pearson III or Log-Pearson III (normal & log normal)
7)--TIME SERIES:
General-give starting X value and interval between Y values
Daily w/monthly or yearly labels, Monthly w/yearly labels
8)--REPLOT
Make corrections to labels, line and marker type, scales...
1
MANUAL SCALING OPTIONS:
Suppress X scale labels (user may interactively add)
Second Y axis
Set X & Y graphing range
Reverse Y scale
Set Y2 line color and marker type
14 colors, 14 marker types, or user text as markers
Set # of blank rows to begin new Y2 line and marker type
Set restart of Y2 time series values on X scale
Turn Y markers off and line on after blank value
INTERACTIVE SCREEN EDITING:
Add markers, lines, curves and text
Display cursor coordinates
Change editing color
UTILITY PROGRAMS:
CONTOUR.exe--generates contour data file for EGRAPH using
randomly spaced X-Y values and associated Z value
PRNWHAT.exe--Extracts data from columnar ASCII files.
Sequential data on rows may be stacked into columns
NOTABS.exe--Replaces tabs in ASCII files with 8 spaces for
proper reading by EGRAPH.
2
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Copyright (c) 1987-90
by
Great Basin Associates
12990 W. Grand Place
Morrison, CO 80465
EGRAPH is an engineering graphics program for the IBM-PC with a
CGA, EGA, VGA (ega mode), or Hercules graphics card. LINEAR,
LOG, PROBABILITY, and TIME SERIES axis scaling may be mixed.
Over 32,000 x,y data pairs may be graphed. Descriptive
Statistics, Cumulative & Frequency Distributions, Regression,
Pearson III, Splines, and Contours can be added. Text, lines,
curves, and points can be interactively placed on graph.
Data can be read directly form Lotus worksheet files, PRN,
columnar ASCII files or keyboard. Graphs may be printed directly
on an Epson or HP LaserJet printer or saved as a Lotus PIC
file. High resolution graphs can be printed or plotted using all
the printers and plotters supported by Lotus 123 or Symphony.
The PIC file can also be imported into other programs such as
Freelance, Word Perfect, Word and desktop publishers for editing
and printing.
It is menu driven with prompts for required input. After reading
the command line section below, most users will probably not need
to read the rest of this manual.
EGRAPH COMMAND LINE:
Options can be set when starting EGRAPH by including values for
setting screen foreground and background colors or auto selection
of graphics adapter. The command line format is:
EGRAPH,a,b,c (command line format)
The default values used when only EGRAPH is entered from the DOS
prompt is:
a= 7 color white foreground
b= 1 color blue background
c= 0 auto selection of graphics adapter, 1 for manual
For example, EGRAPH,4,7 would set red on white screen colors
with auto select type of graphics adapter.
3
Color numbers are:
0-Black, 1-Blue, 2-Green, 3-Light Blue, 4-Red, 5-Violet, 6-Brown,
7-White: Add 8 to these values for brighter foreground color.
EGRAPH MENU OPTIONS
READ DATA FROM FILE:
Input data files can be created from any program that creates
ASCII files or from Lotus Worksheet files (WKS, WK1). Most word
processor programs can create ASCII files but usually is not the
format in which they normally save files. Each line of data is
terminated by the carriage return (ascii 13) and linefeed (ascii
10) sequence. These terminate each row of data but will not be
displayed when using the TYPE filename DOS command. TAB's(ascii
9) are read as 1 character and not expanded into 8 spaces as
displayed using the TYPE command. You can check for TAB's using
the DOS command COPY /B filename CON. This displays the file in
binary format on the screen and TAB's show up as little circles.
This should be kept in mind when telling EGRAPH where data
columns are located. The included utility program NOTABS will
read a file and replace the tabs with 8 spaces. To use NOTABS
type NOTABS infilename outfilename.
Below are data files in EGRAPH's default data locations of 9
characters wide starting in column 1. If your data is not in
this format answer "N" to the auto format prompt and enter your
formats data width, starting column, and number of variables (1-
4). A data file can have as many title lines as desired. EGRAPH
will detect the start of data lines when the line contains no
letters. Lotus 123 users can create columnar ASCII files by
using \Print File Range Options Margins Left 1 Other Unformatted.
