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1992-02-21
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FASTFILE (tm)
with
REPORT
and
Applications
for
MS-DOS & PC-DOS Computers
Software License
FASTFILE is protected by United States Copyright Law and International Treaty.
All rights are reserved. Non-registered (EVALUATION) users are licensed ONLY to
use FASTFILE on an EVALUATION basis for the sole purpose of determining whether
or not it meets their requirements. All other use requires registration. All
end users are granted a limited license to copy FASTFILE for the trial use of
other end users, with the following additional conditions.
FASTFILE must be distributed in unmodified, complete form, including this
license agreement. FASTFILE may NOT be distributed in conjunction with any
other product, HARDWARE, or SOFTWARE without express written permission. Please
read the file VENDOR.DOC for more information.
Any other use of non-registered (EVALUATION) copies of FASTFILE by any person,
BUSINESS, CORPORATION, GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION, or any OTHER entity is strictly
forbidden and is a violation of this license agreement.
Registration permits a user a license to use FASTFILE on a single computer.
This is NOT a SITE LICENSE but site licenses are available.
Disclaimer of Liability
This product may include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors.
Periodic changes are made and will be incorporated in new editions of the
publication.
The entire risk as to the quality and performance of this product is assumed
by the user. In no event will Interactive Mini Systems, Inc. or R.D. (Monte)
Benham be liable for direct, in-direct, incidental or consequential damages
resulting from defect(s) in the software. A good faith effort will be made to
correct any problems with the software that are reported.
Copyright 1990-1992 Interactive Mini Systems, Inc. and RD (Monte)Benham,
5312 W Tucannon, Kennewick, WA 99336 (509) 783-3829
THE ideal DATABASE FOR LAPTOP and SINGLE FLOPPY DISK COMPUTERS
_________________________________________________________________
FASTFILE is
RAM-based & programmed in assembler language.
It's Fast & Easy on Laptop Batteries.
Using FASTFILE is simple. Pick an example to see how the
system works. If you like it, name a new file and start enter-
ing your own data. You may modify the application template by
adding or deleting fields. Or you may create your own applica-
tion by referring to the tutorial manual.
FASTFILE
Ready-To-Use Programs For:
Billing Farm,home,business
Checkbook /GL Sports statistics
Client lists Teachers Gradebook
Mailing Labels Quizzes for training
Inventory Scout Master
Payroll +More
FASTFILE FEATURES also in OTHER DATABASES
1. Add Records 7. Global Edit Fields
2. Find and Edit Records 8. Math Calculations
3. Clone New Files 9. Import Export Files
4. Add,Delete,Edit Fields 10. Print/Display Reports
5. Create New DB Designs 11. Mailing Labels/merge
6. Write Sorted Reports 12 Load and Save Files
FASTFILE FEATURES not in OTHER DATABASES
1. RAM based (both program and data)
2. Compressed files saves disk space & laptop battery life
3. Uses single floppy disk (without disk swapping)
4. Eye-blink speed - programmed in assembly language
5. The same screen is used to add, edit, search for data
6. Screen reference to global calculations like "BAL DUE"
7. Instant indexing when a record is added or edited
8. Table and Relative fields saves entry effort
9. Automatic report edit when fields added or deleted
10. Automatic duplicate record protection
11. Automatic "Balance Forward" updates for billing
12. Gradebook with automatic record replication
(Very useful for student and sports statistics)
13. Subtotal reports with averages,NON-ZERO averages,totals
14. Keyboard field calculator
15. Makes matching and multiple choice tests
16. Automatic searching and reporting for similar files
17. Comes with ready-to-use programs
-i-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
_______________________________________________________________
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.0 Starting FASTFILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.0 Find, Edit, Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cursor Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Find (or Search) Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Searches Using Wild Card (*) Designator . . . . . . . 4
Searches Using Any (?) Designator . . . . . . . . . . 5
Edit a Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Record Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.0 Adding Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Note for Relative Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.0 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Modifying Report Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
F1 Line Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
F2 Page Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
F4 Sort Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F5 Swap Report Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F6 Report Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F9 Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.0 Modifying the Record Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.0 Create New File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
[1] Duplicating this Design (for your records) . . . 18
[2] Creating a New File Design (for your records) . 18
Create New Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8.0 Load, Save, and Delete Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix A (Field Types) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Alphanumeric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Relative Alphanumeric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Deleting Relative Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Creating Relative Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Date Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Number Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Field Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Automatic Field Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Field 32 (Screen Display) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
0-255 Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix B (Screen Design for the Invoice file) . . . . . . 27
Appendix C Application Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix D Features with Questions and Answers . . . . . . 34
Appendix E Copying FASTFILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix F Practice Exercises - Modifying Reports . . . . . 37
Appendix G How to Create and Use my own Gradebook . . . . . 39
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Index of Practice Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Invoice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.0 INTRODUCTION
_________________________________________________________________
FASTFILE is a fast (RAM-based) database with a wealth of easy to
learn and use features. Everything is done by responding to menus
and prompts.
Disk space and laptop battery life is conserved with compressed
files (1/6th the space of other programs). Several applications
(including FASTFILE) easily fit on a single floppy disk. FASTFILE
allows hundreds of records/file with 32 files/directory.
FASTFILE is organized simply and logically, so that those new to
databases can set up a new database quickly and easily. You can
copy or create a database design. FASTFILE's 17 features (not
found in other databases) will keep even experienced users happy.
FASTFILE is easy to use because the same screen is used to find,
enter, and edit data. The following features will save you time:
* field blanking with key strokes other than [left/right arrow]
* instant sorting when a record is added, deleted, or edited
* multiple searching/reporting over similar files
* displaying global calculation (like BAL DUE) on every screen
* table and relative fields
* automatic searching and reporting of similar directory files
* editing of database design with and without data present
* duplicate record protection
This "learn by doing" manual uses a check book file and practice
exercises. Once you learn how to search, write reports,and enter
data for one file,you can use the techniques for any application.
The exercise on pg 16 shows how to rename the CHECKS file, delete
the existing records, and change the general ledger list. In a
few minutes you'll be entering your own checks.
The index (pg45) lists practice exercises for nine example files.
The manual also shows how to develop a new file. Before designing
a new file, please work through the examples and read section 7.0
(see pg 17).
The examples for field, primary key, record, and file given below
will be useful as you read the manual.
Field __________ Records _________
Field# Name Record 1 Record 2 Record 3
1* CHECK# 3456 3457 3458
2 DATE Feb10 Feb12 Feb15
3 CATEGORY Food Gasoline Medical
4 TO Safeway Texaco Dr Adams
5 AMOUNT $56.21 $15.00 $40.00
\____________________________/
Several Records make a file
or a database
* The primary key field(s) defines the record.
-1-
2.0 STARTING FASTFILE
_________________________________________________________________
To start FASTFILE merely type [FF] and [Enter] from the DOS
prompt [A>]. The first menu is:
SELECTION MENU
1 Start FASTFILE
2 Change Color & Cursor
3 Set Printer
4 Applications with Notes
5 Features with Q/Ans
6 Copy Instructions
YOUR CHOICE: _
Esc Exit to DOS
Experiment with selections [2 - 6] before proceeding. Then start
FASTFILE by entering [1]. The menu below is displayed.
Choose an Existing Database FILE
1 ArtInv
2 CHECKS
3 Clients
4 DrBiling
5 FASTquiz
6 GradeBk2
7 Invoice
8 Software
YOUR CHOICE = _
or Choose A,B,C=Disk Drive D=DIR Change S=Save 0=Menu
This manual assumes you will type [2] and [Enter] to load the
CHECKS file. FASTFILE will then display the menu shown below:
A:\>CHECKS 23 Records/58511 Bytes Left
MAIN MENU
1 Find and Edit Records
2 Add Records
3 Display/Write Report
4 Edit Report Layout
5 Edit Field/Record Design
6 Make a NEW Database
7 Open a Database
8 Save/Delete Database
9 Selection Menu
YOUR CHOICE: _
Esc Exit to DOS
To illustrate FASTFILE commands enter [1 or F1], and we will
discuss how to move the cursor to FIND, EDIT and obtain TOTALS in
the next chapter.
-2-
3.0 FIND, EDIT, TOTAL
_________________________________________________________________
From the MAIN menu, press [1] to reach the FIND menu. FASTFILE
displays a screen similar to the one below. The top line gives
the active drive, file name and #Rcds/#BytesLeft. The first field
[CHECK#] is in reverse video. Three (3) blank spaces follow for
search selection entry. The characters allowed in each field are
shown by line lengths. CHECK# accepts 5 NUMERIC characters.
Sections 6, 7, and Appendix A have more on file specifications.
Let's look at cursor movement and the commands to FIND records.
CHECKS 23/58170 CATEGORY table
1 Auto 17 17
CHECK# _____ STATUS _ 2 B-Dogs 18 Ranch
DATE ___ CATEGORY ________ 3 Clothes 19 Studio
TO: ______________________ . .
FOR: ______________________ 15 Other 31 31
AMOUNT ________ DEPOSIT ________ 16 Phone 32 Deposit
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
Find=F1 Total=F3 LastRecd=F4 GotoAdd=F6 Help=F10 Exit=Esc
CURSOR MOVEMENT
The table below summarizes cursor movement.
[Esc] Escape to previous menu
[Tab] or [Up Arrow] Move cursor to previous field
[Shift Tab] or [Dn Arrow] Move cursor to next field
[Enter] Move cursor to next field
SPECIAL FIELD EDIT FEATURES
[1st Char] Clears field if not [Left or Right Arrow]
[Left Arrow] Moves cursor left one character
[Right Arrow] Moves cursor right one character
[Space] Not allowed as 1st character of a field
The cursor advances to the next field by pressing [Enter, Tab, or
Dn Arrow]. Advance the cursor to the fourth field and notice
the category list. It disappears when the cursor moves away from
the field. Move the cursor back a field, by pressing [Up Arrow
or Shft Tab]. The list appears and disappears because field 4 is
a TABLE field.
FIND (or Search) SELECTION
See the FIND symbols at the bottom of the screen for *WLD, ?ANY,
etc. To illustrate their use let's find all checks for gasoline.
-3-
3.0 FIND, EDIT TOTAL Continued
_________________________________________________________________
CHECK# _____ STATUS _ CATEGORY table
DATE ____ CATEGORY 7_______ 1 Auto
TO: ___________________ .
FOR: ___________________ 7 Gas
CHARGE ________ DEPOSIT _______
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
Find=F1 Total=F3 LastRecd=F4 GotoAdd=F6 Help=F10 Exit=Esc
Move the cursor to the field named [CATEGORY]. Notice a list
appears on the right hand side of the screen. Enter [7] and
then notice the meaning of [F1] on the last line of the screen.
This is the menu line. It always lists acceptable commands. The
meaning of [F1] is to FIND. Hit [F1] to display the first record
for gasoline.
CHECK# 3810 STATUS
DATE 0106 CATEGORY GAS
TO: F&F
FOR:
AMOUNT 9.00 DEPOSIT 0.0
Next Recd=F3 Prev Recd=F4 Edit=F6 Global=F8 Exit=Esc
Notice the menu line has changed. Hit [F3] to FIND the next
record for gas. Notice the menu line changes again. Hit [F4] to
backup to the previous record. Hit [Esc] to return to the blank
FIND (or Select) screen. You may return to the MAIN menu by
hitting [Esc] a second time. In general, you may escape from any
FASTFILE command with [Esc].
SEARCHES USING WILD CARD (*) DESIGNATOR
Now let's find the check(s) written to Dr Sjerjen.
CHECK# _____ STATUS _
DATE ____ CATEGORY ________
TO: dr s*
FOR: _____________________
AMOUNT ________ DEPOSIT ________
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
Find=F1 Total=F3 LastRecd=F4 GotoAdd=F6 Help=F10 Exit=Esc
From the blank FIND screen move the cursor to [TO: ] and type
[dr s*] then press [F1]. Instantly a record is displayed. Now
FIND the next check written to Dr Sjerjen by pressing [F3] again.
FASTFILE gives the [This is the last selected recd] message.
Please return to the blank FIND screen by pressing [Esc].
