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- ----------------------------[ HARD DISK LEVEL 2 ]-----------------------------
-
- EDLIN
- -----
- Edlin is a LINe EDitor supplied with the DOS disks. It is a very basic word
- processor that allows the creation and editing of ASCII Files including
- AUTOEXEC.BAT and the CONFIG.SYS file. These files are like documents that the
- computer reads and interprets. Each line of these files contains a single
- thought for the computer. EDLIN is a device to create these documents.
-
- To enter the EDLIN environment you type the word EDLIN followed by the name of
- the file you wish to create or edit:
-
- C:\>EDLIN CONFIG.SYS
-
- An asterisk will appear:
-
- *
-
- You will type the letter I and press <ENTER> to go into the Insert mode:
-
- *I
-
- The computer responds with:
-
- 1:*
-
- This 1 refers to line 1 of the CONFIG.SYS you are now creating. You will now
- just type each line and press <ENTER>. When finished you will press the <F6>
- key to return to the furthest left asterisk:
-
- 1:*FILES = 20
- 2:*BUFFERS = 15
- 3:<F6>
- *
-
- At this asterisk you will now type E and press <ENTER> to End the process
- and save what you just created:
-
- *E
-
- C:\>
-
- Other EDLIN commands from the left most asterisk:
-
- *L - this would List on the screen the entire contents of the
- file being edited
-
- *3D - this would Delete line #3 from the file
-
- *4I - this would allow Inserting a new command beginning at line #4
-
- *5 - this would allow making changes to line #5
-
-
- EDLIN is adequate for creating and editing small Batch type files. We saw
- earlier (DOS Level 3) that there is another technique for creating these files
- utilizing the COPY CON command. It is even more limited than EDLIN.
-
-
- BATCH FILES
- -----------
- These are user created files that have the extension .BAT
-
- The file itself contains lines of DOS commands. Some think of these files as
- "macros". They can be created with an ASCII text editor including the built
- in EDLIN editor (see below), or can be created from "the console" (keyboard)
- via COPY CON.
-
- Batch Files are very useful for program startups.
-
- Use the TYPE command to view the contents of a batch file:
-
- C:\>TYPE 123.BAT
-
- c:\
- cd\lotus
- 123
- cd\
- cls
-
- Use the PRINT command to print out the contents of a batch file:
-
- C:\>PRINT AUTOEXEC.BAT
-
- The PRINT command is like the TYPE command except it is an external DOS
- command and sends output to the printer instead of the screen. Another
- approach using redirection discussed earlier (DOS Level 3) would be:
-
- C:\>TYPE AUTOEXEC.BAT >PRN
-
-
- AUTOEXEC.BAT
- ------------
- This user created, optional batch file is sought out by DOS when the system is
- BOOTed. If this file is on the BOOT disk, DOS will AUTOmatically open it and
- EXECute it.
-
- This is an outstanding way to automate the execution of certain DOS commands
- like DATE, TIME, PATH, PROMPT, etc. which should be done EVERY time the system
- is booted.
-
- EX:
-
- date
- time
- path c:\;c:\dos;c:\batch;c:\utility
- subst e: c:\dbase\dbfiles
- prompt $p$g
- cls
-
- CONFIG.SYS
- ----------
- This, too, is an ASCII file created and viewed like AUTOEXEC.bat. It also is
- optional and is sought out by DOS when the system is BOOTed. HOWEVER, the
- command lines that this file uses ARE NOT DOS type commands found in .BAT
- files. Rather, special CONFIGuration SYStem commands are used.
-
- CONFIGuration SYStem commands are needed to define certain hardware
- parameters. For example, if your system uses special size disk drives, extra
- printers, extra modems, extra input devices (joysticks, mouse), RAM disks.
-
- EX: CONFIG.sys
-
- FILES = 20
- BUFFERS = 15
-
- In this example, FILES = 20 means that DOS will allow up to 20 files opened
- simultaneously. If this line were not present in CONFIG.SYS, DOS would only
- allow up to 7 files. Do we need up to 20? Certain programs (dBASE,
- Accounting, etc.) state early in their manuals that this parameter needs to be
- set at 20 for the software to operate correctly.
-
- The BUFFERS = 15 defines a staging area within RAM for portions of files that
- are not on the screen yet. For example, in an Accounting program if you told
- the computer to bring up the last 10 invoices entered, it would display these
- 10 invoices. However, unknown to you it actually took the last 30 invoices in
- anticipation that you would want to see them right away also. The extra 20
- that the system brought into RAM are sitting within the BUFFERS. DOS allows
- this and does this as a way to speed up the system. Items that are sitting in
- RAM can be accessed seemingly instantly versus items that must be sought from
- a disk.