EGRAPH DATA FILES
Example of 1 Y variable data file
Title lines are ok.
Y1 'Y1 is not required and is used for clarity here
12.1
10122 'Y data without an X is useful for time series data
9.999 'or probability and cumulative distribution
1.23E-6 'scientific notation ok!
Example of 1 X and 1 Y variable data file
X1 Y1
.99 2222
.999 589
.9999 -98.4 'X values may be user computed probabilities
4
Example of 2 Y variable data file
Y1 Y2
3.03333 4343.34
1.0E-38 1.0E+38 'values from +- 10 to the 38th power.
2322 1231 'range limit of 1E+38
Example of 1 X and 2 Y variable data file
X1 Y1 Y2
-233 444 3.222
1234567 2.098456-12.34567 'up to 7 significant figures
123456789 44.3 9.982 more are rounded: 1.2345679E+08
Example of 2 X and 2 Y variable data file
X1 Y1 X2 Y2
22.222 2342 23422 4343
333.02 23 33 2.1
2232 6454 22 398
Example of 7 X,Y sub variables
X1 Y1
1 1
2 2
'a blank or letters in Y1 or Y2 will cause
1 2 a start of a new line to be drawn. This is
2 3 useful for displaying more than 2 lines.
Digitized lines can be graphed as was done
1 3 for the map of western U.S states example.
2 4 Confidence limits may be read in as X2,Y2
values with a blank line to separate upper
3 -6 and lower limits. Several confidence levels
22 13 can be added in this manner. Each line for
.1 -9 Y2 values will be graphed in a different
color or dash style when a blank Y2 value is
5 8 encountered. This allows more than 2
6 9 variables to be graphed with different line
styles (see EXAMPLE3.DAT file). # of blank
7 7 blank values before new line can be set
9 4
12 12
15 5
The included utility program PRNWHAT can be used to read your
original data file and extract data into columns for EGRAPH if
your data file is not in the above form.
Lotus worksheet files (.WKS or .WK1) may be read by simply
entering the entire worksheet filename with the .WK1 extension
and EGRAPH will know to read the file as a Lotus or Symphony
worksheet file. You will be prompted to select a X1, Y1, X2, or
Y2 variable and the worksheet range to be read into it. For
example, to read the first 20 values in column A, you would enter
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"A1" as the start of the data range and "A20" as the end of data
range. Several data ranges in the worksheet can be repeatedly
selected for entry into one of EGRAPHS variables in order to
graph several data ranges. When you save your Lotus worksheet,
you must remember what ranges your data to be graphed is in.
The word SHELL may be entered for a filename under the Read Data
menu selection for temporary exit to DOS. Type EXIT to return to
EGRAPH from DOS. The file COMMAND.COM that comes with DOS must
be in your boot drive.
File names may use DOS wildcard characters * and ? to help locate
files. B:*.dat, Test?.*, \data\project1\cost*.* are legal file
names. The files matching the filename mask will be displayed
and you may then enter your filename choice for data reading.
ENTER, EDIT, & SAVE DATA FROM KEYBOARD:
Data can be entered or edited from the keyboard and saved for
rereading. A blank cell for Y1 or Y2 values will start the
beginning of a new line to be drawn so that 100's of line
segments or variables can be graphed. Data entry is terminated
by hitting the Escape key. If Y2 values are entered, you may
select to either graph them or use them as labels for Y1 values.
Editing keys are:
Escape....Exit editor
Space.....Delete cell contents
Insert....Insert cell in data column
Ctrl-Y....Remove cell in data column
Delete....Delete character
Enter.....Enter displayed value and move down 1 cell
Arrow.....Move left, right, down, or up 1 cell
PageUp....Move up 1 page
PageDown..Move down 1 page
Home......Move to top of column
End.......Move to end of column
F1........Swap X1-Y1 with X2-Y2
F2........Copy pointer X-Y to other X-Y
F3........Swap pointer X with Y
F4........Copy X1 to X2
Graph Titles, Axis Labels, and Scaling:
After the data values are edited, the graph titles and axis
labels are prompted for. By pressing the ESC key from within one
of the label edit lines, the graph will be immediately viewed.