-4-
3.0 FIND, EDIT TOTAL Continued
_________________________________________________________________
SEARCHES USING THE ANY (?) DESIGNATOR
If you do not have a blank FIND screen, press [F1] or [Esc]. Then
find the check written to DENHAM (or BENHAM).
CHECK# _____ STATUS _
DATE ____ CATEGORY ________
TO: = ?ENMAM
FOR: ____________________________
AMOUNT ________ DEPOSIT _______
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
Find=F1 Total=F3 LastRecd=F4 GotoAdd=F6 Help=F10 Exit=Esc
Move the cursor to [TO:], type [=?ENHAM], and [F1].
EDIT A RECORD
The EDIT mode may be entered once a record is selected. Assuming
the record for BENHAM is displayed as explained in the previous
paragraph, let's edit the information in the 6th field [FOR:].
CHECK# 3830 STATUS
DATE 0229 CATEGORY Taxes
TO: Benham
FOR: Fastfile
AMOUNT 70.00 DEPOSIT 0.0
Next Recd=F3 Prev Recd=F4 Edit=F6 Global=F8 Exit=Esc _
Look to the menu line for help. Hit [F6] to enter EDIT mode.
The cursor moves to field two (2) and the menu line changes to:
Save Edit=F2 Delete Recd=F6 Void=Esc
Move the cursor to [FOR:] and type the misspelled word [EXAMBLE].
Don't press the [Enter] key. Now let's assume you recognize the
error. Backspace until the character [B] is erased, type [PLE],
and hit [Enter].
Suppose the correct entry was really [SAMPLE]. Move the cursor
back one field by pressing [Up Arrow]. Now type [SAMPLE] and hit
[Enter]. Notice that by typing any character the entire line is
erased. You could have erased the line by pressing [Backspace].
Notice also that you may use [Left Arrow] to move the cursor to
a position for inserting new information.
Hit [F2] to save the record to memory. Notice the screen blinks,
and the menu is updated. If there is another record that matches
the search selection, the new record is displayed. Please return
to the blank FIND screen by typing [Esc].
-5-
3.0 FIND, EDIT, TOTAL Continued
_________________________________________________________________
RECORD TOTALS
Now find the number of checks for FOOD that are over $50, and the
total for those checks. Make sure you have a blank FIND screen.
Keep an eye on the menu line (screen bottom line) as we proceed.
CHECK# _____ STATUS _ CATEGORY table
DATE ____ CATEGORY 6 1 Auto
TO: ____________________________ .
FOR: ____________________________ 6 Food
AMOUNT > 50 DEPOSIT ________
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
Find=F1 Total=F3 LastRecd=F4 GotoAdd=F6 Help=F10 Exit=Esc
Move the cursor to the field labeled [CATEGORY] and enter [6].
Notice the category table at the right of the screen will show
[6 FOOD]. Then move the cursor to the field labeled [AMOUNT] and
enter [>50] and press [F3]. The screen display is:
Count = 2 Total = 143.01
Avg = 71.51
PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE _
To edit checks for FOOD that are over $50, enter the information
given above and hit [F1] instead of [F3]. In the review exercises
you will see how to list the checks written for over $50 to the
screen using the REPORT function. Please go to the main menu by
pressing [Enter].
The OR Operation
The OR function allows searches from common fields. For example
the [CATEGORY] field uses position 13 (Medical) and 20 (Taxes).
The exercise below shows how to find checks for medical or taxes:
type remark
======== ===========================================
a [1] Selects Find mode from the MAIN menu.
b Move the cursor to [CATEGORY]
c [13] Select Medical
d Move cursor past [DEPOSIT] & get the message:
Find=F1 OR=F5 Exit=Esc
e [F5] Select the OR operation
f Move the cursor to [CATEGORY]
g [20][F1] Selects Taxes, then Finds the first record
h [F3] To advance through the selected checks.
i [Esc] Return to the MAIN menu by tapping [Esc] twice.
The selection procedure illustrated above can be used for more
complex searches. Please see if you can work the exercises on
the following page.
-6-
3.0 FIND, EDIT, TOTAL Continued - Review Exercises
_________________________________________________________________
Try to do the exercises without referring to the procedures. KEEP
YOUR EYES ON THE MENU(s) to understand the instructions.
FIND A CHECK WRITTEN FOR GAS
type remark
======== =========================================
a [1] Select FIND mode from the MAIN menu.
b Move the cursor to [CATEGORY]
c [7][F1] Selects Gas and Finds 1st Record
d [Esc] Return to MAIN menu by hitting Esc twice.
FIND ALL CHECKS WRITTEN TO DR SJERJEN.
type remark
========= =======================================
a [1] Select FIND mode from the MAIN menu.
b Move the cursor to [TO:]
c [dr s*][F1] Wild Card Search starting with [dr s]
d [F3] Finds the next record.
e [Esc] Return to MAIN menu by hitting Esc twice.
EDIT RICHLAND KENNEL CLUB CHECK.
In [FOR:] change "membership" to "dues".
type remark
========= =======================================
a [1] Select FIND mode from MAIN menu.
b Move the cursor to [FOR:]
c [memb*][F1] Finds 1st check. Look at the menu
(screen's bottom) for meaning of F6.
d [F6] Select Edit mode
e Move the cursor to [FOR:]
f [dues][F2] Makes change and ADVANCES TO NEXT RECD
g [Esc] Return to MAIN menu by hitting Esc twice.
FIND TOTAL AMOUNT FOR JANUARY'S FOOD CHECKS.
type remark
=========== ==========================================
a [1 or F1] Select FIND mode from MAIN menu.
b Move the cursor to [DATE]
c [01*][Enter] Select January
d [6][Enter] At [CATEGORY] select FOOD
e Move the cursor to [AMOUNT]
f [F3] Select Totals. Notice the values displayed.
g [Enter][Esc] Return to MAIN menu.
LIST FOOD CHECKS GREATER THAN $50 TO THE SCREEN WITH REPORT.
type report
========= ========================================
a [3 or F3] Select REPORT mode from the main menu.
b Move the cursor to [CATEGORY]
c [6] Select FOOD
d Move the cursor to [AMOUNT]
e [>50][F1] Finds checks greater than $50.
f [1] Select Normal Report
g [F1] Screen output. Then return to MAIN menu.
-7-
4.0 ADDING RECORDS
_________________________________________________________________
Adding records is very easy. However, it's important to present
certain restrictions and automatic error checks made by FASTFILE.
The first, first two, or first three fields in a record are
designated primary key fields during file creation as explained
in section 7. FASTFILE will not allow duplicate information in
key field(s) because records are stored in primary key order.
The only way to change a primary key field once a record has been
added to memory is to delete the record using EDIT. Then, return
to ADD mode and re-enter the entire record. Therefore, be sure to
verify the information in the primary key field(s) before issuing
the ADD record command [F2].
Please enter ADD record mode by typing [2 or F2] from the main
menu. Answer [1] for input from Last Record and Keyboard. (This
will update the CHECK# and save re-entry of common data like the
DATE. Notice the red menu line at the screen bottom. The commands
are [F2], [F4], [Esc], and [C].
CHECKS #Recds/#Bytes Left
CHECK# _____ STATUS _
DATE _____ CATEGORY ________
TO: ____________________________
FOR: ____________________________
AMOUNT _________ DEPOSIT _______
ADD Recd=F2 Prev Recd=F4 Exit=Esc C=Calculator
With the cursor positioned at the first field, type [2222] and
press [Enter] to fill the primary key field labeled [CHECK#].
Now, enter sample data into the remaining fields.
It is not necessary to enter data into every field. You can
conserve memory by omitting data that is not necessary to convey
the meaning. For example, let's assume you are entering
information for a check written for FOOD to Safeway. When the
cursor reaches the [CATEGORY] field, enter [6] for food and then
[SAFEWAY] in the field labeled [TO:]. It's not necessary to enter
information in the next field [FOR:]. Skip to [AMOUNT] and enter
[54.21].
Before saving the record to memory, pause to examine each field.
Remember, the primary key field(s) may only be corrected before
the record is saved to memory. To demonstrate this, press
[Enter] to position the cursor at field 1. Replace check number
[2222] with [12] and press [F2]. Notice the screen blink. The
checking account balance is updated and the CHECK# is incremented
to [13]. Change the CHECK# to [12] and hit [F2] to view:
Existing Record has same data in Pri Key field(s)..Hit Enter
-8-
4.0 ADDING RECORDS Continued
_________________________________________________________________
Press [Enter] and correct the entry in field 1 to [13]. Then
enter data in the other fields. Remember the values in the field
labeled [AMOUNT] and [DEPOSIT] will be used to update the account
balance. Enter additional records if you feel it necessary to
understand the ADD record operation. When you have completed
this exercise please return to the main menu by pressing [Esc].
NOTE FOR RELATIVE RECORDS
FASTFILE has a (field 1) search and display feature for RELATIVE
records. It searches for a match to field 1 data. If a match
is found, the last relative record is displayed with field 2
incremented. You merely add the changes to the new record.
If billing file were loaded, and you wished to add another record
for Allen PL, type [allen*] and hit [Enter] as shown:
A:\>DRBILING 26Records/57057 Bytes Left
Lname I allen*__________ # ___
Patient __________ Billing ___
Services _______________
Date ________
Charge ________
Payment ________
Adjustment ________
Address _________________
CTY,ST-Z _________________
Add Record=F2 Prev Recd=F4 Exit=Esc
FASTFILE will display the following screen. The cursor is at
the end of the third field. Note the (_) after [PETE].
Lname I ALLEN PL # 1
Patient PETE_
Services SURGERY Billing 0
Date 89- 8- 7
Charge 210.00
Payment 147.77
Adjustment 25.29
Address 223 Chestnut
CTY,ST-Z Richland,Wa 99352
BAL DUE 36.94
Add Record=F2 Prev Recd=F4 Exit=Esc
-9-
5.0 REPORTS
_________________________________________________________________
Let's write a report by using the existing format. From the main
type [3] to enter the REPORT mode. When subtotals are specified
the first screen is:
Type of Report
1 Normal
2 Subtotal Only
Type [1] to advance to the select screen displayed below:
CATEGORY table
CHECK# _____ STATUS _ 1 Auto 17 17
DATE ____ CATEGORY ________ 2 B-Dogs 18 Ranch
TO: _________________________ 3 Clothes 19 Studio
FOR: __________________________ 4 Disposal 20 Taxes
AMOUNT ________ DEPOSIT ________ 5 Elec 21 Tithing
6 Food 22 Utility
*WLD ?ANY <LESS = >GRTR <>NOT EQ <= >=
REPORT MENU Find=F1 Exit=Esc Help=F10
To report on all records merely enter [F1]. If you wish to
report on records for CATEGORY [FOOD], move the cursor to the
field labeled [CATEGORY], and enter [6] because the table
references [6 FOOD]. Then hit [F1]. The screen will clear and
the following menu will appear:
OUTPUT TO
1 Screen
2 Printer
3 Disk (MAILMERG.TXT)
Your Choice _
To output to the screen enter [1 or F1]. You may stop printing
by striking any key. Then resume printing by hitting [Y]. If you
select [3] for disk file output to MAILMERG.TXT, you must enter a
field terminator (check your word processor). (View the file from
DOS with the [TYPE] command.)
Since we learn best by doing, PLEASE TURN TO Appendix F and DO
THE PRACTICE EXERCISES. Then return to this point for a detailed
explanation of the Report Layout menu.
MODIFYING REPORT LAYOUT
Make sure the CHECKS file is loaded. Then select Report LAYOUT by
hitting [4 or F4]. Figure 5.1 (pg 14) shows the screen containing
all information for one report. Notice the menu line (bottom of
screen). The titles in each section also list the function key
required for addressing. For example, hit [F4] to address SORT.
Let's discuss each screen section and explain how to modify and
create report formats.
-10-
5.0 REPORTS - F1 Line Format (see Figure 5.1 page 14)
_________________________________________________________________
F1 LINE FORMAT
The line format lists the information to be printed. Press [F1]
and the menu line will read:
F1 = Create New Format F2 = Edit Report Format
Since it is easier to edit, let's press [F2]. The response is:
#LINES= 1 EDIT L#(0=DONE)= _
Tap [1] and [Enter] to select line 1.