-
- If not told, DOS automatically sets BUFFERS to 3. If BUFFERS are so useful,
- why not set them to their maximum of 99? The reason is that DOS is guessing
- which information you will need next. If it guesses wrong - for example the
- next invoice you wish to look at is 1500 ago, it must first check all the
- BUFFERS before realizing that it will have to go to the disk to retrieve the
- needed information. It actually slows the process down in this case. Most
- purchased software will note if this command is needed and what to set it to.
- BUFFERS = 15 is a common level to operate at.
-
-
- BACKUP and RESTORE
- ------------------
- Periodically, the entire hard drive or at least the subdirectories containing
- data files should be BACKed-UP onto floppies or tape for safe storage in the
- event of a hard drive crash or accidental erasure. Should that happen, the
- files are then simply RESTOREd.
-
- DOS provides two commands to accomplish this - BACKUP and RESTORE commands.
- Unfortunately, these are slow and problematic. The world is full of third
- party alternatives that are far superior in speed, ease of use, data
- compression, and ability to incorporate into batch files so the operator only
- needs to "kickoff" a batch file and have a supply of floppies nearby to
- complete.
-
- EX: Using DOS commands:
-
- C:\>BACKUP C:\lotus\*.wks A: /S /M
-
- "A" is the DESTINATION drive
-
- C:\lotus is the SOURCE directory
-
- *.wks specifies any files with an extension .wks (worksheet files)
-
- /S specifies any Subdirectories beneath \LOTUS directory
- (that contain *.wks files)
-
- /M only the files that have been Modified since Last BACKUP (using the
- same disk set as last used during the BACKUP)
-
-
- NOTE: Have a supply of disks for the "A" drive ready. These floppies do not
- have to be formatted. If more than 1 is required, be sure to number in
- sequence. This process will erase whatever used to be on the disk.
-
- Now, if the files need to be restored to the hard drive due to failure or
- erasure: Start out with "disk #1" in the "A" drive.
-
- A:\>RESTORE A: C:\lotus\*.wks /S /M
-
- "A" is now the SOURCE
-
- /M only files Modified or Deleted since they were backed up
-
-
- The BACKUP and RESTORE commands were designed for emergency situations. They
- are better than nothing. Many wish to use them as a way to transfer a large
- group of files from one machine to another. This will only work if the
- version of DOS on each machine is identical.
-
- Another problem with these DOS commands, is that you end up with a very large
- number of disks. There is no data compression. Most competing backup
- products provide compression that results in up to 50% fewer backup disks.
-
- A final hazard: If you end up with 20 disks, and disk number 10 is lost or
- destroyed, you may never be able to access disks 11-20 or 1-9. The 20 disk
- set is like one continuous floppy disk. By destroying 1 disk, it is like you
- destroyed the giant continuous floppy. This is not true of competing products
- like FASTBACK, PCTOOLS or NORTON UTILITIES.
-
-
- XCOPY
- -----
- Beginning with DOS 3.2, the XCOPY command was added as a useful hybrid of the
- COPY command and the BACKUP/RESTORE mess. It addresses the issue that COPY
- cannot copy more files than a disk can hold. But, XCOPY cannot copy a single
- file that is larger than a single disk like the BACKUP command can.
-
-
- C:\>XCOPY C:\*.* a: /S /M /D:mm-dd-yy
-
-
- The options: /S - includes all subdirectories hung from the current one
- (in the case shown we are in the root directory)
-
- /M - includes only files that have been modified since the
- last XCOPY was performed
-
- /D:mm-dd-yy - includes only files with a date greater than or
- equal to the one specified
-
-
- XCOPY: - Is faster than the COPY or BACKUP commands
- - Transfers entire directories
- - Copies files selectively by modification status or date
- - Uses the COPY command (which is DOS version independent) to copy
- individual files at a later date. Remember that BACKUP requires
- RESTORE to reverse.
- - Is unable to copy single files that are larger than a single
- disk (BACKUP is the only DOS command that is able to do this.)
- - Requires target disks that have been formatted
-
-
- HARD DISK ORGANIZATION PRINCIPLES
- ---------------------------------
-
- 1. Put only directories in the Root directory except:
- Command.com, Config.sys, Autoexec.bat
-
- 2. Use many batch files. Put them in a \BATCH subdirectory
-
- 3. Keep the PATH command short in autoexec.bat
- PATH = c:\DOS;c:\BATCH;c:\UTILITY
-
- 4. Keep the subdirectories sorted (use third party software tools)
-
- 5. Defragment files on a regular basis by- using some third party
- software: PC-TOOLS, NORTON UTILITIES, VOPT, etc.
-
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-