Press Alt*H for help in editing graph labels. After entering the
graph labels you may select to add grid lines and type of axis,
either linear or log, and Y2 line type, solid or dashed. From
the grid option you may enter NONE to graph digitized data with
out any axis being displayed.
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A N entered for Auto Scaling will allow manual setting of the X
and Y axis scale range. The Y axis may be inverted to graph such
things as depth using positive values. Display of the X axis
values may be suppressed so that you may add your own labels.
A second Y axis for Y2 values may be added. Time series plots
with blank rows in the Y2 column may be reset to start of the
time scale for graphing several variables using a time series X
axis.
Once the graph is on the screen, hit any key and you may choose
to add text, symbols, straight lines or curved lines. You may
also get the cursor coordinates. The cursor is moved using the
arrow keys or left Shift*Arrow keys together for small moves.
Small moves require the left shift key to be held down while
pressing an arrow key on the number pad, not 101 keyboard arrows.
After moving to a location begin entering text and terminate with
the Enter key. When finished, press the ESC key to redraw the
graph. The last line, symbol, or text type added can be deleted
with the Delete key. To switch type of editing to delete, enter
that type anywhere on the screen and then proceed deleting that
type one at a time with the Delete key.
Graphic editor keys are:
Escape...........End editing and redraw graph
Arrow............Move cursor left, right, up, down 8 pixels
LeftShift-Arrow..Move cursor 1 pixel (number pad arrows only)
Enter or arrow...Enter text string being added
F1...............Add a marker
F2...............Start or end a dashed line
F3...............Start or end a straight line
F4...............Mark 3 points on a curved line
F5...............Toggle display of cursor x and y coordinates
F6...............Increase color, marker & dash type
F7...............Decrease color, marker & dash type
Delete...........Delete last text, marker, or line type added
Graph Printing and Lotus PIC Files:
After viewing or editing the graph you are prompted to print the
graph. The EPSON option will print your graph as half page size
or full page rotated directly on an Epson compatible printer
installed on the LPT#1 port. Either Epson FX (9 pin) or LQ (24
pin) type compatible printer may be used. The HP-LaserJet is
also supported directly or sent to file. The LaserJet file can
be sent to a LaserJet later using Copy filename PRN .
The Lotus PIC file option creates a high resolution file that can
be graphed or plotted using Lotus' or Symphony's PGRAPH.EXE
program. When naming your graph file add the extension .PIC so
PGRAPH can locate it. The enclosed graph examples were plotted
using Lotus PGRAPH.EXE and an HP lasor printer. Other programs
like Freelance, Word Perfect 5, and desktop puplishers can import
the PIC file for editing and printing. Although not displayed
properly in EGRAPH the Lotus LICS extended character codes can be
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used as text by holding down the ALT key and entering the code
number on the NUMBER PAD only.
REPLOT:
After viewing a graph on the screen the graph labels and axis
types can be changed and the graph reviewed by selecting REPLOT.
SPLINE CURVE FITTING:
A smooth curve can be fitted to X1,Y1 points by computing X2,Y2
points between the X1,Y1 input data points. Examples of the use
of this spline fitting is for interpolating points between
rainfall depth-duration data or reservoir elevation-area-capacity
data. The X2,Y2 points are interpolated by weighting the
tangents of the lines connecting the X1,Y1 data input points to
create a smoother curve through the points. The number of
interpolated points between input points are user defined. The
number of computed points between the input values is limited to
16,000.
STATISTICS & OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS:
Descriptive statistics for each of the variables can be displayed
and include Sample Size, Mean, Median, Min, Max, Variance,
Standard Deviation, Skew, and Kurtosis.
A frequency histogram will show how many of the Y1 values are in
a class (interval or bin) displayed as the X axis. All Y1 plot
options should be set to N except Bar Graph. A normal frequency
curve will be fit to the Y1 values and can be turned off or on
using the Y2 plot settings. A better aid in checking to see if
your Y1 data is normally distributed is to use Probability with
the Pearson III option with 0 skew. Normally distributed data
will plot as a straight line on normal probability paper.