P# to edit(0=DONE) = _
P# stands for position number and is the first column listed in
the line format area (Figure 5.1, p 14). To address position 5
[FOR:], tap [5] and [Enter]. The next prompt is:
F2=Change F4=Add After P# F6=Delete P# F9=Dictionary
Tap [F6] to delete the entry for position 5. The next prompt is:
P# to edit(0=DONE) = _
Wait until you read the note below to answer the above prompt.
NOTE: To change the information at a given P# select F2
for change information. To add a line after a given P#, select F4
for ADD a new item. Pressing [F9] will reprint the DICTIONARY.
Only 16 of 32 fields can be printed in the dictionary area. If
there are more than 16 fields, pressing [F9] will display those
fields. To return the DICTIONARY to the first 16 items merely
press [F9] a second time.
Now lets add [Deposit] to the report. Answer the P# prompt with
[4] and then tap [F4] to select ADD. The next prompt is:
Esc=Exit Tab Advance= _
The Tab Advance is the number of spaces to move the printer
carriage before printing the field information in the report.
The value for the first Tab Advance is usually zero (0). In this
example enter [1] and hit [Enter]. The next prompt is:
Esc=Exit Tab Advance= 1 Field#= _
When a valid field number such as [8] for [Deposit] is typed and
terminated with [Enter], the next prompt (for NUMBER field types)
will ask questions for SUBTOTALS. If the answer is [Y] a prompt
will ask a question for AVERAGES. If the answer is [Y], the final
prompt will ask for NONZERO averages. Nonzero averages do not
-11-
5.0 REPORTS - F1 Line and F2 Page Formats (see Figure 5.1 pg 14)
_________________________________________________________________
include zero values in the calculation of averages. This is
useful for grade book applications. Exit with Esc. Then exit from
the [P#] and EDIT LINE# prompts with zero [0] or [Esc].
To create a new line format, select [F1] from the bottom menu
line. FASTFILE responds with the following message and prompt:
This will create a new report. ARE YOU SURE?(Y/N) _
For the [Y] answer the screen is erased. A full dictionary is
displayed with a report ruler (0-79) in green followed by:
Tab Advance = _
There is no escape from this prompt. Data for at least one report
item must be entered. The method of entering information is the
same as changing or adding a new item. However as each item is
added the field name is displayed below the green ruller. You may
back up within an entry by hitting escape. An attempt from escaping
from the Tab Advance prompt will result in the prompt:
DO ANOTHER LINE? _
If your answer is [Y], you will be prompted for the next line of
information. For [N], control is returned to Report LAYOUT.
F2 PAGE FORMAT
There are nine (9) page format items:
1 Print blank spaces. Most of the time it is desirable to
print blank spaces. However, when printing address labels
or for writing output to the disk for mail merge operations,
blank space should not be printed.
2 Number Pages.
3 Space Between Records.
4 Print Lines per Page.
5 Total Lines per Page. If the total lines per page equal
print lines per page, FASTFILE assumes mailing labels are
being printed. At the appropriate time you will be ask to
enter the number of copies (up to 255).
6 Eject page after subtotal break (if line printer selected).
7 Print blank lines. To conserve reporting space and to make
the reports look more attractive it is often desirable to
omit the printing of blank lines.
8 Print Report Title. In applications such as printing
checks, it is desirable to not print a report title.
9 Print Field Headings. Refer to item 8.
To select one of the items, hit [F2] and enter the corresponding
line number. FASTFILE allows only [Y], [N], or numeric values in
items 4 and 5. To exit from this function enter a line number
of zero [0] or press [Esc].
-12-
5.0 REPORTS - F4 Sort Order, F5 Swap Formats, F6 Title
_________________________________________________________________
(see Figure 5.1 pg 14)
F4 SORT ORDER
To change the sort order enter [F4] from the bottom menu line.
The cursor will move to the sort order block and give the prompt:
SORT ORDER OK?
If the response is [N], FASTFILE erases the sort order and asks:
SORT FIELD (0=DONE) _
If you enter a valid field number such as [4] for category the
next prompt is:
SUBTOTAL BREAK? _
Please answer [Y].
NOTE: This will cause the report to group all checks of the same
category together and place a subtotal message at the end of the
grouping (ie a "trailing subtotal break"). When relative fields
are used in files (see DRBILING, INVOICE, GRADE_BK), a "leading
subtotal break" is possible when the first sort field selected is
field number 1. This allows the name and a heading to be placed
before the data is printed. For leading breaks you may select
the number of lines to the heading (1 to 5).
The next prompt is: SORT FIELD (0=DONE) _
To sort by category and then by date, press [3] and [Enter]. The
prompt is:
SORT FIELD (0=DONE) _
This could continue until 5 sort orders are entered. Since only
2 are desired press [0] and [Enter]. The final prompt is:
SORT ORDER OK? _
This provides chance to make a change. If everything is ok press
[Y] followed by [Enter] or just press [Esc].
F5 SWAP FORMATS
Press [F5] to swap report formats. To return to the original
format press [F5] a second time.
F6 REPORT TITLE
A new report title is entered by pressing [F6] from the bottom
menu line. If the title is selected in the page format section
[F2], the title will be centered and printed with the report.
-13-
5.0 REPORTS - F9 Dictionary
________________________________________________________________
F9 DICTIONARY
The dictionary is shown on the extreme right of the FORMATS
screen. It is listed by field number, field name, print width,
and digits after decimal point for NUMBER fields. (For relative
fields, the print width is shown inside square brackets [ ].) The
first 16 fields are shown on the first screen. If there are more
than 16 fields pressing [F9] will display them.
Notice the name for field 32 is [BALANCE], which is the result of
field 8 minus field 7 plus field 32. Field 32 can be defined or
modified only when the number of records is zero. (Use CREATE or
FIELD EDIT modes. These modes can be entered from the main menu
by selecting [5 or 6]. If field 32 is used, the result of the
computation is displayed on the FIND and ADD record screens.
If a NUMBER field is selected for math functions, the math
functions are displayed in place of the field name. However, the
field name is displayed in the line format section when the field
is selected for printing.
Escape back to the main menu is accomplished by pressing [Esc]
from the bottom menu line.
---F4 SORT ORDER ------| |F9 DICTIONARY
4 CATEGORY T | | 1 CHECK# 5 0
3 DATE | | 2 STATUS 1
| | 3 DATE 4
| | 4 CATEGORY 8
| | 5 TO:23
| | 6 FOR:23
| | 7 AMOUNT: 9 2
| | 8 DEPOSIT 9 2
--- F2 PAGE FORMAT ----|- F1 LINE 1 of 1 FORMAT --|
1 PRNT BLANK SPACES Y | Tab Fld S Last Field|
2 NUMBER PAGES? = Y |P# Adv # T Col Name |
3 SPACE BTWN RECDS= 1 | 1 0 1 5 CHECK# |
4 PRINT LINES/PAGE= 56 | 2 1 3 10 DATE |
5 TOTAL LINES/PAGE= 66 | 3 2 5 35 TO: |
6 EJECT AFTER BRK?= N | 4 1 7 Y 45 AMOUNT:|
7 PRNT BLANK LINES= Y | 5 1 6 69 FOR |
8 REPORT TITLE? = Y | |
9 FIELD HEADINGS? = Y | |32 BALANCE 9 2
| | 8- 7+32
-----------------------------------------------------------------
F6 GENERAL LEDGER / CHECKS SORTED BY CATEGORY AND DATE
-----------------------------------------------------------------
F1=Line F2=Page F3=Report F4=Sort F5=Swap F6=Title F9=Dict Esc
Figure 5.1 Report Format Screen For CHECKS File
-14-
6.0 MODIFYING THE RECORD TEMPLATE
_________________________________________________________________
FASTFILE provides a convenient way to:
1. Add and delete fields (with and without records present)
2. Modify field names
3. Change field lengths
4. Adjust screen placement of fields
5. Change position of decimal points
6. Modify math functions (when records not present)
7. Edit names in TABLE fields.
Enter Field Edit mode from the main menu by pressing [5 or F5].
FASTFILE responds by displaying the record template:
CHECK# 1 _____ STATUS 2 _
DATE 3 ____ CATEGORY 4 ________
TO: 5 ____________________________
FOR: 6 ____________________________
AMOUNT 7 ________ DEPOSIT 8 ________
EDIT FIELD#(0=DONE) _
To illustrate the FIELD EDIT function, change the name of field
#1 from [CHECK#] to [CHK#]. To do this hit [1] and [Enter] to
answer the above prompt. FASTFILE responds with:
Edit=F1 Add after=F4 Delete=F6 Esc
Hit [F1] to display the field specification template:
FIELD TYPES: 1 = Alpha/Numeric
3 = Table 4 = Date
5 = Number 7 = 0-255
Field# 1_
Type 5_
Name CHECK#___
Column# 3_
Row# 2_
PWidth 5_
Dcml PL 0
Since the Field# and field Type cannot be changed in Edit mode,
the cursor is positioned to the Name field. To change the name
type [CHK#] followed by [Enter]. Then, continue to press [Enter]
until the record template is again displayed.
Column# and Row# give the Name screen position. Valid Column#'s
range from 1 to 60. Columns 60 to 80 are reserved for HELP and
TABLE screens. Valid Row# range from 2 to 21. PWidth stands for
the print width of the field and Dcml PL stands for digits after
decimal point for NUMBER fields. Acceptable values are 0 to 4.
-15-
6.0 MODIFYING THE RECORD TEMPLATE Continued
________________________________________________________________
After entering [0] and [Enter] to terminate editing of field
specifications, the first of two TABLE fields are displayed on
the right side of the screen as indicated below:
CATEGORY table
1 AUTO 17 17
2 B-DOGS 18 RANCH
3 CLOTHES 19 STUDIO
4 DISPOSAL 20 TAXES
5 ELEC 21 TITHING
6 FOOD 22 UTILITY
7 GAS 23 WATER
8 HOUSE 24 24
9 INSUR 25 25
10 10 26 26
11 11 27 27
12 LEISURE 28 28
13 MEDICAL 29 29
14 14 30 30
15 OTHER 31 31
16 PHONE 32 DEPOSIT
EDIT LINE(0=DONE) = _
Any table value can be changed by entering the number. The
cursor will move to the line number, blank the line, and wait
for new information (which is terminated with [Enter]). After
pressing [0] and [Enter] to escape from the first category table,
a second table is displayed if it is specified. Finally, if the
record count is zero, an opportunity to modify the definition of
math fields is given along with a chance to change the calculat-
ion order of field 32.
PRACTICE EXERCISE (Create your own check book file)
Using the CHECKS file as a starting point, create your file and
call it "MYCHECKS". Change the [B-DOGS] category to [Building].
type remark
=============== =====================================
a [7] Select Get NEW Database from MAIN menu.
b [2][Enter] Load the CHECKS file.
c [6] Select Create File Mode from MAIN menu.
d [MYCHECKS][Enter] New file name.
e [1][Esc] Duplicate File Design,Esc to MAIN menu
f [5] Select Field Edit Mode from MAIN menu.
g [0][Enter] Answer "Field Edit" question.
h [2][Enter] Address Table 2 position.
i [Building][Enter] The new Category name.
j [0][Enter] Answer "Edit Line" question.
k [0][Enter] Answer "Math Field" prompt.
l [N] Answer "Field 32" question.
-16-
7.0 CREATE NEW FILE STRUCTURE
_________________________________________________________________
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Before creating a new file, consider the following points:
1 Is the current file saved from memory to disk? FASTFILE's
SAVE command is probably the most important command,
because all memory is lost when the computer is shut off
or when a new file is loaded or created.
2 Can an existing file and report structure be used? It's a
simple procedure to erase data and name a new file using
an existing structure (see pg 16, 18).
File names beginning with two digits but identical other-
wise (ie. 90CHECKS, 91CHECKS) invoke the search & report
across files feature. THIS FEATURE SHOULD BE USED FOR ALL
CHECKBOOK, BILLING, AND INVOICE APPLICATIONS.