The cumulative percent distribution of Y1 and Y2 values may be
computed and graphed. The formula used to compute each Y values
X plotting percent value is 100*Rank/N for percent of values less
than or equal to and 100*(1-(Rank-1)/N) for percent of values
greater than or equal to. The X values in the original data will
be replaced with the cumulative percentage values. If the Spline
or Regression options are used after the cumulative percent then
the X values used will be percentages.
The cumulative distribution is useful for viewing how your data
is distributed. For example, daily streamflow cumulative
distribution may be viewed to see what percent of the time flow
is below a certain value. Log X axis scaling may be used to
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expand the lower percentage values. Y1 and Y2 cumulative
distributions can be graphed together for comparisons.
Mass curves are a cumulative sum of Y1 data usually with time.
Changes in slope of the mass curve can show a change in the
relation with time. A double mass curve is a cumulative sum of
both X1 and Y1 data to show changes in their relation. Sometimes
it is helpful using a double mass curve to use the average of
several variables as X1 values to limit variability. Regression
errors plotted as a residual mass curve can help magnify changes
in the variables relationship.
REGRESSION:
A regression line can be added to either the X1,Y1 or X2,Y2 data.
The regression coefficients a and b, R squared, and standard
error of regression can be displayed on the graph. Selecting
either regression option does not alter the original X,Y values.
When using Log10 transforms of the Y values (options 3-5),
the R squared value is for untransformed values, not log values
and the standard error of regression is given in percent. X,Y
data must be greater than zero to compute Log10 transforms.
Y=a+b*X will be a straight line with linear axis scaling and
Y=aX^b will be a straight line with log axis scaling. An offset
value e may also be added for regression of Y=a(X+e)^b. This
is useful for data that is not linear on log-log paper. The
offset value "e" can be selected if an arbitrary base or datum
is known to have been added to the X range values.
Otherwise, for curved data sets, the "e" value can be
determined by trial and error and noting the R^2 and Standard
Error values. The point of zero flow for water discharge
ratings with arbitrary datums is an example of regression
of data requiring an X offset value.
Caution should be used in extending regressions outside the range
of data and near zero, especially option 2, Y=a+bX+cX^2. This is
a parabolic curve and can reverse direction.
The X1-Y1 regression residuals can be plotted as Y'-Y, predicted
Y minus data Y. Error plots that show a trend or pattern may
indicate the need for a different regression type or transform of
the original data.
PROBABILITY:
A normal probability graph or a log-normal probability graph of
the Y1 or Y2 values may be made by selecting either linear or Log
Y axis scaling. The non-exceedance probability X axis values
(plotting position) are computed by Rank/(N+1) and exceedance
values are computed by 1-Rank/(N+1). The X values in the
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original data set are replaced with the probability values if
read. Spline or Regression used after Probability will be based
on probability X values. Probabilities for the X axis may also
be computed by the user and read in as X values so that other
plotting position formulas are possible. Upper and lower
confidence limits may be computed by the user and read in as
X2,Y2 values and separated with a blank line to start a new line.
Probability graphs are similar to Cumulative Distribution graphs
and can be used for similar purposes. Probability graphs can be
used to view what data lies within a given number of standard
deviations. Changes in the slope of the probability curve can
show mixed populations in the data. Normally distributed data
plots as a straight line on normal probability paper and log-
normally distributed data plots as a straight line on log-normal
graph paper.
The Pearson or Log-Pearson Type III distribution can be fit to
the Y data by computing the mean, standard deviation, and skew of
the Y data or Log10 transforms. The Pearson Type III deviate K
for a given probability is then computed based on the skew and
the Y for that probability is computed as Y=mean+std.dev.*K or
Log10(Y)=mean+std.dev.*K. The Pearson III distribution with zero
skew is the normal distribution. The Log-Pearson III
distribution with zero skew is the log-normal distribution. The
Pearson III option does not replace any of the original X,Y data.
The Log-Pearson Type III distribution is used extensively in low-
flow and flood frequency hydrologic analysis. A complete
frequency analysis program using the Log-Pearson Type III
distribution is available from Great Basin Associates. The
Pearson III distribution may fit the Y data better when high
negative skew is found by the Log-Pearson III (data more normally
distributed). Some annual series such as high 15-day runoff
volume may be more normally distributed and fit better with the
normal distribution.