3 What are the names of fields to be used? Design the
record format using a form similar to Figure 7.1 (pg 20).
Remember names must be limited to 8 characters and up to
31 fields are allowed.
4 What field types should be used? Appendix A presents
typical uses of each field type.
5 What are the maximum field lengths for each field? The
maximum number of characters for alphanumeric fields is
31/49 for relative/non relative records. For numeric
fields the max is 11 (including sign and decimal point).
6 Is it possible to abbreviate? Shorter alphanumeric fields
take less memory and allow more records.
7 If you will be entering data from hand written forms, make
sure the forms field order agrees with FASTFILE's field
order. For example, if you are entering gradebook data,
the columns from the grade book should be in the same
order as those used in the FASTFILE data entry screen.
8 What type(s) of report(s) are required? Take time to
design one or more reports as shown in Figure 7.2 (p 21).
The 80 column screen/printer width must be considered in
designing your reports. If the column heading option is
selected in the PAGE FORMAT, FASTFILE selects the field
names for column headings. Page breaks are eliminated for
mailing labels by setting lines printed per page equal to
the total lines per page.
To enter the FILE CREATE mode, hit [6 or F8] from the main menu.
FASTFILE responds with the following message and rings the bell:
-17-
7.0 CREATE NEW FILE STRUCTURE Continued
________________________________________________________________
FILE NAME = _
If you Haven't saved your file hit [Esc]
If the file has been saved to the disk, enter the new file name
and press [Enter]. FASTFILE will respond with:
A NEW FILE IS CREATED BY:
1 Duplicating this design
2 Creating a NEW design
3 Exit, memory file was renamed
Your Choice = _
[1] DUPLICATING THIS DESIGN (for your records)
For non-relative records, control is transferred directly to the
INPUT FROM menu when your choice is [1] to the above prompt. If
relative records are used (without gradebook) and if field 32 is
used to calculate Balance DUE, the following menu will appear:
DELETE RECORDS
1 All
2 Just Dependent Records
3 If Bal Due=0
Your Choice: _
If your customers remain the same from month to month, choosing
option 2 will carry forward the previous balance. Control goes
to the INPUT FROM menu for ADD RECORDS.
[2] CREATING A NEW FILE DESIGN (for your records)
Planning pays dividends. Remember the saying "pay now or more
later?" FASTFILE's easy-to-use features can be off-set by poor
planning. Fields can be added and deleted with data present but
it takes extra time. Do not hurry the planning process. Re-read
and study the general considerations presented at the beginning
of this section. Get out paper and pencil to design both screen
and report formats. Then pause to visualize how the information
is to be used. If others are involved, discuss the purpose of the
database with them. Then make corrections to meet the real users
requirements.
To illustrate how to create a new file, consider a high school
teacher's problem. A fire in the Arts and Craft Room focused
attention on the importance an inventory. Before insurance could
be collected, an inventory was required. After the fire, school
administration required a maintained inventory. The first (hand
written) inventory was 55 pages long. It was time consuming to
locate items. FASTFILE was selected to solve the problem.
-18-
7.0 CREATE NEW FILE STRUCTURE Continued
________________________________________________________________
The items were reviewed and a symbol abbreviation selected. Type
and locations codes were assigned. Figure 7.1 and 7.2 show the
screen and report designs. Computer entry time was saved by
discussing and visualizing procedures required for collecting,
entering, and reporting information.
This application is ARTINV.FFF on the distribution disk. You may
use this structure by loading the file and deleting the records
as previously discussed. To gain experience in creating a new
new file, follow the instructions that follow.
Make sure FASTFILE is in CREATE mode by pressing [6 or F6] from
the main menu. Enter the new file name of [INVENTRY]. Note only
8 characters may be used in a file name, and that an extension is
not allowed. FASTFILE places the extension [.FFF] at the end of
the file name. Then hit [2] to create a new design. Finally,
FASTFILE will ask [RELATIVE FIELDS?]. Answer [N].
Refer to the form design (Figure 7.1,p 20) for input information.
The data for field #1 are:
Field# = 1
Field Type = 5 (a NUMBER field)
Name = PART#
* Column# = 2
* Row# = 2
Print Width = 7
Decimal Pl = 0
*NOTE: FASTFILE will compute suggested values for the screen
positions (Column# and Row#).
Answer the question [Do Another Field?(Y/N)] with [Y]. Continue
with the input process until the last field information is
entered. Terminate field entry by answering the question [Do
Another Field?] with [N]. FASTFILE will respond by requesting
the number of fields (1-3) for the primary key. For this
application, the number of primary key fields is 1. (The part
number identifies an item.) Please answer the question with [1]
and hit [Enter]. FASTFILE responds by displaying the record
format in FIELD EDIT mode as discussed in section 6. At this
point you should be able to follow FASTFILE's prompts.
After answering [0] to the [EDIT FIELD#(0=DONE)] question, you
will be asked to enter the 32 category items for the TABLE field.
For this example, make up names and edit them as you wish. When
you complete this task, FASTFILE will will ask if NUMBER fields
are to be reserved for MATH functions. Answer [N] to the prompt.
In addition answer [N] to the field 32 question. (Screen display
computations are not needed.) Then return to the MAIN menu by
hitting [Esc].
-19-
7.0 CREATE NEW FILE STRUCTURE - Create New Report
________________________________________________________________
FASTFILE SCREEN DESIGN FOR Art Inventory
Column#
1 2 3 4
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
R 2 Part# _______ Type ________ 2 Type Table
o 3 3 1 Bk-H
w 4 Qty ___ Unit _____ Locn ____ 4 2 Bk-Mg
# 5 5 3 Bk-P
6 Desc1 ______________________________ 6 4 Brush
7 7 5 Ceramics
8 Desc2 ______________________________ 8 6 Clay
9 9 7 Craft
10 $Rcost ________ 10 8 Dye
11 11 9 Furn
12 Yr-P __ 12 10 Glaze
13 13 11 Ink
14 Spare ______________________________ 14 12 Jewelry
15 15 13 Kiln
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456 14 Lap
15 Leather
____ Field ____ Column# Row# Print Dec Math Opr 16 Magazine
# Type* Name Width Pl 17 Paint
1 5 Part# 2 2 7 0 18 Paper
2 3 Type 28 2 8 19 Pencil
3 7 Qty 4 4 3 20 Pens
4 1 Unit 14 4 5 21 Print
5 1 Locn 28 4 4 22 Supplies
6 1 Desc1 2 6 30 23 Tool
7 1 Desc2 2 8 30
8 5 $Rcost 2 10 8 2
9 1 Yr-P 3 12 2
10 1 Spare 2 14 30
*Field types: 1 Alphanumeric 2 Relative
3 Table 4 Date
5 Number 7 0-255
Figure 7.1
CREATE NEW REPORT
Please hit [Esc] enough times to exit to the MAIN menu. Then
select [4 or F4] to enter Report LAYOUT. A screen similar to
Figure 5.1 (page 14) is displayed. Entering the design will be
easy because most of the work was done in the planning stage.
-20-
7.0 CREATE NEW FILE STRUCTURE - Create New Report Continued
________________________________________________________________
Press [F1] to enter LINE FORMAT mode, and answer the first prompt
with [F1] to select a NEW format. After you answer [Y] to the
[ARE YOU SURE?] prompt, the LINE FORMAT area will clear and
display the prompt shown below. Please refer to Figure 7.2 for
input information. The input information for the first few
prompts are indicated in brackets.
Tab Advance= [0][Enter] Field# = [1][Enter] Subtotals? [N]
Tab Advance= [1][Enter] Field# = [5][Enter]
Tab Advance= [1][Enter] Field# = [3][Enter]
(continue until data for field 8 is entered)
Tab Advance= [Esc]
Add Another DataLine? [Y]
Tab Advance = [24][Enter Field# = [7][Enter]
Tab Advance = [Esc]
Add Another DataLine? [N]
The cursor should be at the bottom menu line. The SORT order
may be selected by pressing [F4]. (Sort order instructions are
found in section 5.0 REPORTS, page 13). Hit [F2] to select PAGE
Format and answer [N] to the [7 PRNT BLANK LINES?] prompt. When
finished with the return to the main menu by hitting [Esc].
FASTFILE REPORT DESIGN FOR Art Inventory
1 2 3 4 5 6
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
1 1
2PART# LOCN QTY UNIT DESC1 YR $RCOST2
3 DESC2 3
4_______ ____ ____ ____ ______________________________ __ ______4
5 ______________________________ 5
6 6
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
Line# TAB Field# Sub Field
Adv Tot Name
Y/N
1 0 1 N PART#
1 1 5 _ LOCN
1 1 3 _ QTY
1 1 4 _ UNIT
1 1 6 _ DESC1
1 1 9 _ YR
1 1 8 _ $RCOST
2 24 7 _ DESC2
Figure 7.2
-21-
8.0 LOAD, SAVE, and DELETE FILES
_________________________________________________________________
LOADING FILES
Files (or preprogrammed applications) are loaded by hitting [7 or
F7] from the main menu. A screen such as the one below is given:
Choose an Existing Database FILE
1 ArtInv
2 CHECKS
3 Clients
4 DrBiling
5 FASTquiz
6 GradeBk2
7 Invoice
8 Software
YOUR CHOICE = _
or Choose A,B,C=Disk Drive D=DIR change S=Save 0=Menu
FASTFILE displays up to 32 applications in alphabetical order.
If changes have been made but not saved to disk, the bell beeps
and you are told to hit [S][Enter]. A file is loaded by typing
the number corresponding to the file name and [Enter]. After
loading the file, FASTFILE displays the main menu.
SAVE/DELETE FILE
Save is the most important FASTFILE command. All memory is lost
when the computer is shut off, or when a new file is loaded. The
SAVE/DELETE mode is entered by hitting [8] from the main menu and
the screen below is displayed:
File Name #Recds/Bytes left
1 Save
2 Delete
ESC Exit
YOUR CHOICE = _
If you choose to save the file, hit [1 or F1]. After saving the
file FASTFILE displays the message:
File was saved. Press Enter to Continue
If you choose to DELETE the file hit [2 or F2], and the following
message is given:
File Name #Recds/Bytes Remaining
Are You Sure? _
You must enter [Y] to delete the file. If you answer [Y] the file
is deleted and control is transferred to Load File. The new list
of files is displayed as indicated in LOADING FILES.
NOTICE: Both the CHECKS and FASTquiz demonstration files cannot
be SAVED or Deleted. To modify and/or use these designs see the
exercises on pg 16 and pg 18.
-22-
APPENDIX A. FIELD TYPES
_________________________________________________________________
(Read if creating a new file).
FASTFILE uses special memory compaction techniques to increase
search and sorting speeds. The compacted files also conserve disk
storage space. They minimize the time required to load, save and
copy files. In many applications FASTFILE will require only 30%
of the storage space indicated by the input screen. The six
field types shown in the table below compare the maximum number
of bytes apparent on the input screen to the number of bytes
used. For example, the TABLE field shows up to 16 bytes available
but only a single byte is used.
MAX BYTES BYTES
FIELD TYPE APPARENT USED
1 Alphanumeric 31* bytes entered+1
2 Relative Alphanumeric
1st Record 31 bytes entered+1
records in seq. 31 1
3 Table
16 Categories 16 1
32 Categories 8 1
extra entries 9 or 17 9 or 17
4 Date 8 2
5 Number 11 4
6 Not used
7 0 -255 3 1
* 49 bytes if relative records are not used.
ALPHANUMERIC FIELD
The characters available to you from the keyboard are called
Alphanumeric. The characters [*] and [?] should not be used for
field data because they are used to define FIND (or Select)
criteria. In addition, you cannot use the function keys.
Alphanumeric fields can be used for names, numbers that do not
require calculations, and dates. Alphanumeric fields have
variable lengths up to a maximum of 31 (or 49) characters. It is
wasteful of your time and of computer memory to enter more
information than necessary to convey the meaning. For example,
suppose you are entering data in the CLIENT file and you have a
friend that lives at 1234 Chestnut Avenue #A5. The Post Office
will deliver the letter if it is addressed [1234 Chestnut#A5].
This conveys the meaning and saves 7 bytes. It also saves you
time in entering and reading the information. Remember your
computer screen allows only 80 characters a line. If you exceed
this limit you are forced to use another line (or use compressed
printing). Make reports easy to read. Omit useless information!
Please design reports before setting alphanumeric field lengths.
-23-
APPENDIX A. FIELD TYPES - Relative Alphanumeric, Table
_________________________________________________________________
RELATIVE ALPHANUMERIC FIELD
The relative field provides many useful features while conserving
memory and reducing the amount of work to enter data.
RELATIVE FIELDS USED IN EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
------------------------------------------------
Example Required Fields Optional Fields
------- --------------- ---------------------
Field1 Field2 # Name # Name
------- ------ -------- ---------
GradeBk2 Lname I Pg# 3 Yr L# S#
Invoice Invoice# Item# 3 Date 4 Taxable
5 TypeSale
If relative fields are used, field 1 must be relative and field 2
must be of the 0-255 type. Other fields in the database may be
defined as optional relative fields, as shown in the above table.
The first (parent) record of the sequence has zero (0) for field
2. The highest possible sequence number is 255. Records of a
sequence reference the first (parent) record for data. Fields
1 and 2 are the primary key fields. They cannot be edited. Other
relative fields may be edited when the parent record is selected.
When other records of the sequence are selected, the cursor will
automatically pass by relative fields. However, the fields will
appear as if they have data. You may wish to visualize the
information in the first record as heading information.
Deleting Relative Records
All relative records in a sequence are deleted by deleting the
first (parent) record. To protect against accidental record loss,
FASTFILE displays:
[x] RECORD(S) TO DELETE? _
after the delete command is issued. An escape is allowed by
answering [N or Esc]. A [Y] answer deletes the records. A single
record is deleted if it is not the parent record.
Creating Relative Records
The first CREATE Mode question is [Select Relative Fields?(Y/N)].
For a [Y] answer, fields 1 and 2 are automatically entered. The
default field names are [Lname I] and [#]. [Lname I] stands for
last name with Initials. The names of these fields and the print
width of field 1 may be changed in FIELD EDIT mode.
TABLE FIELD
Table fields are very useful for displaying and entering category
information such as services rendered by a doctor, scouting award
or who to distribute money to for a consignment based business.
-24-
APPENDIX A. FIELD TYPES - Table, Date, Number
________________________________________________________________
The CHECKS file uses a TABLE field to display general ledger
categories such as AUTO, CLOTHES, FOOD, etc. Two TABLE type
fields per record are allowed with a print width of either 8 or
16 characters. With eight (8) characters, 32 categories may be
entered. With 16 characters, 16 categories may be used. FASTFILE
will allow additional categories but the new categories will not
be displayed in the TABLE of names. If the report uses subtotal
breaks, the new categories are grouped with optional subtotals,
totals, and averages.
The values in a TABLE may be edited with FIELD EDIT mode from the
main menu. Caution is advised. A name change of a category will
occur in all records that reference the corresponding position in
the category table.
The TABLE field saves data entry time, and uses only 1 byte of
memory for screen displayed items. For categories not displayed,
the field appears as a regular alphanumeric field.
DATE FIELD
The DATE field uses the fixed format of YR-MM-DD and 2 bytes.
This format is useful for editing and searching information. If
an application requires a format such as xxJAN9_, an alphanumeric
field should be used. It will cost six (6) more bytes. In many
applications, it is not necessary to enter the year, because the
file will be for an entire year. To sort by date it is necessary
to enter information as either MMDD or YR-MM-DD.
When the cursor is moved to a DATE field in ADD or EDIT modes,
FASTFILE allows automatic entry of today's date by typing an
[A]. (The menu line will show [AUTODATE=A] in red.)
NUMBER FIELD
The number field uses 4 bytes. The largest number is plus or
minus 2,147,483,648 which is 2 to the 31st power. During CREATE
and FIELD EDIT modes [selections 5 and 6 from the main menu]
FASTFILE asks for the print width, and number of digits after
decimal point. If 2 digits after decimal point are selected, the
largest number is 21,474,836.48. FASTFILE actually limits this
to 9,999,999.99. (If the print width is too small to print all
digits, FASTFILE prints [*******].) A large number as well as
zero [0] will occupy 4 bytes. If entry of non-numeric informat-
ion is attempted in a NUMBER field, the bell will beep.
Field Calculator
Any time the cursor is moved to a NUMBER field during EDIT and
ADD modes, the menu will show [Calculator=C] in red. If [C] is
entered, the cursor will move to the bottom line, print the field
-25-
APPENDIX A. FIELD TYPES - Number, 0-255
________________________________________________________________
name, and wait for data. For example, suppose it was necessary to
calculate the Washington state sales tax for $54.21. The entry is
5421x78/1000[Enter]
The result of 4.22 is entered in the field. This feature is very
useful for insurance adjustment calculations (medical billing).
Automatic Field Calculations
The NUMBER field can be used to do multi-statement arithmetic.
The option to enter this information (or to edit it) is given
during CREATE mode (or during FIELD EDIT) when the number of
records is zero [0]. For example, suppose field 5 is a number
field that contains the quantity of goods sold; and field 7
contains the unit price. If field 8 is reserved for total price,
the calculation of 5x7 would be specified for field 8. The math
operation is executed when the record is saved to memory. Fields
selected for MATH functions cannot be addressed during ADD and
EDIT modes.
Up to 9 NUMBER fields can be specified for MATH calculations and
up to 8 items can be included in a calculation. Valid math
operators are [+,-,x, and /]. An operator of [+] is assumed for
the first entry.
Field 32
Field 32 is a special NUMBER field that always prints to the
screen. A report may also print this field. For relative fields,
Field 32 is cleared when a new sequence is referenced. Then, a
calculation for all records in the sequence is done and the
result displayed. This is convenient for displaying [BAL DUE]
values in billing and invoice applications. For records that are
not relative, Field 32 is cleared when the record count is zero.
Specifications for Field 32 are entered during CREATE FILE and
FIELD EDIT modes (items 6 and 5 from the main menu). The default
print width is 11 characters with 2 digits after the decimal
point. The normal values are taken from the first field in the
calculation. For example, if the calculation were [8-7+32], the
print width and digits after decimal point for Field 32 are taken
from field 8.
0-255 FIELD
This field type uses a single byte to store a number ranging from
0 to 255. A print width of 3 is automatically set by FASTFILE
and no math functions are allowed. This field type is used for
the sequence number for RELATIVE fields. It is also useful for
specifying status information. For example, [0] may mean cleared
and [1] may mean not cleared.
-26-
APPENDIX B. Screen Design for the Invoice File
_________________________________________________________________
Invoice for Consignment Business (Art Gallery)
Column#
1 2 3
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
R 2 Invoice# ________ Itm# ___ 2
o 3 3 Money To table
w 4 Date ____ Taxable? _ TypeSale ____ 4 1 Adams
# 5 5 2 Benham
6 Qty ___ Descript _________________ 6 3 Birch
7 7 4 Burgess
8 $ Each ________ 8 5 Druse
9 9 6 Elsworth
10 $ Total __________ 10 7 Fellows
11 11 8 Fry
12 Money To ________ 12 9 French
13 13 10 Gross
14 14 11 Haren
15 15 12 Johnson
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456 13 Kays
14 Leonard
__ Field ______ Column# Row# Print Dec Math Opr 15 Mathews
# Type* Name Width Pl 16 Mills¥
1 2 Invoice# 2 2 8 17 Nehr
2 7 Itm# 36 2 3 18 Newtson
3 2 Date 6 4 4 19 Petty
4 2 Taxable? 18 4 1 20 Pratt
5 2 TypeSale 31 4 4 21 Reinicke
6 5 Qty 7 6 3 0 22 Reise
7 1 Descript 18 6 17 23 Rettig
8 5 $ Each 4 8 8 2 24 Ross
9 5 $ Total 3 10 11 2 = 6x8 25 Taylor
10 3 Money To 2 12 8 26 Schuster
27 Tax
32 5 BAL DUE = 9 + 32 28 Wilson
*Field types: 1 Alphanumeric 2 Relative
3 Table 4 Date
5 Number 7 0-255
NOTICE
Fields 1, 3, 4, and 5 are relative [field type = 2]. This saves
entry/editing effort and conserves memory. If any value in these
fields change, you can change it in all records by editing the
master record [Itm# = 0].
-27-
APPENDIX C. APPLICATION NOTES - CLIENTS and FINDME
________________________________________________________________
CLIENTS
Debra Goodwin, Sr. Sales Coordinator, Amera Natural Nail Care
says: "FASTFILE keeps track of my client database, bookkeeping,
and mailing list. It's so easy to use and is user friendly."
The CLIENTS application is just one of the programs Debra uses in
her business. This application is useful for both the office and
home to track name, address, phone numbers, and special remarks.
The exercise below illustrates how to print mailing labels.
LOAD CLIENTS AND PRINT 1 MAILING LABEL FOR EACH NAME
type remark
======= ==========================================
a [7] Select LOAD mode from MAIN menu.
b [?][Enter] Select CLIENTS
c [4] Select FORMATS. Verify the "F1 Line Format"
reads "1/3". If not hit [F5] to select and
display the SWAPPED format.
d Note the "F2 PAGE FORMAT" shows [N] for items
1,2,6,8 and 9. It shows 4 spaces between
records and the printed lines per page equal
the total lines per page.
e [F3] Go to REPORT.
f [1][Enter] Answer to #Labels/Recd question.
g [F1] Select all records.
h [1] Screen output. Then return to MAIN menu
Any file can be used to print mailing labels if the "F2 PAGE
FORMAT" values are set correctly.
FINDME
Many people have the need to find items. My wife had hundreds of
glaze bottles for use with her ceramics hobby. In time, it was
easier to buy a new bottle of glaze, because it was too hard to
locate the ones she had. The problem was solved by marking the
location of each bottle. (For example, BX4 42 stands for BOX 4,
Column 4, row 2.) The part number, name of glaze, and location
were then entered into the FINDME application. After all items
were entered, a sorted report grouped them by part number. She
found up to 7 duplicates stored in various locations. She can now
find what she has in stock. If this story sounds familiar, you
will find this application useful.
FIND THE DESERT TURQUOISE GLAZE BOTTLES (PART# = CR 806)
type remark
========== ============================================
a Load the FindMe file.
b [3] Select REPORT from MAIN menu.
c [CR 806][F1] Part# and Find command
d [1] Screen output. Note: 5 bottles stored in
different locations & return to MAIN menu.
-28-
APPENDIX C. APPLICATION NOTES - Invoice and Payroll
_________________________________________________________________
INVOICE
The invoice application is designed for a consignment business
(an art gallery). The business operator must distribute sales
income to artists and tax at the end of the month. A table field
[MONEY TO] is used for this purpose. The table field saves data
entry effort and memory. It defaults to a regular alphanumeric
field. In simpler terms, you may enter a name like [Alford] even
though it does not appear in the list of names.
The INVOICE screen design is given in Appendix B,page 27. Billing
and accounts payable applications use invoices. Businesses like
to design to their specific needs. For example, a used clothing
store uses a simpler invoice. It does not require the number of
fields and they have at least 2000 sales per month. A printing
business uses a more complex invoice. The DrBiling application
is another example. If you need help designing your own invoice,
call Monte Benham. For a fee, he will develop an invoice to your
specification.
Please work the exercise below:
DISPLAY THE DISTRIBUTION REPORT FOR TAX TO THE SCREEN
type remark
======= =====================================
a Load the Invoice file.
b [3] Select the REPORT mode.
c Move the cursor to [MONEY TO]
d [22][F1] Select Tax and Find the records
e [1] Screen output. Then return to MAIN menu.
PAYROLL
The Payroll file can be ordered by registered FASTFILE users. It
handles local, state, federal, FICA, and two fixed deductions.
You may track vacation and sick time. It accommodates overtime.
Tax rates are user entered. The program does not require service
or periodic updates.
A company with up to twenty employees will find this application
useful. The reports print summary pay stubs, and other employee
summary reports. Although many small companies find it more
convenient to hand write their own checks, FASTFILE might be used
for check writing.