TIME SERIES:
The Y1 and Y2 values may be graphed as an evenly spaced time
series. The X1 or X2 values are not needed and are not changed
if read. The general time series can be used to graph any evenly
spaced data. The X axis starting value and labeling points can
be user defined. The other time series options will generate X
axis labels based on the starting date for daily, monthly, or
annual values.
Contour Plots of X,Y,Z data:
The included utility program CONTOUR.EXE may be used to create
contour plots with EGRAPH. CONTOUR reads randomly spaced X,Y
10
values and an associated Z value to compute Z values on an evenly
spaced grid defined by the user. The grid node Z values are
computed by weighting the inverse of the distance squared of the
nearest number of X,Y points selected by the user. Z value
contours are then interpolated between the grid nodes. An output
file is created with the X,Y, and a Z label for each contour
line.
This file can be read by EGRAPH for plotting. The Y2 as labels
selection should be made when exiting EGRAPH's editor if the user
wants contour line values labeled. The contour value labels (Y2)
can be deleted or moved in EGRAPH's data editor for better
contour label positioning if needed. The user may also mark the
location of the original data points using the F1 symbol marker
key and the F5 coordinate key to locate them.
Contour plots are useful for displaying variations of Z values
such as surface elevations, ground water levels or
concentrations, and rainfall depths over an area defined by the
X,Y values.
11
P R N W H A T
PRNWHAT will extract data form files to be sent to file or
printer. It is especially useful for extracting and reformatting
data for import into PGRAPH and Lotus 123 (/File Import Numbers)
or other programs requiring data to be in columnar ASCII format.
ASCII files organized with sequential data in columns is referred
to as a TABLE file by PRNWHAT. Files organized with sequential
data on rows is referred to as PUNCH file.
To select certain columns from a TABLE file, select the TABLE
option and enter input and output filenames. Scroll through the
data file until data columns are viewable, press F1 and place an
X in columns to be extracted and then press Enter. Scroll to
where you wish to begin data extraction and press the Spacebar
key. The data line will be highlighted. Scoll down through the
file pressing the Spacebar to toggle on and off extraction. When
finished, press the End key.
TABLE Input file...
1978 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 102
1979 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 102 103
1980 23 33 xxxxx 53 xxxxx xxxxx 83 93 103 104
1981 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94 104 105
TABLE Output file...
41 61 71
42 62 72
43 63 73
44 64 74
45 65 75...ect
To convert data on rows to a column, select the PUNCH option and
proceed as above. The PUNCH option also allows one data value on
the row to be used as a header column as follows.
PUNCH Input file...
1978 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1979 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
++++ xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
1981 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
PUNCH Output file...
1978 21
1978 22
1978 23
1978 24
1978 25
1978 26
1978 27
1978 28
1978 29
1978 30
1979 31...ect
12
IBM-PC programs for Engineers by Great Basin Associates
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS for $29
includes...
EGRAPH---Engineering graphics with linear, log, probability, and
time series scaling with spline curve fitting,
regression, cumulative, Pearson III, and Log-Pearson
III distributions. Graphs may be saved as PIC files
for high resolution printing and plotting by
Lotus 123, Symphony, Freelance, Word Perfect and
other PIC file compatible programs. (CGA, EGA, or
Hercules graphics)
PRNWHAT--Selectively extracts data columns or lines from ASCII
files for printing or importing into EGRAPH or Lotus
123. Sequential data on rows may be stacked into a
column.
HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS (Waterboy) for $69
includes...
XSEC-----Computes hydraulic cross-sectional properties.
SLOPEA---Indirect discharge computation by the slope-area method.
PIPESEC--Hydraulic properties of circular x-sections with normal
depth discharge.
ROADWAY--Discharge computation of roadway overflow at culverts.
CULVERTS-Discharge computation through circular and box culverts
for the 6 flow types given water surface elevations.
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (Waterboy*2) for $69
includes...
LP3------Flood frequency computations using the Log-Pearson Type
III distribution as outlined in Bulletin #17B.
Outliers zero years ok. (CGA, EGA, Hercules)
GEOFREQ--Regional flood frequency estimates for ungaged sites
based on active channel width for the 17 western
states.
Great Basin Associates
12990 W. Grand Place
Morrison, CO 80465
(303)972-8323