PRINT SUMMARY PAY STUBS
type remark
====== ================================================
a Registered FASTFILE users can load PAYROLL.
b [3] Select REPORT mode.
c [F1] Select all records.
d [1] Screen output.
e [1] Normal Report. Then return to MAIN menu.
-29-
APPENDIX C. APPLICATION NOTES - Teacher's Gradebook
_________________________________________________________________
Larry Howell, a Lap Math Teacher at Park Middle School says: "I
found FASTFILE to be the most effective individualized grading
program I've used and I have tried several other programs." With
FASTFILE the student/parent can receive assignment lists and
grades before poor work slips are issued. This gives the student
an opportunity to find assignments or complete assignments.
Many teachers have given up on gradebook programs, because they
take too much time and effort. FASTFILE'S eye-blink speed, single
disk operation, and simple data entry procedures corrects that
problem. To set up a grade book the teacher selects the number
of grading periods per quarter, and types in the student names.
One report prints the class roster. Grades are recorded on the
roster, and transferred to the computer at a convenient time.
The unique averaging of non-zero grades gives the teacher an
opportunity to obtain averages of special assignments that are
not due every period.
A complete report of student progress can be printed for
distribution to the student or parent(s) as illustrated below.
Appendix G shows how to create your own Gradebook file. Please
work the following exercises to get a feel for the program. If
you need help you may call Monte Benham.
LOAD THE GRADEBOOK APPLICATION AND DISPLAY A CLASS ROSTER
type remark
======== ===============================================
a Load GRADEBK2 file
b [4] Select FORMATS. Look to the middle top of the
screen. It should read: F1 Line 1 of 1 Format.
If it's 1 of 5 (indicating the current display
is line 1 of 5), Hit [F5] to SWAPPED reports.
c [F3] Go to REPORT
d [Enter] Move the cursor to [Pg#]
e [0][F1] Select 1st Page for all students. Note: FASTFILE
must start numbering the pages with 0. So the
first page is Pg 0, the 2nd page is Pg 1 etc.
f [1] Screen output
g [Enter] Return to the MAIN menu when done
DISPLAY A REPORT OF John Adams PROGRESS FOR FIRST 4 Weeks.
type remark
========= ================================================
a [4] Select FORMAT from MAIN menu
b [F5] Select the Swapped report. (This report has 5
lines so the middle of the screen should display:
F1 Line 1 of 5 Format. If it does not Hit [F5].
c [F3][1] Select REPORT mode and normal report
d [Ad*][Enter] Wild Card Search Adams,John
e [<1][F1] Take all pages less than 1
f [1] Select screen output. This report is
useful for student or parent conferences.
g [Enter] Return to the main menu.
-30-
APPENDIX C. Scout Master and Software, Video tapes, etc
_________________________________________________________________
SCOUT MASTER
S_MASTER is dedicated to Mr. Ed Garrett who helped my sons and at
least 50 other young men earn the rank of eagle. With Ed's help
this application was developed. It is available to registered
FASTFILE users.
PRINT A PROGRESS REPORT FOR ALL SCOUTS
type remark
====== ================================================
a Load S_MASTER
b [3] Select REPORT.
c [F1] Select all records.
d [2] Select the printer.
e [Y] Answer to printer on question.
f After report is finished return to the main menu.
PRINT REPORT OF BOYS WHO HAVE EARNED 1st CLASS
type remark
====== ==================================================
a [4] Select FORMATS.
b [F5] Swapped report fromats
c [F3] Go to Report
d Move the cursor to [AWARD]
e [4][F1] Select 1st Class and FIND all records
e [1] Screen output
f After report is printed return to the main menu.
There are many other report possibilities. This application is
designed to make the job of scout master easier.
SOFTWARE, VIDEO TAPES, ETC.
Category Table
List items by name, category, and location. 1 Business &Finance
A category table pops up for screen display. 2 Church &Religion
Assign a category table and storage location 3 Communications
that suits your needs. This program is use- 4 Database
ful for items such as software, VCR tapes, 5 Educat'n-Teacher
and etc. 6 Games
7 Graph-Draw-Paint
This is an ideal program for computer clubs 8 Home
with thousands of disks in their inventory. 9 Language-Prgm'g
You can inport an ASCII file to FASTFILE 10 Math-Sci-Engr
and then assign categories with as few as 2 11 Music
key strokes. 12 New [This Month]
13 Other
Here is the simple screen design. 14 Spread Sheets
15 Utilities
DiskName __________________(Alpha field)
Category _______________ (Table field)
#Disks ___ (0-255 field)
StorLocn _______ (Alpha field)
Remark __________________(Alpha field
-31-
APPENDIX C. APPLICATION NOTES - DrBiling
_________________________________________________________________
Dr. David L. Adams, M.D. wrote: "I have looked at several
different software packages ranging in price from $300 to $10,000
for use in my medical practice. FASTFILE appears to have all the
capability to do my billing and day sheet reports. It also will
be useful for other applications such as Inventory, and Accounts
Payable. FASTFILE may not have all of the features of the more
expensive systems, but it does what I want it to do and is very
easy to use. I do not hesitate in recommending it to others."
Registered users can obtain DrBiling, S_Master, Payroll, Deli,
and other invoice applications which can be used for billing. In
some sense the teachers gradebook and scout master can be looked
at as billing applications. They show student accomplishments and
scout awards earned with the expected date of next advancement.
If you do not find an application that suits your needs, merely
design you own. Appendix B contains an example screen design.
If you need help contact Monte Benham. Or for a fee, he will
design your applications to your specifications.
All billing applications have two items in common. They use a
"leading" subtotal break to place information from relative
records (ie name and address) at the beginning of the report.
Billing applications will then use a "trailing" subtotal break
for summary reports (such as the doctors' DAY report).
PRINT THE BILLS WHERE THE INSURANCE ADJUSTMENT > 0
type remark
============ ===========================================
a Registered FASTFILE users may load DrBiling.
b [3] Select Report Mode from MAIN menu.
c Move the cursor to [ADJUSTMENT]
d [>0][F1] Select and then Find the Records
e [2] Select printer output. Spacing is set so
bill may be folded with the name and
address appearing in the envelope window.
PRINT THE DAY REPORT FOR JANUARY 18, 1990
type remark
============ ==============================================
a [4] Select FORMATS from the MAIN menu.
b [F5] Select the SWAPPED report format.
c [F3] Go to report mode.
d Move the cursor to [DATE]
e [900118][F1]
f [1] Screen output. Then return to the MAIN menu.
CREATE A NEW FILE FOR NEXT MONTH'S BILLING
type remark
============ ===========================================
a [6] Select CREATE file mode from the MAIN menu.
b[02-91Bil][Enter] The new file name.
c [1] Use same file design.
d [Y] Zero records if BAL DUE=0.
e [Esc] Exit to MAIN menu. Don't forget to save it.
-32-
APPENDIX C. APPLICATION NOTES - General Billing
_________________________________________________________________
GENERAL BILLING
Many business bill the same customers each month for services.
For example, a local gymnastics club provides:
Balance Forward** Recreation Gym
Payment, Thanks Registration
Meet Fee's Sales Tax
USGF Team Sports
Modify the DrBilling file for this application.
type remark
=================== =========================================
a Load DrBilling file
b [6] Select Create File Mode
c [01-91Bil][Enter] New file name
d [1][1][Esc] Duplicate, delete all recds, Main Menu
e [3][Enter][F1] Select Field 3 for edit
f [Enter][Student][Enter][Enter][Enter][Enter]
g [4][Enter][F6] Delete field 4
h [8][Enter][F6] Delete field 8
i [0][Enter] Done with field edit
j {Change service table to suit application Make 1st Item
Balance Forward. See ** below.}
k [0][Enter] Done with service table
l [0][Enter] Done with Cty, ST-Z table
m [0][Enter] Done with Math field
n [Y][$ BalDue][Enter]
o [6-7+32][Enter] Field 32 calculation for screen display
Modify the Report to Include $BAL DUE (Field 32)
type remark
==================== ========================================
a [4] Select Formats Mode
b [F1][F2][4][Enter] Edit line 4
c [6][Enter][F2] Select Position 6 for NEW entry
d[1][Enter][32][Enter] New values for Position 6
e [Esc][Esc] Return to Format Menu Line
f [F6][Name-Address][Enter]
g [Esc] Return to Main Menu
h [8][1][Enter] Save the file!
After adding records and issuing statements, it is necessary to
create a new file for the next month's billing as indicated.
type remark
=================== ========================================
a Load last month's file
b[6][02-91Bil][Enter] Select create mode, new file name
c [1][2][Esc] Duplicate, delete dependent recds, Exit
d [8][1][Enter] Save the NEW file!
** Fastfile assumes the parent record contains Balance Forward
-33-
APPENDIX D. FASTFILE FEATURES with Questions and answers
________________________________________________________________
GENERAL DATA ENTRY
Add and delete fields Y Keyboard + last recd added Y
Re-use templates Y Duplicate record protection Y
Multiple user files/disk Y Input error checking Y
1 disk without swapping Y Automatic date entry Y
Same screen Add,Edit,Find Y Math calculator Y
Help screens Y Edit access last recd added Y
Min requirements DOS 2.0+ Screen Dsply of Table fields Y
# dec digits (4 bytes) 9 Global functions Y
RECORD SPECIFICATIONS REPORT SPECIFICATIONS
All fields indexed Y Full screen create/edit Y
Variable record length Y Leading or trailing breaks Y
Number of bytes/file 59K+ 5 level instant sorting Y
Max no. bytes/record 256 Print choice of blank spaces Y
Avg Bytes/recd (CHECKS) 35 Print choice of bland lines Y
Ext Max recds (CHECKS) 1600+ Max labels from one record 255
Max fields/recd 32 Column subtotals/averages Y
Multiple statement Math Y Choice for nonzero averages Y
Number of field types 6 # Memory resident reports 2
Relative records Y Printers- Any supported by DOS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
How large is the program?
ANSWER: 15,000 lines of assembly language or 35K bytes.
What computer will run versions 1,2,3, and 4?
ANSWER: Version 1 was written for a 48K APPLE II to track
the membership of a 500 member church congregation. Version
2 was a learning experience. Versions 3 and 4 were written
for the C-64. Version 5 is for the IBM PC and compatibles.
It has many enhancements when compared to earlier versions.
Why is FASTFILE so FAST?
ANSWER: FASTFILE only uses the disk to load and save
files. Program and data are memory resident. All operations
are carried out at maximum speed using assembly language.
Instant sorting is also done automatically during data entry
and report writing.
Will FASTFILE allow the use of a hard disk?
ANSWER: Yes. If you wished to store the name, address,
phone number, and city with a zip code for the residents of
the state of Idaho, it would take a 40 MB for an estimated
1,700,000 records. Each city/and or county would have its
own subdirector with alphabetical files.
How many reports per file does FASTFILE accommodate?
ANSWER: Two reports which can be edited. Report selection is
with the [SWAP=F] command in the FORMATS section. The screen
edit/create features allow selection of the sorting order,
printing order, and line order of your reports.
-34-
APPENDIX D. FEATURES with Questions and Answers Continued
_________________________________________________________________
What is FASTFILE'S record capacity?
ANSWER: It varies because of variable record sizes. The
CHECKS file input screen shows a capacity of 80 bytes but
the average record size is 35 bytes. FASTFILE has six field
types that helps conserve memory and simplify data entry:
MAX BYTES BYTES
FIELD TYPE APPARENT USED
1 Alphanumeric 31/49* bytes entered+1
2 Record relative alphanumeric
1st record 31 bytes entered+1
remaining records in seq. 31 1
3 Table
16 categories of 16 bytes ea 16 1
32 categories of 8 bytes ea 8 1
categories not in table 8 or 16
4 DATE 8 2
5 Number (with sign and dec pt) 12 4
6 (not used)
7 0-255 3 1
An inventory application utilizing 7 fields for data will
allow entry of 49 bytes per record. Only 10.5 bytes/record
are actually used. This allows about 5,500 records/file,
100,000 item inventory requires 18 files or 1.1 MB and will
fit on a 3.5 inch floppy disk . An application that uses
all 256 bytes for each record allows 225 records/file. But
do not forget that up to 32 files (depending disk storage
space) can be stored in each disk subdirectory.
What are the advantages of a maximum record size of 256 bytes?
ANSWER: Many practical database applications use 100 bytes
or less. The reason for this is that someone actually must
enter data and the data must be read to be usable. I doubt
you want to use your time typing 1,000 to 4,000 bytes into
each record. Therefore, it follows that FASTFILE'S record
size is set to be about 2.5 times the expected record
capacity. This fits within the most efficient addressing
range of micro computers.
The smaller record size and data compaction techniques used
also produce great advantages. Many different files can be
put on a single disk. For large database applications like
patient billing, an entire year of billing transactions will
fit on a single 3.5 inch floppy disk that requires less than
a minute to copy.
What improvements do you plan to make to FASTFILE?
ANSWER: If you have a suggestion for an improvement please
fill out and return a feedback form. I will give your
suggestion(s) serious consideration for future versions.
-35-
APPENDIX E. COPYING FASTFILE
_________________________________________________________________
COPYING FASTFILE TO ANOTHER FLOPPY DISK (skip if you have a HD)
You should make a copy of FASTFILE before doing anything else.
Storing the original distribution diskette in a safe place is a
good idea. The copy will serve as your operating diskette.
Put your DOS systems diskette in drive A and boot up. Enter the
DOS commands shown below. Note the comments on the right.
type remark
============== ===========================================
[A:] Make drive A: the current drive.
[DISKCOPY A: A:] The diskcopy program will give a message to
put source [FASTFILE] disk in drive A. The
disk will be copied to memory. Diskcopy
will then ask you to put in the target
disk [a blank disk] in drive A. This disk
will be formatted and copied.
If you have two drives and wish to make a copy of FASTFILE that
will boot up you must place COMMAND.COM on the disk. To do this,
boot up with DOS.
type remark
============ =============================================
[A:] Make sure drive A: is the current drive.
[FORMAT B:/S] Formats and puts COMMAND.COM on disk in
drive B:. Replace the DOS disk in drive A:
with FASTFILE disk.
[COPY *.* B:] Copy all programs from the distribution disk.
INSTALLING FASTFILE ON A HARD DISK
type remark
================== ======================================
Put the FASTFILE disk in drive A:
[A:][Enter] Get [A:>] prompt
[INSTALL C:][Enter] (or D: or E: etc.)
The INSTALL.BAT file on the distribution disk also installs an
FF.BAT file in the root directory. You may start FASTFILE by
typing [FF] and [Enter] from either the root directory or from
subdirectory FF.
COPYING FASTFILE FROM THE HARD DISK TO FLOPPY DISK
type remark
========= ==========================================
[CD \] Change to the root directory.
[CD DOS] Change to your DOS operational subdir.
[FORMAT A:] Format a blank disk by following directions.
[CD \] Change to root directory.
[CD FF] Change to FASTFILE subdirectory.
[COPY *.* A:] Copy all files to drive A:.
-36-
APPENDIX F. PRACTICE EXERCISES - Modifying Reports
_________________________________________________________________
These exercises are designed to help you "learn by doing". Once
you learn how to master the searching, sorting, and reporting for
one application you can apply the techniques for any application.
For the following exercises make sure the CHECKS file is loaded.
1 Print the SWAPPED report to the screen.
type remark
========== ============================================
a [4 or F4] Select Report LAYOUT from the MAIN menu.
b [F5] SWAP report format.
---> c [F3] Go to REPORT.
d [F1] Select all records.
e [1 or F1] Screen output. Return to MAIN menu when done
2 Sort the checks by date and print the report to the screen.
type remark
========== ===========================================
a [4 or F4] Select Report LAYOUT from the MAIN menu.
b [F4] Select SORT ORDER menu.
c [N] Answer to Sort Order Ok question.
d [3][Enter] Select field 3 for DATE.
e [N] Answer to Subtotal Break question.
f [0][Enter] Answer to Sort Field question.
g [Y] Answer to Sort Order Ok question.
i Go to procedure 1c
3 Write a report that will print an average value.
type remark
========== ===========================================
a [4 or F4] Select Report LAYOUT from the MAIN menu.
b [F1] Select the LINE FORMAT menu.
c [F2] Select EDIT mode.
d [4][Enter] Answer to select position 4. (Notice a
pointer [}] marks the P# to modify.)
e [F2] Select NEW (or changed) values.
f [1][Enter] Tab Advance.
g [7][Enter] Select field 7 (AMOUNT).
h [Y] Answer to select SUBTOTALS.
i [Y] Answer to select AVERAGES.
j [N] Answer to nonzero averages question.
k [Esc] Exit LINE format.
l Go to procedure 1c.
4 Set the total lines per page printed to 60.
type remark
========= ==========================================
a [4 or F4] Select Report LAYOUT from the MAIN menu.
b [F2] Select PAGE FORMAT menu.
c [5] Select item number 5.
d [60][Enter] The new Total Lines/Page
e [0 or Esc] Exit PAGE FORMAT menu
f [Esc] Return to the main menu
-37-
APPENDIX F. PRACTICE EXERCISES Continued
_________________________________________________________________
5 Change the REPORT title to "THIS IS A NEW TITLE".
type remark
======= =============================================
a [4] Select FORMATS from the MAIN menu.
b [6] Select Report Title Area
c [This is a New Title][Enter]
d [Esc] Return to the MAIN menu
MAILING LABELS
6 Load CLIENTS and Print 2 Mailing Labels for Each Name.
type remark
======== ==============================================
a [F7] Select LOAD FILE from the MAIN menu
b [3][Enter] Select CLIENTS file
c [4 or F4] Select FORMATS from MAIN menu. Verify the "F1
Line Format" reads "1 of 3". If not, hit [F5]
to select and display the SWAPPED Format.
d Note: the "F2 PAGE FORMAT" shows [N] for items
1,2,6,8, and 9. It shows 4 spaces between
records and the printed lines per page equal
the total lines per page.
e [F3] Go to REPORT.
f [2][Enter] Answer to #Labels/Recd
g [1 or F1] Select all records.
h [1 or F1] Screen output.
i [Enter] To continue (Return to MAIN menu)
NOTE: The report title (left adjusted) can be printed on labels
if item (8) "Report Title?" is set to [Y], and the "Space
Between Records" item (3) of the "F2 PAGE FORMAT" menu is reduced
by one. This is usefull if you wish to repeat a message on each
label such as:
Shareware Librarian
xyz Computer Club
1234 Sunset Ave
Anywhere, WA 99336
Shareware Librarian
ABC Club
5467 Road 64
Pasco, WA 99302
-38-
APPENDIX G. HOW TO CREATE AND USE MY OWN GRADEBOOK - Summary
_______________________________________________________________
SUMMARY - (Gradebk2 uses 1 gradebook page per month)
1. Create file, enter student names, and seat # (see pg 40-42).
2. Print class roster (see page 41) as indicated below:
Yr S# Lname I
===== ===========
09 T1 Adams, John __|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|
12 T5 Smith, Joe __|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|
3. Place the class roster in the gradebook (the holes on the
computer paper match binder rings). As assignments are made
and grades earned, record the information in the gradebook as
indicated below:
__ Quizes__ ____Projects____
N I P
a f D A l
m i C a
D P F C e @ t h S y
a a i u D o a m P
l t l t s 1 3 i i o
i r m P g s + r l s
Yr S# Lname I y n r n t 4 s e t
===== =========== -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
09 T1 Adams, John 7 8 9 4 6 7 _ 8 _ 10
12 T5 Smith, Joe 9 5 6 10 8 9 7 8 8 9
4. Before issuing poor work slips, enter grades into computer and
mark recorded grades with a highliter. See page 41 for entering
assignments and grades. The procedure for printing student
progress reports (similar to the one below) is given on page 30.
Adv Art fpr 1st 4 Weeks
Quizes Projects Total
============ ======== =========== =====
Sep-Daily 7 Patrn 8 NameDsgn 6
Film 9 If @ 1st 7
CutPr 10 Dito3+4 _
Chairs 8
A Smile _
PlayPost 10 65
______SUBTOTAL Adams,John ^
5. Give students sufficient time to turn in late assignments.
Enter grades into the computer (and highlite them). Print a
summary report (to the screen). Use the total points earned
to assign grades or issue poor work slips.
6. Repeat steps 2 through 5 for each grading period.
-39-
APPENDIX G. HOW TO CREATE AND USE MY OWN GRADEBOOK - Continued
_________________________________________________________________
The gradebook mode (originally selected during file create),
invokes the following features designed to SIMPLIFY data entry:
1. The ADD mode only accepts information for the first
field (student name). It automatically creates a sequence
of relative records (such as one record for each week per
semester or one record for each page/semester.
2. Assignments are always entered from FASTFILE's edit mode.
When all relative fields are grouped at the beginning of
the record, a multi-field global edit feature simplifies
entry of assignments. See page 41.
3. Data for relative fields can only be entered when field 2
[Pg#] contains a zero. In example 1, the field labeled
[Yr S#] is relative.
4. In edit mode the cursor automatically skips past ALPHA
fields to NUMBER fields. If you need to change an ALPHA
field move the cursor from a NUMBER field back (Up Arrow)
to the ALPHA field and make the change.
5. The first Report mode question is "Do you want a roster?".
(An extra report created for all Gradebook functions)
The exercises given below are designed to be used with the
SUMMARY procedures given on page 39. Remember you may add/delete
fields, change field names/print widths, and etc. So you may
want to change the design after you create your own file. For
additional ideas look at the BSKTBALL file described on page 43.
1 Create a file called MyClass and enter student names.
type remark
===================== =====================================
a [7] Go to Get NEW Database from MAIN menu
b [_] Select GRADEBK2 file from name list
c [6] Go to CREATE Mode from MAIN menu
d [MyClass][Enter] The file name
e [1][2][4][Enter] Duplicate design,clear names,4 pg/sem
f [Adams,John][F2] Notice 4 records are added
g {Repeat (f) for each student}
h [Esc] Return to MAIN menu
2 Enter Yr, Seating assignments and the SAVE file.
type remark
===================== ====================================
a [F1][Enter][0][F1] Edit, cursor to PG#, Select Pg#=0
b [F6] Select Edit mode
c [09 T1][F2] 9th grade, Sits at Table 1
d {Repeat (b) and (c) for each student}
e [EscEsc][8][1][Enter] Return to main menu, SAVE YOUR FILE!
-40-
APPENDIX G. HOW TO CREATE AND USE MY OWN GRADEBOOK - Continued
_________________________________________________________________
3 Print a class roster.
type remark
============== ==========================================
a [F3] Go to REPORT
b [Y] Answer to roster question
c [2] Select Printer
4 You have written the assignment names and grades on your
class roster with pencil or pen. Enter assignment names for
specified Pg# for each student and then enter the grades.
type remark
======================= =================================
a [F1] Select FIND/Edit from MAIN menu
b [Enter][0][F1] Select 1st Pg for each student
c [F8][F8] Global Edit all fields of 1st Pg
** d [Enter] Move cursor to [Daily] field
e[Sep-Daily][Enter][Enter] 1st Assignment name, move to next
f [Patrn][Enter][Enter] 2nd Assignment name
g [Film][Enter][Enter] 3rd name
h [CutPr][Enter][Enter] 4th name
i [NameDsgn][Enter][Enter] 5th name
j [If @ 1st][Enter][Enter] 6th name
k [Dito 3+4][Enter][Enter] 7th name
l [Chairs][Enter][Enter] 8th name
m [A Smile][Enter][Enter] 9th name
n [PlayPost][F2][F8] 10th name, save Edit, Do All Global
o [Esc] Return to Find menu
p [Enter][0][F1] Find all records 1st Page
q [F6][Enter] Go to Edit mode cursor to [D] field
r [7][Enter] Daily grade and advance to [Q1]
s [8][Enter] Quiz1 grade and advance to [Q2]
t [9][Enter] Quiz2 grade and advance to [Q3]
u [4][Enter] Quiz3 grade and advance to [SP]
v [6][Enter] NameDsgn grade and advance to [P1]
w [7][Enter] If @ 1st grade and advance to [P2]
x [0][Enter] Dito 3+4 grade and advance to [P3]
y [8][Enter] Chairs grade and advance to [P4]
z [0][Enter] A Simile grade and advance to [M]
aa [10][F2] PlayPost grade and SAVE Edit
bb Repeat steps (q) through (aa) for each student
cc [Esc][Esc][8][1] Return to main Menu and SAVE WORK!
** NOTE: In Edit mode relative fields are only addressable with
the cursor when the 2nd field [Pg#] contains a [0]. When [Pg#]
is other than zero [0], the relative fields labeled [Yr] for
year, [L#] for locker number, and [Seat#] cannot be addressed.
In Find mode alphanumeric fields are automatically
skipped. To address an alpha field move the cursor back from the
last number field. This feature was added because most of the
time when the gradebook feature is used you will be adding numeric
information. You are spared the effort of hitting the [Enter]
key to address past an alphanumeric field.
-41-
APPENDIX G. APPLICATION NOTES - Teacher's Gradebook Continued
_________________________________________________________________
DEFINITIONS for Gradebk2 file
The entry screen with definitions are given below:
Lname F ___________________ Pg# ___
Yr S# ____
Daily _____ D _____
Quiz1 _____ Q1 _____
Quiz2 _____ Q2 _____
Quiz3 _____ Q3 _____
Project1 ________ P1 ________
Project2 ________ P2 ________
Project3 ________ P3 ________
Project4 ________ P4 ________
Project5 ________ P5 ________ PartSum ______
Project6 ________ P6 _______
G-Total ________ TotalPts _______
field name remark field type
---------- ------------------------------------- ---------
Lname F Last name, first name. Relative
Pg# Page Number (0 to 4) quarter or sem. 0-255
Yr S# 09 = 9th grade, S#=Seat Number Relative
Daily Month/Daily Assignment (ie Sept-Daily) AlphaNum
D Sum of points for daily assignments Number
Quiz( ) Name of up to 3 tests/gradebook page AlphaNum
Q( ) Quiz scores 3 tests/gradebook page Number
Project( ) Names 6 projects/gradebook page AlphaNum
P( ) Scores 6 projects/gradebook page Number
PartSum = D+Q1+Q2+Q3+P1+P2+P3+P4 Number
TotalPts = PartSum + P5 + P6 Number
G-Total = TotalPts + 32 Field 32
-42-
APPENDIX G. Gradebook Continued - Basketball Statistics
_________________________________________________________________
BASKETBALL STASTICS
FASTFILE's gradebook feature can be used to track any and all
athletic statistics. The BSKTBALL file tracks NWAACC basketball
stastics such as field goals, 3 pt shots, free throws, etc. Data
entry is simplified by making FASTFILE's field order agree with
the field order on the NWAACC form as shown below:
Game#2 NWAACC Basketball Stastics FORM
name nu FG FGA 3ptFG 3ptFGA FT-FTA Reb Ast TO PF Points
------- --- -- --- ----- ------ ------ --- --- -- -- ------
Nasen,L 12 7 16 0 0 2 4 3 1 3 1 16
Martin,S 14 8 18 1 2 4 6 13 3 1 1 21
FASTFILE'S SCREEN DESIGN WITH FIELD ORDER SAME AS ABOVE DATA FORM
Number _____
Game# ___
Name ________________
FG _____
FGA _____
3ptFG _____
3ptFGA _____
FT _____
FTA _____
Reb _____
Asts _____
TOvr _____
Foul _____
Points _____
Opponent ________________
For practice enter the data given above for the first two players.
type remark
============ ============================================
a [1] With BSKTBALL file loaded Select Find mode.
b [Enter][2][F1] Select all players for game 2.
c [F6][7][Enter] Select Edit Mode and enter Field goals made.
d [16][Enter] Field goals attempted.
e [0][Enter] 3 Point Field Goals Made
f [0][Enter] 3 Point Field Goals Attempted
g [2][Enter] Free Throws Made
h [4][Enter] Free Throws Attempted
i [3][Enter] Rebounds
j [1][Enter] Assists
k [3][Enter] Turn Overs
l [1][Enter] Personal Fouls
m [16][Enter] Total Points Scored
n {Repeat steps c to m for data from second player}
o [Esc][Esc] Return to Main Menu
p [8][1][Enter] SAVE YOUR FILE!
-43-
INDEX
_________________________________________________________________
0-255 Field 20, 23, 26, 27 Mailmerg 10
Math (see Calculator) 25, 27
Add 8, 11
Alpha (Alphanumeric) 23 New 11
Averages 11, 12, 37 Nonzero Average 11
Breaks (Subtotal) 11, 13 Number Field 14, 15, 20, 25, 27
Calculator 25, 27 P# 11
Cursor 1, 3 Page Format 12, 14
Primary Key 1, 8, 19
Delete 5,11 PWIDTH 15, 19
Dictionary 14
Record (Recds) 1, 2, 4
Edit 2, 8, 11 Relative 9, 14, 19, 24, 27, 32
Exercise(s) 1, 6, 16, 29, 37 Report 2, 10, 21, 28, 34, 38
Report Title 12, 13
Features 34 Requires i, 34
Field 1, 3
(Field 32) 14, 19, 26, 27 Save 2, 17
Field Type 23, 27 Sort Order 13
File (See application) 1, 2 Subtotal 11, 13
Formats 1, 14, 18 Swap 13, 14, 28, 30, 32, 37
Gradebook 1, 12, 30, 39-43 TabAdv 11
L or T message 13 Table Field 3, 19, 16, 24, 27,29
Line Format 11, 14 Total(s) 6, 12
Mailing Labels 28, 38 xPosn and yPosn 15, 20, 27
-44-
INDEX OF PRACTICE EXERCISES
_________________________________________________________________
BASKETBALL STASTICS
Enter data for the first 2 players . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CHECKS FILE
Cursor movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Find (or search) selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Searches using wild card (*) designator . . . . . . . . . . 4
Searches using the any (?) designator . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Edit a record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Record totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The OR operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Find Checks written for gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Find all checks written to Dr Sjerjen . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Edit a check written to Richland Kennel Club . . . . . . . 7
Find the number of checks written for food . . . . . . . . 7
List all checks greater than $50 for food . . . . . . . . . 7
Create your own file and call it MYCHECKS . . . . . . . . . 16
Print the SWAPPED report to the screen . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sort the checks by date and print the report to the screen 37
Write a report that will print an average value . . . . . . 37
Set the total lines per page printed to 60 . . . . . . . . 37
Change the report title to "THIS IS A NEW TITLE" . . . . . 37
CLIENTS FILE
Load Clients and print 1 mailing label for each name . . . 28
Load Clients and print 2 mailing labels for each name . . 38
DrBILLING FILE
Print the bills where the insurance adjustment > 0 . . . . 32
Print a day report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Create a new file for next month's billing . . . . . . . . 32
FINDME FILE
Find the Desert Turquoise glaze bottles (Part# = CR 806). . 28
GENERAL BILLING
Modify DrBilling file for this application . . . . . . . . 32
Modify the report to include $BAL DUE (field 32) . . . . . 32
GRADEBK2 FILE
Load GRADEBK2 and display a class roster . . . . . . . . . 30
Display a report of student progress . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Summary (How to Create and Use my Own Gradebook) . . . . . 39
Create a file called EXAMPLE and enter student names . . . 40
Enter Yr, seating assignments, and SAVE file . . . . . . . 40
Change the report title and print a class roster . . . . . 41
Enter assignment names and grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
INVOICE FILE
Display the distribution report for tax to the screen . . . 29
PAYROLL FILE
Print summary pay stubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
S_MASTER FILE
Print a progress report for all scouts . . . . . . . . . . 31
Print a report of boys who have earned 1st class . . . . . 31
-45-
RD (Monte) Benham
5312 W Tucannon Kennewick, WA 99336 (509) 783-3829
_________________________________________________________________
INVOICE
Date __ ___, 199_
Name/Company ______________________________________
Mail Location ______________________________________
Street or Box # ______________________________________
City, St, Zip ______________________________________
Contact Name _________________ Phone (___) ___-____
Qty Unit Price Total
___ FASTFILE Full Registration* $70.00 $______
Names of 4 free application files are:
1 ______________ 2 ______________
3 ______________ 4 _____________
___ Other preprogrammed files: $10.00 $______
______________ ______________
___ FASTFILE Minimum Registration (latest $35.00 $______
disk, update notices, and name on menu)
___ Registered User Update $10.00 $______
___ FASTFILE for C-64/128 (Version 10004B) $40.00 $______
___ Interactive Simulation Language $50.00 $______
for APPLE II or C-64/128
Subtotal $______
Shipping and Handling $ 4.00
Foreign special handling $5.00 $______
Washington residents add 7.8% state sales tax $______
TOTAL $______
I use 5 1/4 __ 3 1/5 __ inch disks
* Includes 1 free update, 3 months of telephone support, the
latest disk with your name on the main menu, a printed manual,
news letters, and four preprogrammed files such as Payroll,
SHARWARE, DrBiling, and S_Master (see pg 41).
Referred by: ______________________________
-46-
Full Registered Users may pick any four of the preprogrammed files
listed below. Other files are $10 ea to full registered users.
BUSINESS
1. AMERA - A sales coordinator's business journal.
2. ANIMAL RECORDS - Tracks grandparents, parents, birthdate,
breeding dates, birthing dates, medical, and sales records.
3. CONSIGNMENT CLOTHING BUSINESS - Sales summaries, tax reports,
distribution payments.
4. Dr BILLING - Day sheet summary and customer billing.
5. GAS STATION - Day sheet balances and quarterly tax reports.
6. OVERTIME - Satisfy union contract requirements for overtime
assignments based on previous overtime worked or refused.
7. PAYROLL - Handles local, state, federal, FICA, two fixed
deductions, overtime, sick time, and vacation time. Tax
rates are user entered.
8. PRINTING BUSINESS - Bill customers, track supplier's costs,
and monthly tax receipts.
9. RESTAURANT (or Deli) - Track suppliers, name, phone numbers,
items supplies and previous charges for products.
10. TIME/CLIENT BILLING - Useful for job-shop business that
assign employees to different clients.
CHURCH
11. LDS WARD - Tracks name, address, phone number, birthdate,
home/visiting teachers, and major callings. Reports also
include church roster, and class rosters.
HOME APPLICATIONS
12. Basketball Stats - Track any and all stastics such as field
goals, 3 pt shots, free throws, rebounds, turnovers, etc.
13. PUBLISHER LIST - Shareware authors can print (80+) mailing
labels for software distributors and magazine publishers.
14. SHAREWARE - Contains a list of 670 categorized and rated
shareware programs available from Public Brand Software.
This list can be correlated to your home or club library.
15. S_MASTER - For use by the scout master to track scout
progress. When a scout goes before the eagle board of review
it is nice to have a list showing awards, award dates, and
counselors involved. It is also nice to have reports with
scout names and awards received.
-47-
USER FEEDBACK
_________________________________________________________________
I would like to know more about your desires and any problems
you may have. This information helps me to make improvements that
are most needed.
1. Your computer and printer brand/model ________________________
2. How do you rate FASTFILE (1=poor, 5=best)
Ease of Learning ___ Ease of Use ___ Speed ___
Documentation ___ Help Screens ___ Flexibility ___
Product Support ___ Record Capacity ___ Price ___
3. What do you like best about FASTFILE? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. What do you like least about FASTFILE? _______________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Where did you hear about FASTFILE? ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. The following enhancements are being considered. Please help
prioritize them. (0) not needed, (1) useful, (2) essential
__ Global delete.
__ Include a small integrated word processor.
__ Summary Graphics
6. Other suggestions. ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. Name (Optional) ___________________________
Address ___________________________
City ___________________________ St _____________
ZIP ____________
Phone # (___) ___ -____
Please return to:
RD (Monte) Benham
5312 W Tucannon
Kennewick, WA 99336.
-48-